Although hydrophilic membranes are desired for reducing resistance to water permeation, hydrophilic surfaces are not used in the water-in-oil(W/O) membrane emulsification process because water spreads on the hydrophil...Although hydrophilic membranes are desired for reducing resistance to water permeation, hydrophilic surfaces are not used in the water-in-oil(W/O) membrane emulsification process because water spreads on the hydrophilic surface without forming droplets. Here, we report that a hydrophilic ceramic membrane can form a hydrophobic interface in diesel at a higher temperature;interestingly, the experiments show that the contact angle increases when the temperature rises. The hydrophilic membrane surface evolves into a hydrophobic interface, particularly near the boiling point of water, resulting in a water contact angle of 147.5° ± 1.2°. This work established a method for preparing W/O monodispersed emulsions by direct emulsification of hydrophilic ceramic membranes at a temperature close to the boiling point of water.Additionally, it made high flux of membrane emulsification of monodispersed W/O emulsions possible,which satisfied the industrial requirements of fluidized catalytic cracking in the petrochemical industry.展开更多
Spherical （Y, Gd）BO3：Eu^3＋ phosphor particles with a narrow size distribution（2 -4 μm） was obtained by firing the Y-Gd-Eu-BO3 precursor prepared in a W/O style emulsion system. In the W/O emulsion system, keros...Spherical （Y, Gd）BO3：Eu^3＋ phosphor particles with a narrow size distribution（2 -4 μm） was obtained by firing the Y-Gd-Eu-BO3 precursor prepared in a W/O style emulsion system. In the W/O emulsion system, kerosene, used as oil phase, was mixed with Span 80 and Tween 80 compounds which were employed as the emulsifier with an HLB （hydrophile-lipophile balance） value of 5.2- 5.3. Both rare earths （Y, Gd and Eu） nitrate and boric acid solution or ammonia solution were used as aqueous phase. The synthesis conditions, such as emulsion composition, emulsifying style, precipitation reaction process, reaction temperature, morphology control, and so on, were investigated, and the optimum synthesis conditions for preparing spherical （Y, Gd）BO3：Eu^3＋ phosphor was obtained. The phosphor was characterized by XRD, SEM, laser particle size analysis, emission and excitation spectrum under vacuum ultraviolet （VUV）, and so on. The phosphor synthesized using the water-in-oil emulsion method with median diameter （D50） of 2 - 4 μm shows agreeable photoluminescence （PL） property and sphericity. The main emission peak appears at about 593 nm, which corresponds to ^5D0→^7F1 transition （magnetic-dipole transition） of the Eu^3＋ ion. The cell parameters and powder diffraction data were indexed. The structure of the phosphor belongs to the hexagonal system with space group P63/m.展开更多
Oils and fats exist in many foods as emulsions, and preventing the oxidation of emulsion is vital importance for the food industry. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of Tween 20 (0.5, 2.5, 5.0, 10 ...Oils and fats exist in many foods as emulsions, and preventing the oxidation of emulsion is vital importance for the food industry. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of Tween 20 (0.5, 2.5, 5.0, 10 w% vs. oil) on the oxidation of canola oil O/W emulsion was investigated. Oxidation was conducted at 34°C in the dark and accelerated using 2,2-azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (AMVN) and 2,2’-azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH) as radical generators. Peroxide value (PV, mEq/kg) was monitored as generation of the primary oxidation compound. PV was suppressed by Tween 20 in a dose-dependent manner in both emulsion system using AMVN and AAPH, and the tendency of suppression was clearer in the system using AMVN than in that using AAPH. Contrarily, there were no significant differences in PV when emulsions were prepared with tocopherol-stripped oil. The particle size of emulsion droplets were also consistent among emulsions prepared. However, tocopherol contents at lipid phase of the emulsions prior to oxidation decreased with concentration of Tween 20. These results suggest that excess Tween 20 could cause tocopherol to migrate from the lipid phase of the emulsions to lipid-oil interface, suppressing the oxidation of emulsions.展开更多
Low-speed rotation of disc in an internal circulation of a novel de-emulsification with rotation-dise horizental contactor(RHC-D) realized de-emulsification for O/W emulsions due to repeated coalescence in oil-wet nar...Low-speed rotation of disc in an internal circulation of a novel de-emulsification with rotation-dise horizental contactor(RHC-D) realized de-emulsification for O/W emulsions due to repeated coalescence in oil-wet narrow channels at a low rotation speed. For three emulsions included ethanol/water/2-ethyl-1-hexanol, ethanol/water/2-ethyl-1-hexanol/SDS(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfonate) and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol/water/SDS emulsion, deemulsification ratios of oil phase could reach 1, 1 and 0.67 respectively at 170 r·min-1, and de-emulsification ratios increased obviously after agitating 10 min. De-emulsification experiment in the seam indicated that oil droplet sizes in O/W emulsion became larger after de-emulsification. The main de-emulsification mechanism in RHCD was the coalescence of oil droplets in oil-wet narrow channels. With increase of the rotation speed, oil droplets dispersed better in the aqueous phase. However, de-emulsification effect enhanced due to the increase of the coalescence rate at a bit higher rotation speed. In addition, internal circulation made those O/W emulsions to be broken repeatedly, consequently de-emulsification ratio increased. Repeated de-emulsification through internal circulation might make continuous extraction of ethanol come true at a low rotation speed.展开更多
The flowable latent heat storage material like Oil/Water type emulsion, microencapsulated latent heat material-water mixture or ice slurry, etc., is enabled to transport the latent heat in a pipe. Supercooling phenome...The flowable latent heat storage material like Oil/Water type emulsion, microencapsulated latent heat material-water mixture or ice slurry, etc., is enabled to transport the latent heat in a pipe. Supercooling phenomenon of the dispersed latent heat storage material in continuous phase is obstructed by a latent heat storage. The latent heat storage rates of dispersed waterdrops in W/O (Water/Oil) emulsion are investigated experimentally in this study. The waterdrops in emulsion have the diameter within 3 - 25 μm, the averaged diameter of waterdrops is 7.3 μm and the standard deviation is 2.9 μm. Supercooling release of waterdrops in emulsion is examined by short time impressing of the ultrasonic. The direct contact heat exchange method is chosen as the phase change rate evaluation of waterdrops in W/O emulsion. The supercooled temperature is set as parameters of this study. The previous obtained experimental result, as the condition without impressing ultrasonic wave, showed that the 35 K or more degree from melting point brings 100% latent heat storage rate of W/O emulsion. It is clarified that it is possible to reduce 20 K of supercooling degree by impressing the ultrasonic.展开更多
Poly(D,L-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) copolymers have been extensively used as controlled-release carriers for many hydrophilic drugs because they are non-toxic, biodegradable, bioavailable, and biocompatible. In g...Poly(D,L-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) copolymers have been extensively used as controlled-release carriers for many hydrophilic drugs because they are non-toxic, biodegradable, bioavailable, and biocompatible. In general, PLGA particles have been produced by a solvent evaporation technique utilizing water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions. However, W/O/W emulsions are unstable, causing the outer and inner aqueous phases to easily fuse during particle preparation. Consequently, a sufficient amount of drug was not encapsulated inside the particles. In this study, we examined a new particle preparation method utilizing a solid-in-oil-in-water (S/O/W) emulsion technique. The advantages of S/O/W emulsions, wherein a surfactant-drug complex disperses into the oil phase, were as follows: 1) leakage of hydrophilic drugs from the emulsions was inhibited, and 2) facile control over the emulsion particle size. Thus, the PLGA particles prepared by this method showed high encapsulation efficiency of drugs and formation of fine particles of submicron size by membrane emulsification were achieved.展开更多
Stable water-in-oil emulsions are produced in oil exploitation and cause many environmental and operational issues.In this paper,a co-polymer demulsifier is reported in detail;an emulsion polymerization method is used...Stable water-in-oil emulsions are produced in oil exploitation and cause many environmental and operational issues.In this paper,a co-polymer demulsifier is reported in detail;an emulsion polymerization method is used to prepare nano-P(MMA-AA-EA)with MMA,AA and EA as the monomers,DVB as the cross-linker and APS as the initiator.The resulting products are characterized by FT-IR.Furthermore,the surface tension and particles size analysis is investigated.The results show that the surface tension reduction is 10.66 mN/m at 20?C when the concentration of co-polymer is 1000 ppm and the average size is 76.99 nm.Moreover,the HLB of polymer is discussed specifically by changing the amount of AA.With the increase of AA,the HLB value of the polymer is increased accordingly.Besides,the demulsification performance of the co-polymer is also evaluated at different synthesis and demulsification conditions.It is showed that the maximum demulsification efficiency is 96%at 70?C for 60 min.The optimum concentration of demulsifier is 400 ppm when the amounts of AA and DVB are 1.4 g and 0.1 g,respectively.At last,the process of demulsification is showed under a microscope;the coalescence process of water droplets is indicated under the action of the demulsifier.展开更多
The concept of effective concentration of surfaetant in membrane phase has been proposed,considering the high ad-sorption density of the surfactant at the droplet interfaces in LSM system.The effective concentration o...The concept of effective concentration of surfaetant in membrane phase has been proposed,considering the high ad-sorption density of the surfactant at the droplet interfaces in LSM system.The effective concentration of surfactant,C<sub>2</sub>,can be estimated by Eq.（7）—（9）.The swelling caused by emulsification during the initial dispersion process was investigated.The swelling rate wasmeasured by a density method.A model for estimating the"Emulsification" swelling rate,F<sub>se</sub>,has been proposed,basedon a mechanism of swelling due to the entrainment of water resulted from the interracial turbulence and emulsification inthe initial dispersion process.It has been found that Eq.（26）gives excellent fit to the experimental data of Fujinawa,etal.and of the authors.展开更多
Water transfer through the organic phase of kerosene containing surfactant Span 80,L113B and certain carrier wasstudied theoretically and experimentally in(W/O)/W liquid surfactant membranes.The process of swelling ow...Water transfer through the organic phase of kerosene containing surfactant Span 80,L113B and certain carrier wasstudied theoretically and experimentally in(W/O)/W liquid surfactant membranes.The process of swelling owing to os-motic pressure can be pictured as solubilization of water in membrane phase caused by surfactant and certain carriers andthen diffusion of it through the membrane between the two aqueous phases due to the gradient of chemical potential.Amathematical model for estimating the permeation-swelling rate has been developed.This mathematical model does notcontain any adjustable parameters and the predicted values agree well with the experimental data of Fujinawa et al.,Xinsheng Ma and Yajun Shi and the authors.Using an apparatus developed for measuring the solubility of water in membrane phase,data for solubilization ofwater in oil caused by some surfactants and carrier were measured.展开更多
基金the support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFB3801303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21838005, 21921006)the Key Scientific Research and Development Projects of Jiangsu Province (BE201800901)。
文摘Although hydrophilic membranes are desired for reducing resistance to water permeation, hydrophilic surfaces are not used in the water-in-oil(W/O) membrane emulsification process because water spreads on the hydrophilic surface without forming droplets. Here, we report that a hydrophilic ceramic membrane can form a hydrophobic interface in diesel at a higher temperature;interestingly, the experiments show that the contact angle increases when the temperature rises. The hydrophilic membrane surface evolves into a hydrophobic interface, particularly near the boiling point of water, resulting in a water contact angle of 147.5° ± 1.2°. This work established a method for preparing W/O monodispersed emulsions by direct emulsification of hydrophilic ceramic membranes at a temperature close to the boiling point of water.Additionally, it made high flux of membrane emulsification of monodispersed W/O emulsions possible,which satisfied the industrial requirements of fluidized catalytic cracking in the petrochemical industry.
基金Project supported by National Hi-Tech . R&D Program of China (863 Program, 2002AA302604) , MOST of China(2006CB601104) ,and Synchrotron Radiation fund of Innovation Project of Ministry of Education (20041213S)
文摘Spherical （Y, Gd）BO3：Eu^3＋ phosphor particles with a narrow size distribution（2 -4 μm） was obtained by firing the Y-Gd-Eu-BO3 precursor prepared in a W/O style emulsion system. In the W/O emulsion system, kerosene, used as oil phase, was mixed with Span 80 and Tween 80 compounds which were employed as the emulsifier with an HLB （hydrophile-lipophile balance） value of 5.2- 5.3. Both rare earths （Y, Gd and Eu） nitrate and boric acid solution or ammonia solution were used as aqueous phase. The synthesis conditions, such as emulsion composition, emulsifying style, precipitation reaction process, reaction temperature, morphology control, and so on, were investigated, and the optimum synthesis conditions for preparing spherical （Y, Gd）BO3：Eu^3＋ phosphor was obtained. The phosphor was characterized by XRD, SEM, laser particle size analysis, emission and excitation spectrum under vacuum ultraviolet （VUV）, and so on. The phosphor synthesized using the water-in-oil emulsion method with median diameter （D50） of 2 - 4 μm shows agreeable photoluminescence （PL） property and sphericity. The main emission peak appears at about 593 nm, which corresponds to ^5D0→^7F1 transition （magnetic-dipole transition） of the Eu^3＋ ion. The cell parameters and powder diffraction data were indexed. The structure of the phosphor belongs to the hexagonal system with space group P63/m.
文摘Oils and fats exist in many foods as emulsions, and preventing the oxidation of emulsion is vital importance for the food industry. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of Tween 20 (0.5, 2.5, 5.0, 10 w% vs. oil) on the oxidation of canola oil O/W emulsion was investigated. Oxidation was conducted at 34°C in the dark and accelerated using 2,2-azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (AMVN) and 2,2’-azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH) as radical generators. Peroxide value (PV, mEq/kg) was monitored as generation of the primary oxidation compound. PV was suppressed by Tween 20 in a dose-dependent manner in both emulsion system using AMVN and AAPH, and the tendency of suppression was clearer in the system using AMVN than in that using AAPH. Contrarily, there were no significant differences in PV when emulsions were prepared with tocopherol-stripped oil. The particle size of emulsion droplets were also consistent among emulsions prepared. However, tocopherol contents at lipid phase of the emulsions prior to oxidation decreased with concentration of Tween 20. These results suggest that excess Tween 20 could cause tocopherol to migrate from the lipid phase of the emulsions to lipid-oil interface, suppressing the oxidation of emulsions.
文摘Low-speed rotation of disc in an internal circulation of a novel de-emulsification with rotation-dise horizental contactor(RHC-D) realized de-emulsification for O/W emulsions due to repeated coalescence in oil-wet narrow channels at a low rotation speed. For three emulsions included ethanol/water/2-ethyl-1-hexanol, ethanol/water/2-ethyl-1-hexanol/SDS(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfonate) and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol/water/SDS emulsion, deemulsification ratios of oil phase could reach 1, 1 and 0.67 respectively at 170 r·min-1, and de-emulsification ratios increased obviously after agitating 10 min. De-emulsification experiment in the seam indicated that oil droplet sizes in O/W emulsion became larger after de-emulsification. The main de-emulsification mechanism in RHCD was the coalescence of oil droplets in oil-wet narrow channels. With increase of the rotation speed, oil droplets dispersed better in the aqueous phase. However, de-emulsification effect enhanced due to the increase of the coalescence rate at a bit higher rotation speed. In addition, internal circulation made those O/W emulsions to be broken repeatedly, consequently de-emulsification ratio increased. Repeated de-emulsification through internal circulation might make continuous extraction of ethanol come true at a low rotation speed.
文摘The flowable latent heat storage material like Oil/Water type emulsion, microencapsulated latent heat material-water mixture or ice slurry, etc., is enabled to transport the latent heat in a pipe. Supercooling phenomenon of the dispersed latent heat storage material in continuous phase is obstructed by a latent heat storage. The latent heat storage rates of dispersed waterdrops in W/O (Water/Oil) emulsion are investigated experimentally in this study. The waterdrops in emulsion have the diameter within 3 - 25 μm, the averaged diameter of waterdrops is 7.3 μm and the standard deviation is 2.9 μm. Supercooling release of waterdrops in emulsion is examined by short time impressing of the ultrasonic. The direct contact heat exchange method is chosen as the phase change rate evaluation of waterdrops in W/O emulsion. The supercooled temperature is set as parameters of this study. The previous obtained experimental result, as the condition without impressing ultrasonic wave, showed that the 35 K or more degree from melting point brings 100% latent heat storage rate of W/O emulsion. It is clarified that it is possible to reduce 20 K of supercooling degree by impressing the ultrasonic.
文摘Poly(D,L-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) copolymers have been extensively used as controlled-release carriers for many hydrophilic drugs because they are non-toxic, biodegradable, bioavailable, and biocompatible. In general, PLGA particles have been produced by a solvent evaporation technique utilizing water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions. However, W/O/W emulsions are unstable, causing the outer and inner aqueous phases to easily fuse during particle preparation. Consequently, a sufficient amount of drug was not encapsulated inside the particles. In this study, we examined a new particle preparation method utilizing a solid-in-oil-in-water (S/O/W) emulsion technique. The advantages of S/O/W emulsions, wherein a surfactant-drug complex disperses into the oil phase, were as follows: 1) leakage of hydrophilic drugs from the emulsions was inhibited, and 2) facile control over the emulsion particle size. Thus, the PLGA particles prepared by this method showed high encapsulation efficiency of drugs and formation of fine particles of submicron size by membrane emulsification were achieved.
基金the Open Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control(Grant No.PPC2016006)CNPC Research Institute of Safety and Environmental Technology.
文摘Stable water-in-oil emulsions are produced in oil exploitation and cause many environmental and operational issues.In this paper,a co-polymer demulsifier is reported in detail;an emulsion polymerization method is used to prepare nano-P(MMA-AA-EA)with MMA,AA and EA as the monomers,DVB as the cross-linker and APS as the initiator.The resulting products are characterized by FT-IR.Furthermore,the surface tension and particles size analysis is investigated.The results show that the surface tension reduction is 10.66 mN/m at 20?C when the concentration of co-polymer is 1000 ppm and the average size is 76.99 nm.Moreover,the HLB of polymer is discussed specifically by changing the amount of AA.With the increase of AA,the HLB value of the polymer is increased accordingly.Besides,the demulsification performance of the co-polymer is also evaluated at different synthesis and demulsification conditions.It is showed that the maximum demulsification efficiency is 96%at 70?C for 60 min.The optimum concentration of demulsifier is 400 ppm when the amounts of AA and DVB are 1.4 g and 0.1 g,respectively.At last,the process of demulsification is showed under a microscope;the coalescence process of water droplets is indicated under the action of the demulsifier.
文摘The concept of effective concentration of surfaetant in membrane phase has been proposed,considering the high ad-sorption density of the surfactant at the droplet interfaces in LSM system.The effective concentration of surfactant,C<sub>2</sub>,can be estimated by Eq.（7）—（9）.The swelling caused by emulsification during the initial dispersion process was investigated.The swelling rate wasmeasured by a density method.A model for estimating the"Emulsification" swelling rate,F<sub>se</sub>,has been proposed,basedon a mechanism of swelling due to the entrainment of water resulted from the interracial turbulence and emulsification inthe initial dispersion process.It has been found that Eq.（26）gives excellent fit to the experimental data of Fujinawa,etal.and of the authors.
文摘Water transfer through the organic phase of kerosene containing surfactant Span 80,L113B and certain carrier wasstudied theoretically and experimentally in(W/O)/W liquid surfactant membranes.The process of swelling owing to os-motic pressure can be pictured as solubilization of water in membrane phase caused by surfactant and certain carriers andthen diffusion of it through the membrane between the two aqueous phases due to the gradient of chemical potential.Amathematical model for estimating the permeation-swelling rate has been developed.This mathematical model does notcontain any adjustable parameters and the predicted values agree well with the experimental data of Fujinawa et al.,Xinsheng Ma and Yajun Shi and the authors.Using an apparatus developed for measuring the solubility of water in membrane phase,data for solubilization ofwater in oil caused by some surfactants and carrier were measured.
