Diversity on the Interannual Variations of Spring Monthly Precipitation in Southern China and the Associated Tropical Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies

There is a continuous and relatively stable rainy period every spring in southern China(SC).This spring precipitation process is a unique weather and climate phenomenon in East Asia.Previously,the variation characteristics and associated mechanisms of this precipitation process have been mostly discussed from the perspective of seasonal mean.Based on the observed and reanalysis datasets from 1982 to 2021,this study investigates the diversity of the interannual variations of monthly precipitation in spring in SC,and focuses on the potential influence of the tropical sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies.The results show that the interannual variations of monthly precipitation in spring in SC have significant differences,and the correlations between each two months are very weak.All the interannual variations of precipitation in three months are related to a similar western North Pacific anomalous anticyclone(WNPAC),and the southwesterlies at the western flank of WNPAC bring abundant water vapor for the precipitation in SC.However,the WNPAC is influenced by tropical SST anomalies in different regions each month.The interannual variation of precipitation in March in SC is mainly influenced by the signal of El Nino-Southern Oscillation,and the associated SST anomalies in the equatorial central-eastern Pacific regulate the WNPAC through the Pacific-East Asia(PEA)teleconnection.In contrast,the WNPAC associated with the interannual variation of precipitation in April can be affected by the SST anomalies in the northwestern equatorial Pacific through a thermally induced Rossby wave response.The interannual variation of precipitation in May is regulated by the SST anomalies around the western Maritime Continent,which stimulates the development of low-level anomalous anticyclones over the South China Sea and east of the Philippine Sea by driving anomalous meridional vertical circulation.

Spatio-temporal variation of spring phenology in Tibetan Plateau and its linkage to climate change from 1982 to 2012

The influence of climate change on vegetation phenology is a heated issue in current climate change study.We used GIMMS-3g NDVI data to detect the spatio-temporal dynamics of the start of the growing season(SGS) over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) from 1982 to 2012 and to analyze its relationship with temperature and precipitation.No significant trend was observed in the SGS at the regional scale during the study period(R^2 = 0.03,P = 0.352).However,there were three time periods(1982-1999,1999-2008 and 2008-2012) with identifiable,distinctly different trends.Regions with a significant advancing trend were mainly scattered throughout the humid and semi-humid areas,whereas the regions with a significant delaying trend were mostly distributed throughout the semi-arid areas.Statistical analysis showed that the response of the SGS to climate change varies spatially.The SGS was significantly correlated with the spring temperature and the start of the thermal growth season(STGS) in the relatively humid area.With increasing aridity,theimportance of the spring temperature for the SGS gradually decreased.However,the influences of precipitation and winter temperature on the SGS were complicated across the plateau.

Morphological variation of star dune and implications for dune management: a case study at the Crescent Moon Spring scenic spot of Dunhuang, China

Aerial photographs and 3-D laser scans of a 90-m high star dune at the Crescent Moon Spring scenic spot in Dunhuang,China,are used to investigate the changes in dune morphology on timescales from months to decades.The result revealed that relative-equilibrium airflow strength in three wind directions of northeast,west and south was an important condition for the stability of star dunes with limited migration.Transverse and longitudinal airflows exerted a crucial impact on variation processes of star dune morphology.Controlled by transverse airflows,the easterly winds,the east side was dominated by wind erosion;and strong deposition occurred on the south-south-east arm with a maximum deposition rate of 0.44 m/a in the 46-a monitoring period,causing the east side becoming steep and high.Controlled by longitudinal airflows,the westerly winds,the west-north-west side was mainly eroded and the north arm migrated from west to east with a rate of 0.30 m/a,causing the dune slope becoming gentle and elongate.The local air circulation(southerly winds)exerted a significant impact on the development process of the star dune.Due to the influence of human activities,the south side present surface processes from a concave profile to a convex profile in 46 a,which is a potential threat to the Crescent Moon Spring.The results indicate that rehabilitating the airflow field at most is a crucial strategy to the protection of Crescent Moon Spring from burial.Opening up the passage of easterly,westerly and southerly winds through intermediately cutting the protection forest,demolishing the enclosed wall and changing the pavilion into a porous pattern have been suggested to protect the Crescent Moon Spring from burial.

Latitudinal and interannual variations of the spring phytoplankton bloom peak in the East Asian marginal seas

Combined studies of latitudinal and interannual variations of annual phytoplankton bloom peak in East Asian marginal seas(17°–58°N, including the northern South China Sea(SCS), Kuroshio waters, the Sea of Japan and the Okhotsk Sea) are rarely. Based on satellite-retrieved ten-year(2003–2012) median timing of the annual Chlorophyll a concentration(Chl a) climax, here we report that this annual spring bloom peak generally delays from the SCS in January to the Okhotsk Sea in June at a rate of(21.20±2.86) km/d(decadal median±SD). Spring bloom is dominant feature of the phytoplankton annual cycle over these regions, except for the SCS which features winter bloom. The fluctuation of the annual peak timing is mainly within ±48 d departured from the decadal median peak date, therefore this period(the decadal median peak date ±48 d) is defined as annual spring bloom period. As sea surface temperature rises, earlier spring bloom peak timing but decreasing averaged Chl a biomass in the spring bloom period due to insufficient light is evident in the Okhotsk Sea from 2003 to 2012. For the rest of three study domains, there are no significant interannual variance trend of the peak timing and the averaged Chl a biomass. Furthermore this change of spring phytoplankton bloom timing and magnitude in the Okhotsk Sea challenges previous prediction that ocean warming would enhance algal productivity at high latitudes.

Intratidal and neap-spring variations of suspended sediment concentrations and sediment transport processes in the North Branch of the Changjiang Estuary

Profles of tidal current and suspended sediment concentration （SSC） were measured in the North Branch of the Changjiang Estuary from neap tide to spring tide in April 2010. The measurement data were analyzed to determine the characteristics of intratidal and neap-spring variations of SSC and suspended sediment transport. Modulated by tidal range and current speed, the tidal mean SSC increased from 0.5 kg/m3 in neap tide to 3.5 kg/ma in spring tide. The intratidal variation of the depth-mean SSC can be summarized into three types： V-shape variation in neap tide, M-shape and mixed M-V shape variation in medium and spring tides. The occurrence of these variation types is controlled by the relative intensity and interaction of resuspension, settling and impact of water exchange from the rise and fall of tide. In neap tide the V-shape variation is mainly due to the dominant effect of the water exchange from the rise and fall of tide. During medium and spring tides, resuspension and settling processes become dominant. The interactions of these processes, together with the sustained high ebb current and shorter duration of low-tide slack, are respon- sible for the M-shape and M-V shape SSC variation. Weakly consolidated mud and high current speed cause significant resuspension and remarkable flood and ebb SSC peaks. Setting occurs at the slack water periods to cause SSC troughs and formation of a thin flufflayer on the bed. Fluxes of water and suspended sediment averaged over the neap-spring cycle are all seawards, but the magnitude and direction of tidal net sediment flux is highly variable.

Hydrochemical Variations of the Karstic Spring and Its Environmental Effects

The groundwater was polluted in some extent by pesticides and fertilizers.There are few research on the monitoring groundwater in karst areas at present. This paper list a case study of the jiangjia spring in Qingmuguan karst valley experimental site,ChongQing China.Rainfall and physico-chemical variations of groundwater were monitored by HOBO

Study on Somaclonal Variation of Spring Wheat

Somaclonal variation of calli and regenerated plants of spring wheat were detected by using technique RAPD in the study. Calli at different culture stages and regenerated plants derived from young spikes and immature embryos were used as materials. Molecular variation could be reflected from electrophoresis pattern of RAPD fragments at different culture stage in calli, and in regenerated plants derived from different explants, even no phenotype variations were found. Somaclonal variation in calli and in regenerated plants appeared regularly: A higher frequency of variation in hybrids F2 was detected than that of the cultivar that is stable genetically. High variation frequency of RAPD fragments appeared in calli when cultured 75 days. The identical variations of RAPD fragments were observed in calli and in the regenerated plants induced from different genotype or explants. The variation frequency detected is higher in regenerated plants than that of in calli. RAPD could be applied easily and simply to determine variation in level of DNA at each stage cultured in vitro.

Study on Variations in Hydrochemical Characteristics of Spring Water in Jinan and Their Causes

Based on data of hydrochemical components in spring water and karst water in Jinan spring catchment during 1958-2012,according to the theory of groundwater cycle and hydrogeochemistry,variations in hydrochemical features of spring water in Jinan over the past years were analyzed,and the reasons for the variations were discussed to protect the quality of spring water in Jinan and stop the changing trend of the spring water. The results show that there were variations in the hydrochemical characteristics of spring water in Jinan during 1958-2012,which is mainly related to improper protection and man-made pollution.

Variation Characteristics of Low Temperature and Rainy Weather in Guangxi during Spring Sowing Period of Recent 50 Years

[Objective] The research aimed to study the variation characteristics of low temperature and rainy weather in Guangxi during spring sowing period of recent 50 years.[Method] Based on the daily average temperature data from 1961 to 2010 at 88 meteorological stations in Guangxi,yearly days and end date of low temperature and rainy weather during spring sowing period were carried out statistics.The variation characteristics of low temperature and rainy weather in Guangxi during spring sowing period of recent 50 years were analyzed by using linear tendency calculation,phased analysis,Morlet wavelet analysis and correlation analysis.Moreover,the influences of climate warming on days and end date of low temperature and rainy weather in spring sowing period were analyzed.[Result] The average days of low temperature and rainy weather in Guangxi during spring sowing period from 1961 to 2010 was during 3.5-23.2 d.The regional distribution characteristics were that it was more in northeast and mountain zone,and less in southwest and valley.The regional distribution characteristics of end date were that it was late in northeast and mountain zone,and early in southwest and valley.The days of low temperature and rainy weather in Guangxi during spring sowing period of recent 50 years presented slight decrease trend,and the end date presented slight advancing trend.The phased variation characteristics of days and end date of low temperature and rainy weather were obvious.The days of low temperature and rainy weather from the early 1980s to metaphase of 1990s was obviously more,and the end date was obviously later.After the 1990s,the days of low temperature and rainy weather was obviously less,and the end date was obviously earlier.The days of low temperature and rainy weather had periodic oscillation signals of 4,6,8,10-14 years.The end date had periodic oscillation signals of 6,12-14 years.The days and end date of low temperature and rainy weather in Guangxi during spring sowing period significantly related to average temperature from middle dekad of February to first dekad of April.The climate warming made that the days of low temperature and rainy weather tended to decrease,and the end date tended to advance.[Conclusion] The research provided reference for further understanding the occurrence rule of low temperature and rainy weather,going after profits and avoiding disadvantages,reasonably arranging production,carrying out correlated research.

Seasonal air temperature variations retrieved from a Geladaindong ice core, Tibetan Plateau

A 70-year history of precipitation δ^18O record has been retrieved using an ice core drilled from a plat portion of the firn area in the Guoqu Glacier （33°34＇37.8″ N, 91°10＇35.3″ E, 5720 m a.s.l.） on Mt. Geladaindong （the source region of Yangtze River） during October and November, 2005. Based on the seasonality of δ^18O records and the significant positive relationships between monsoon/non-monsoon δ^18O values and summer/spring air temperature from the nearby meteorological stations, the history of summer and spring air temperature have been reconstructed for the last 70 years. The results show that both summer and spring air temperature variations present similar trends during the last 70 years. Regression analysis indicates that the slope of the temperature-δ^18O relationship is 1.3℃/‰ for non-monsoon δ^18O values and spring air temperature, and 0.4℃/‰ for monsoon δ^18O values and summer air temperature. Variation of air temperature recorded in the ice core is consistent with that in the Northern Hemisphere （NH）, however, the warming trend in the Geladaindong region is more intense than that in the NH, reflecting a higher sensitivity to global warming in the high elevation regions. In addition, warming trend is greater in spring than in summer.

欧亚大陆春季融雪异常10-30天季节内变化主要特征及其环流异常演变分析

欧亚大陆积雪是影响中高纬气候的重要因子,深入理解该区域积雪异常变化的特征及其成因,对于气候研究和预测有重要意义。目前的研究大多关注积雪年际、年代际变化及其气候效应,而有关积雪季节内变化的认识还有待加强。本文基于观测和再分析资料,通过统计诊断探讨了欧亚大陆不同区域春季融雪的季节内变化及其与之相关的大气环流特征和地表能量演变过程。结果表明,欧亚大陆春季融雪异常具有明显的季节内变化特征,其主导周期为10~30 d,且季节内变化的信号主要出现在斯堪的纳维亚半岛、东欧平原和西西伯利亚三个区域。进一步分析表明,斯堪的纳维亚半岛地区融雪季节内变化可能和斯堪的纳维亚半岛遥相关型负位相(SCA−)有关,东欧平原融雪季节内变化可能和欧亚遥相关型负位相(EU−)有关,西西伯利亚地区融雪季节内变化可能和斯堪的纳维亚半岛遥相关型正位相(SCA+)有关。不同区域导致融雪异常的原因存在明显差异,长波辐射增加可能是斯堪的纳维亚半岛区域开始发生融雪异常的主要原因;而在东欧平原和西西伯利亚区域,感热通量异常可能是开始发生融雪异常的主要原因。

美国硬红冬和硬红春小麦籽粒品质比较及与中国强筋小麦标准对标分析

随着人们消费结构的改变,面包市场发展迅速,但中国优质强筋小麦生产供应不足,质量差异较大,而美国硬麦有良好的加工性能和稳定的品质,制粉和烘焙特性优异。研究美国硬红冬小麦和硬红春小麦籽粒品质年度间变化特点及品质指标间相关性,可为中国强筋小麦籽粒品质研究与发展提供参考。本文汇总了美国小麦协会1999—2021年间发布的硬红冬小麦、硬红春小麦品质相关性状数据,分析了两类小麦品质指标间相互关系,并探讨了美国硬麦品质对中国现有强筋小麦标准的适配度。结果表明,与硬红冬小麦相比,硬红春小麦蛋白含量高,筋力强,形成时间、稳定时间等面团品质更高,烘焙品质更优,且籽粒、面粉品质稳定性高。对标中国强筋小麦标准可以发现,硬红春小麦对标中国强筋小麦标准的达标率高于硬红冬小麦,蛋白含量、湿面筋达标率差距尤为明显。综合考虑中国强筋小麦生产现状,并结合美国硬麦对中国强筋小麦标准达标率,中国强筋小麦标准可将蛋白含量调整为>14.5%,湿面筋含量为>32.0%,稳定时间>10 min,容重、硬度分别大于760 g·L^(-1)和65。硬红春小麦品质指标的相关性分析显示,拉伸面积与面包烘焙吸水率显著负相关,与面包体积显著正相关,可用于预测强筋小麦面包品质;中国标准可设置拉伸面积为105 cm^(2)。

三江源地区春季流量与积雪的年际变化关系

基于三江源区站点流量资料、中国区域格点降水气温资料及遥感积雪资料,分析了长江、黄河和澜沧江源区春季流量的年际变化及其与降水、积雪、气温的关系。结果表明,1980~2020年三江源地区春季流量年际变化显著,其中5月流量的年际变率最大;三江源地区春季流量受春季雪深影响最大,其中4月、5月流量受雪深、积雪覆盖率、前期累积降水的影响显著,且流量与雪深的正相关性最强,5月流量与雪深相关系数可达0.7以上。进一步分析表明,高原积雪对流量的影响随源区不同流域、春季不同月份呈现一定的差异,其中黄河源区4月、5月流量受4月雪深影响最明显,澜沧江源区4月、5月流量与2~5月的雪深均存在较好关系,而长江源区5月流量则主要与4~5月雪深显著正相关。源区积雪对春季流量的影响也存在一定的海拔依赖性,其中低海拔区域积雪对流量的影响更多体现在春季前期,而黄河源区阿尼玛卿山、长江源区巴颜喀拉山脉及唐古拉山脉等高海拔区域的积雪对流量的影响可以持续到5月。气温作为春季融雪径流的关键因子,主要是通过影响源区前期积雪量、融雪产流过程,进而影响春季流量的异常。本研究结果在深入认识青藏高原气候变化对三江源地区春季流量的影响及过程等方面具有重要意义。

气温和降水变化对甘肃河西春小麦产量的影响及应对

[目的]了解春小麦生长期间气象因子的变化趋势,以及气候变化对春小麦产量的影响。[方法]利用张掖市1993—2021年气象观测资料、春小麦产量观测资料等,分析甘肃河西气候变化对春小麦产量的影响。[结果]近29年中春小麦生长期气温升高、降水量减少,春小麦千粒重下降、理论产量趋于增多;春小麦生育期3—7月平均气温与理论产量为不明显的正相关,降水量则与千粒重和理论产量为负相关,因此气温特高或特低时春小麦均不能获得高产,气温稳定、降水量正常或略偏少是其理论产量达到丰收的必要条件。[结论]要加强气候分析论证,趋利避害,科学种植,以提高气候变化应对能力,达到春小麦稳产高产。

On the Association between Spring Arctic Sea Ice Concentration and Chinese Summer Rainfall:A Further Study

In our previous study, a statistical linkage between the spring Arctic sea ice concentration （SIC） and the succeeding Chinese summer rainfall during the period 1968-2005 was identified. This linkage is demonstrated by the leading singular value decomposition （SVD） that accounts for 19% of the co-variance. Both spring SIC and Chinese summer rainfall exhibit a coherent interannual variability and two apparent interdecadal variations that occurred in the late 1970s and the early 1990s. The combined impacts of both spring Arctic SIC and Eurasian snow cover on the summer Eurasian wave train may explain their statistical linkage. In this study, we show that evolution of atmospheric circulation anomalies from spring to summer, to a great extent, may explain the spatial distribution of spring and summer Arctic SIC anomalies, and is dynamically consistent with Chinese summer rainfall anomalies in recent decades. The association between spring Arctic SIC and Chinese summer rainfall on interannual time scales is more important relative to interdecadal time scales. The summer Arctic dipole anomaly may serve as the bridge linking the spring Arctic SIC and Chinese summer rainfall, and their coherent interdecadal variations may reflect the feedback of spring SIC variability on the atmosphere. The summer Arctic dipole anomaly shows a closer relationship with the Chinese summer rainfall relative to the Arctic Oscillation.

The Spring Monsoon in South China and Its Relationship to Large-Scale Circulation Features

In this paper, the authors define the spring monsoon in South China, and study the climatology and the interannual variation through analysis of the precipitation and the related atmospheric circulation, as revealed by the NCEP/ NCAR reanalysis data. The results indicate that the spring monsoon season in South China occurs climatologically in April and May, which is supported by both seasonal and interannual variation of the atmospheric circulation and precipitation. The related atmospheric circulation is different from that during the East Asian summer or winter monsoon season. The interannual variation of the spring monsoon rainfall in South China relates primarily to the anomalous circulation over the North Pacific, which is linked with the westerly jet over North Asia and with the polar vortex. It is also connected with sea surface temperature anomalies in the Pacific. Changes in the Asian tropical atmospheric circulation has little influence on the spring monsoon in South China according to this research.

近50年广东春运期间气温和降水协同变化的气候特征

根据近50年(1971—2020年)广东省86个气象站的观测数据、NCEP/NCAR再分析数据和NOAA海温数据,采用线性趋势分析、合成分析等统计方法,研究了广东春运期间气温和降水的时空分布特征,从气温降水协同变化的角度切入划分了气候异常类型,并对比分析了其异常成因。结果表明:近50年来,广东省春运期间平均气温呈现显著上升趋势,珠江三角洲和粤东地区最明显。而降水日数则表现出显著减少趋势,粤西北、粤东和粤西沿海最明显。气温和降水协同变化的异常年(冷湿(4年)、冷干(6年)和暖干(11年))共有21年,占全部年份的42%。冷湿年和冷干年,欧亚大陆中高纬度都表现出经向环流特征,西伯利亚高压偏强,有利于冷空气活跃南下。不同的是冷湿年东亚西部地区“北高南低”,低纬度地区“东高西低”,对应的冷空气路径为中、西路,有利于水汽输送;而冷干年东亚东部地区“北高南低”,低纬度地区一致偏低,对应的冷空气路径偏东,不利于水汽输送。另外,冷湿年前期赤道中东太平洋偏暖,呈现ElNiño状态,受其影响西太平洋副热带高压偏大偏强,西太暖池偏冷,在菲律宾海区域激发出一个反气旋性环流,有利于西南水汽输送到广东地区,降水偏多;而冷干年则相反。暖干年,东亚中高纬表现出“北低南高”的纬向环流分布,东亚大槽和西伯利亚高压偏弱,不利于冷空气的生成和南下,广东上空受反气旋式环流控制,辐散下沉,温高雨少。

近代思想史上董仲舒的接受史考察——以董仲舒地位的升降为中心

近代以来,董仲舒的地位经历了先升后降再回升的历程。在清末今文经学兴起过程中,董仲舒的地位迅速抬升。进入民国,随着现代学术的确立,董仲舒的地位开始回落。董仲舒地位升降的背后所折射的是近代思想史上的重大变迁。现代学术体系建立之后,对学者而言,儒学逐渐由信仰的对象变为研究的对象。

多策略混合改进的海洋捕食者算法及其工程应用

为解决海洋捕食者算法(MPA)自适应能力有限、易陷入局部最优等问题,提出融合多策略改进的海洋捕食者算法(EMPA)。首先,在种群初始化阶段,采用精英反向学习策略初始化猎物种群,丰富种群的多样性。其次,在阶段更新过程中,设计出具有更强非线性收敛性的自适应惯性权重,控制捕食者在整个过程中的位置更新。在此基础之上,在等速比阶段,引入算术优化算子指导猎物搜索空间,平衡种群的全局勘探和局部开采。进一步,在海洋记忆存储阶段,采用t分布变异策略对猎物位置进行变异,增强个体在迭代后期跳出局部最优的能力。通过在8个测试函数上的算法性能测试及与著名算法的比较,验证了EMPA算法的优越性。最后,针对传统方法设计的断路器储能弹簧结构参数设置不合理、分断性能差等缺陷,应用EMPA对断路器储能弹簧进行优化设计,实验结果表明,EMPA算法的设计结果更加小型化、分断性能更优。

铁路机车串联U型橡胶垫的高圆簧水平向动刚度计算

以一种适配于铁路机车二系高圆弹簧的U型橡胶垫为研究对象,对其作用于弹簧的动静态刚度影响进行数值模拟分析。利用ANSYS参数化编程与命令流对弹簧模型和串联模型进行模拟仿真,同时比较两者模型的水平动静刚度。结果表明:静态下的U型橡胶垫能有效降低弹簧纵向刚度,对其他向刚度基本没有影响;动态下应对于不同频率激励,U型橡胶垫都可显著降低弹簧水平刚度。