Shale oil recovery by CO_(2)injection in Jiyang Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,East China

Laboratory experiments,numerical simulations and fracturing technology were combined to address the problems in shale oil recovery by CO_(2)injection.The laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the displacement mechanisms of shale oil extraction by CO_(2)injection,and the influences of CO_(2)pre-pad on shale mechanical properties.Numerical simulations were performed about influences of CO_(2)pre-pad fracturing and puff-n-huff for energy replenishment on the recovery efficiency.The findings obtained were applied to the field tests of CO_(2)pre-pad fracturing and single well puff-n-huff.The results show that the efficiency of CO_(2)puff-n-huff is affected by micro-and nano-scale effect,kerogen,adsorbed oil and so on,and a longer soaking time in a reasonable range leads to a higher exploitation degree of shale oil.In the"injection+soaking"stage,the exploitation degree of heavy hydrocarbons is enhanced by CO_(2)through its effects of solubility-diffusion and mass-transfer.In the"huff"stage,crude oil in large pores is displaced by CO_(2)to surrounding larger pores or bedding fractures and finally flows to the production well.The injection of CO_(2)pre-pad is conducive to keeping the rock brittle and reducing the fracture breakdown pressure,and the CO_(2)is liable to filter along the bedding surface,thereby creating a more complex fracture.Increasing the volume of CO_(2)pre-pad can improve the energizing effect,and enhance the replenishment of formation energy.Moreover,the oil recovery is more enhanced by CO_(2)huff-n-puff with the lower shale matrix permeability,the lower formation pressure,and the larger heavy hydrocarbon content.The field tests demonstrate a good performance with the pressure maintained well after CO_(2)pre-pad fracturing,the formation energy replenished effectively after CO_(2)huff-n-puff in a single well,and the well productivity improved.

Experimental study on surface-active polymer flooding for enhanced oil recovery: A case study of Daqing placanticline oilfield, NE China

Experiments on surface-active polymer flooding for enhanced oil recovery were carried out by detection analysis and modern physical simulation technique based on reservoirs and fluids in Daqing placanticline oilfield.The experimental results show that the surface-active polymer is different from other common polymers and polymer-surfactant systems in molecular aggregation,viscosity and flow capacity,and it has larger molecular coil size,higher viscosity and viscosifying capacity,and poorer mobility.The surface-active polymer solution has good performance of viscosity-increasing and viscosity retention,and has good performance of viscoelasticity and deformability to exert positive effects of viscosifying and viscoelastic properties.Surface-active polymer can change the chemical property of interface and reduce interfacial tension,making the reservoir rock turn water-wet,also it can emulsify the oil into relatively stable oil-in-water emulsion,and emulsification capacity is an important property to enhance oil washing efficiency under non-ultralow interfacial tension.The surface-active polymer flooding enlarges swept volume in two ways:Microscopically,the surface-active polymer has mobility control effect and can enter oil-bearing pores not swept by water to drive residual oil,and its mobility control effect has more contribution than oil washing capacity in enhancing oil recovery.Macroscopically,it has plugging capacity,and can emulsify and plug the dominant channels in layers with high permeability,forcing the injected fluid to enter the layer with medium or low permeability and low flow resistance,and thus enlarging swept volume.

A novel nanofluid of modified carbon black nanoparticles for enhanced oil recovery in low permeability reservoirs

A novel nanofluid of modified carbon black(MCB)nanoparticles was initially developed for enhanced oil recovery(EOR)in low permeability reservoirs.The MCB nanoparticles were obtained via a three-step reaction involving modification by oxidation,acyl chlorination,and activated grafting.MCB nano-particles were spherically dispersed,with an average size of 72.3 nm.Compared with carbon black(CB)nanoparticles,dispersed MCB nanoparticles can effectively reduce the oil-water interfacial tension(IFT)to 10^(-2)mN/m and change the surface wettability of sand particles.Based on the results of core flooding experiments,the MCB nanoparticles exhibited a better EOR capacity than surfactants and CB nano-particles,and the final oil recovery was significantly increased by 27.27%.The core scanning test showed that the MCB nanoparticles could plug high permeability channels by adsorbing onto the surfaces of sand particles and forming larger aggregates that bridge across pores or throats,resulting in a higher swept volume.The synergistic effects of improved swept volume and oil displacement efficiency were the EOR mechanisms of the MCB nanoparticles.The studies indicate that these MCB nanoparticles have excellent potential for EOR in low permeability reservoirs.

Integrating Geology and Engineering for Viscous Oil Production Improvement—JX Oilfield, Bohai Bay, China

In this paper a case study is presented where refined 3D reservoir geology models, well pattern pilot test and Real-time GeoSteering tools have been integrated to optimize production performance of a viscous oil reserve. The viscous reserves were of high structural dip angle. In addition delta depositional system represented highly variable geomorphology, where stacked sandbodies and shale bedding are crossing each other frequently. In order to keep a higher production rate, using horizontal wells along with water injection was not enough;therefore, detailed reservoir characterization, well pattern pilot experiment and GeoSteering were used to optimize previous development strategy and keep horizontal trajectories safely landing into reservoir target zone. The stratigraphic sequence architecture that is derived from seismic interpretations captured the variation within these high dip structural backgrounds very effectively. The best combination of choices was “Injecting Water outside from OWC” and “Stair Shaped Horizontal Trajectories”. The borehole collision risks of these optimized strategies were then analyzed and controlled successfully by the GeoSteering tools during trajectory landing process. The reservoir development performance is improved tremendously as result of these renewed development strategies.

Production calculation of the second and tertiary recovery combination reservoirs under chemical flooding

Based on the analysis of the production composition of reservoirs developed by the second&tertiary recovery combination(STRC),the relationship between the overall output of the STRC project and the production level during the blank water flooding stage is proposed.According to the basic principle of reservoir engineering that the“recovery factor is equal to sweeping coefficient multiplied by oil displacement efficiency”,the formula for calculating the ultimate oil recovery factor of chemical combination flooding reservoir was established.By dividing the reservoir into a series of grids according to differen-tial calculus thinking,the relationship between the ultimate recovery factor of a certain number of grids and the recovery de-gree of the reservoir was established,and then the variation law of oil production rate of the STRC reservoir was obtained.The concept of“oil rate enlargement factor of chemical combination flooding”was defined,and a production calculation method of reservoir developed by STRC was put forward based on practical oilfield development experience.The study shows that the oil production enhancing effect of STRC increases evenly with the in crease of the ratio of STRC displacement efficiency to water displacement efficiency,and increases rapidly with the increase of the ratio of recovery degree at flooding mode conversion to the water displacement efficiency.STRC is more effective in increasing oil production of reservoir with high recovery degree.Through practical tests of the alkali free binary flooding(polymer/surfactant)projects,the relative error of the oil production calculation method of STRC reservoir is about±10%,which meets the requirements of reservoir engineering.

济阳坳陷页岩油注二氧化碳开发技术

围绕页岩油注CO_(2)开发存在的问题,通过室内实验、数值模拟与压裂工艺相结合的方式,开展了页岩油注CO_(2)萃取置换机理、CO_(2)前置液对页岩力学性质影响的室内实验,模拟了CO_(2)前置压裂和吞吐补能对开发效果的影响,并将成果应用于CO_(2)前置压裂和单井吞吐矿场实践。研究表明:CO_(2)吞吐作用效果受微纳尺度效应及干酪根、吸附油存在等的影响,适当延长焖井时间可提高原油动用程度。在CO_(2)“注、焖”阶段,CO_(2)通过溶解扩散和传质作用提高重烃的动用程度,在CO_(2)“吐”的阶段,CO_(2)主要将较大孔隙中的原油排出至周边更大的孔隙或层理缝中流入生产井。注入CO_(2)前置液有助于保持岩心脆性,降低破裂压力,CO_(2)易沿层理面滤失,从而提高裂缝复杂程度。前置CO_(2)注入量增加会提升增能效果,从而增强地层能量的补充作用。页岩基质渗透率越低、地层压力越低、原油重烃含量越高,注CO_(2)吞吐开发后,采收率提高幅度越大。矿场实践表明,CO_(2)前置压裂后压力保持良好,单井CO_(2)吞吐后可有效补充地层能量,提高单井产能,效果良好。

基于改进NSGA-Ⅱ算法的间歇采油制度优化

对于低渗透率油井,采用间歇采油制度能有效避免空抽磨损,并减少电能消耗量。为此通过分析沉没度和地层流压随抽油机井生产时间变化的规律,从系统节能的角度出发,建立以采油总产量最大、能耗最低为目标的间歇采油制度多目标优化模型。引入NSGA-Ⅱ并改进该算法对间歇采油制度多目标优化模型求解,运用改进算法得到的Pareto最优解的多样性和收敛性,合理优化抽油机的最优停机时间,最大效率地提升采油效率的同时,最小化电能消耗量。试验结果表明,基于Pareto多目标遗传算法的间歇采油机制优化具有明显的优势,在优化系统效率的同时能够有效减少电能消耗。研究结果可为油井间歇采油机制的改进和优化提供有力的技术支持。

老油田“3+2”大幅度提高采收率技术内涵、机理及实践

传统方式的化学驱项目一般采取“2+3”的协同方式,也就是先通过水驱井网调整一次到位,再实施化学驱,受剩余油认识和预测精度的影响,会出现部分低产低效井,化学驱含水谷底平台期短,提高采收率幅度有限。为此,胜利油田通过基础攻关和探索实践,创新提出了化学驱与动态优化调整加合增效的“3+2”大幅度提高采收率技术,该技术是指在化学驱过程中,充分发挥和利用驱油体系扩大波及体积、提高驱油效率、调整动态非均质性的特点,主动培育、壮大动态剩余油富集区(“油墙”),适时井网调整、重构流场、均衡注采,高效动用、采出“油墙”,最大程度延长化学驱含水谷底平台期,实现三次采油和二次采油(“3+2”)适配优化、大幅度提高采收率的目的。通过大量物理模拟和数值模拟研究,明确了“井网-驱油剂-剩余油”适配优化提高采收率的机理。该技术在胜坨油田二区东三段5砂组进行了应用,通过优化“3+2”井网调整方式、驱油体系和注入参数等,预计区块含水谷底平台期从3 a延长至8 a,最终采收率为60.5%,比原方案采收率再提高7.5百分点。该技术是老油田大幅度提高采收率的关键技术,可以为中外同类型油藏延长化学驱见效高峰期提供指导和借鉴。

炼化企业挥发性有机化合物减排的探索与实践

炼化企业加工过程有组织、无组织排放的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)量较大,对大气环境中的颗粒物、臭氧浓度等产生重大影响。A公司自“十三五”以来对VOCs减排进行了探索与实践,通过采取油气回收、储罐浮盘高效密封改造、呼吸阀改型升级、无组织排放改为有组织回收、VOCs焚烧、常态化泄漏检测与修复工作等多种减排措施,VOCs排放量已从2015年的4230 t下降到2022年的2157 t,降低比例达到49%,取得了显著的成效。

生物化学复合提高采收率技术研究进展及发展趋势

系统调研了中外近10a来在生物化学复合提高采收率技术方面的室内研究及现场应用进展,分别从提高洗油效率和扩大波及体积2方面,就采油菌体、生物表面活性剂、生物多糖分别与表面活性剂、聚合物、纳米颗粒等化学采油制剂间的协同作用机理,体系构建及现场应用效果进行了分析。研究结果表明:生物菌体及其代谢产物与化学采油制剂复合后,在界面张力降低、乳化分散、流度比控制和稠油降黏等方面都具有协同增效作用,现场应用也取得了良好的效果,其中胜利油田探索了菌体复合聚合物调剖技术及微生物脱硫保黏技术,预测提高采收率分别为9%和10.3%,大庆油田开展生物表面活性剂三元复合驱现场应用,先导区提高采收率达到22%。生物化学复合提高采收率技术在老油田难采储量动用方面具有巨大的应用前景。下一步需继续深化生物、化学体系间协同增效机理,根据油藏平面及层间、层内的差异,创新生物、化学采油体系复合及实施工艺,细化不同开发阶段、不同油藏空间的实施方案,通过油藏立体均衡开发,最大限度发挥生物与化学复合增效技术优势,满足老油田可持续开发的需求。

高温高盐油藏化学驱提高采收率理论技术与矿场应用

化学驱是提高采收率的重要方法之一,在油田高效开发中发挥了重要作用。基于中外化学驱技术的发展现状,针对高温高盐的苛刻油藏条件,系统总结了胜利油田化学驱提高采收率的理论技术。通过梳理胜利油田60a来化学驱技术从室内研究到矿场应用所攻克的理论和技术难题,介绍了高温高盐油藏化学驱的发展历程。通过认识驱油剂之间以及驱油剂与原油之间的相互作用和构效关系,迭代创建了高温高盐油藏聚合物“黏弹并重扩波及”理论、表面活性剂“油剂相似富集、阴非加合增效”理论和黏弹性颗粒“变形调驱”理论,并攻关形成了具有胜利特色的高温高盐油藏聚合物驱技术、无碱二元复合驱技术和非均相复合驱技术,攻克了温度为85℃、矿化度为30000 mg/L的油藏大幅度提高采收率的难题,矿场实施的96个化学驱项目的年产油量连续20a占油田年产油量的11%以上。该系列技术为胜利油田产量稳定和可持续发展做出了重要贡献。

纳米淀粉流体提高原油采收率

为了进一步促进纳米驱油技术在低渗透油藏中的高效应用,亟需开发新型的纳米驱油产品。纳米淀粉颗粒作为一种环境友好型的材料,分布广、价格相对低廉、性能优异,具备大幅度提高采收率的潜力。通过室内静态实验、岩心驱替实验、微观可视化实验、CT扫描实验等手段,从纳米淀粉流体的基本物性、提高驱油效果、扩大波及体积等方面研究了其提高采收率的过程和机理。研究结果表明,质量浓度为5000 mg/L的纳米淀粉流体因其亲水性和较小的粒径(30 nm)可改变水分子的赋存状态,使水相变温度从102℃升高至110℃,使得岩石表面的润湿接触角从78°降至34.2°,使油水界面张力从20 mN/m降至0.56 mN/m,注入压力下降39.6%。在微观可视化模型中,纳米淀粉流体可以明显降低多孔介质中的含油饱和度,特别是多孔介质固体表面的油膜量明显减少,提高驱油效果明显。在低渗透岩心中,纳米淀粉溶液的驱替前沿更加均匀,与水驱相比具有更大的波及体积。由于较大的波及体积、较高的驱油效率以及良好的润湿性等,注入0.4 PV质量浓度为5000 mg/L的纳米淀粉流体后,低渗透岩心的采收率增幅达21百分点。研究结果可为低渗透油藏的提高采收率提供一种新的技术参考。

改性片状纳米流体的洗油效率及机理

纳米流体提高采收率已然成为油气勘探开发的研究热点。利用研发的改性片状纳米流体,在自制的可视化模型中研究固体界面油膜在接触到质量浓度为50mg/L的改性片状纳米流体后的收缩规律,并开展油砂洗油实验,明确50mg/L的改性片状纳米流体在不同条件下的洗油效率。研究结果表明,模拟地层水环境下,固体界面油膜收缩速率较慢,并未出现楔形区域;改性片状纳米流体环境下,固体界面油膜在收缩过程中出现明显的楔形区域,且出现两条接触线:外接触线和内接触线,外接触线的收缩速率为8.5817×10^(-5)cm/s,内接触线的收缩速率为0.6617×10^(-5)cm/s。油砂洗油实验表明,改性片状纳米流体的洗油效率随油砂尺寸的增大和温度的提升逐渐增加,随着油砂浸泡时间的延长先急剧增加后缓慢上升,存在最佳浸泡时间(8±2)h,油砂洗油效率可高达95.7%。该项研究成果突破了只有高浓度球形纳米颗粒才能形成结构分离压力的限制,为片状纳米流体在矿场的应用提供了可能性,也为矿场施工工艺提供了技术参考。

Janus纳米颗粒制备及其驱油性能

采用Pickering乳液法成功合成具有不同亲水、亲油性的Janus纳米颗粒,通过SEM,TEM,FTIR,TG等方法表征了Janus纳米颗粒的结构和性质,以此为基础构筑了Pickering乳液调剖剂体系,并通过单岩心物模实验测试了该体系在较低渗透率条件下的调剖效果。实验结果表明,Pickering乳液型调剖剂体系在90℃,35000 mg/L矿化度条件下具有较好的乳化性能和乳液稳定性,并展现出较好的乳化增黏效果。当岩心渗透率为50×10^(-3)μm^(2)时,后续水驱阶段注入压力可由1.053 MPa增至1.824 MPa,采收率可在一次水驱基础上提高16.71百分点,表明Pickering乳液调剖剂体系具有优良的调剖效果和提高采收率效果。

旋流式井下二次油水分离同井注采技术适用性分析

针对含水率已达99%、超过经济开采极限的采油井,为进一步降低地面产出液量,在旋流式井下一次油水分离同井注采技术基础上,通过采用井下水力旋流器串联的方式,将采出液在井下再浓缩,形成旋流式井下二次油水分离同井注采技术。室内实验表明,两个水力旋流器串联后,分流比在15%~45%时,最大分离效率达到98.5%。通过现场试验,验证了旋流式井下二次油水分离同井注采技术的可行性,可将地面日产液量降幅提高至85%以上,实现了因特高含水关停的井组再利用,提高了油井采收率,为特高含水油田后期经济、有效开发探索一种新的模式。

疏水缔合聚合物高效溶解方法研究进展

疏水缔合聚合物在提高采收率领域中展现出巨大应用潜力,但其疏水基团结构特征使溶解性成为关注焦点。综述了近年来疏水缔合聚合物高效溶解的研究进展,分析了面临的挑战及未来的发展方向。重点介绍了添加化学试剂屏蔽疏水基团的缔合作用,采用筛网切割和胶体研磨等方式增加水与聚合物颗粒的接触面积,以及通过改变聚合物自身溶解性、提高溶液质量浓度或温度、优化搅拌器类型及搅拌方式以增大体系熵变等方法加速疏水缔合聚合物的溶解。化学方法虽然能够快速溶解疏水缔合聚合物且不损害其性能,但其使用成本和环境影响仍需考量。而物理方法尽管经济有效,但可能导致溶液的机械降解和热降解,进而影响增黏性能和驱油效果,同时还需要解决机械设备的运输、能耗以及空间限制问题。因此,研发新型环保溶剂和优化工艺设备对于实现疏水缔合聚合物高效溶解具有重要意义。此外,综合考虑多种高效溶解方法的协同作用,依据实际应用情况进行调整,以期扩大疏水缔合聚合物的规模应用。

不同驱替介质在演23区延7储层中的应用

针对演23区油藏目前存在水驱油效率、单井产量及采出程度普遍较低的问题,急需开展控水稳油技术攻关,减缓含水上升速度,探索新注入介质,提高驱油效率,提高最终采收率。选取主力产油层位延7储层样品开展不同驱替介质的室内实验,并根据实验结果进行现场先导性试验论证。结果表明:纯水驱平均驱油效率为45.45%,驱油效率延7_(1)高于延7_(2),结合核磁共振实验可知孔喉半径及分布规律对驱油效率影响较大;相较单纯水驱,水驱后转氮气驱、聚合物驱或表面活性剂驱的驱油效率均有一定程度的增加,其中,聚合物驱油效率增加最高,为38.72%,氮气驱次之,增加16.20%,表面活性剂驱最低,只增加4.39%,且延7_(2)储层驱油效率提高大于延7_(1)储层;现场开展聚合物驱先导性试验,表现出地层压力上升、增产降水、见效比高,与驱油实验结果较相符,整体表现为研究区对聚合物驱的适应性较强。研究结论对于研究区后期现场高效开发具有指导性意义。

渤海稠油热采开发技术挑战、现状及展望

海上稠油开发成本高、单井累产油要求高,导致渤海部分稠油储量长期未能得到有效开发。针对海上稠油热采的技术瓶颈,渤海油田自2008年建立海上稠油热采先导试验区开展技术攻关,经历单井热采、井组热采、油田规模热采等不同阶段,在“十三五”期间成功实现了南堡35-2和旅大27-2两个稠油先导试验区的开发。在分析渤海稠油资源的基础上,详细阐述了自2020年进入规模化热采阶段以来海上稠油热采在蒸汽吞吐、热气剂多介质辅助吞吐、蒸汽驱、热采配套工艺等方面的关键技术突破与矿场实践,实现了海上稠油热采油田从薄层到厚层、从普通稠油到特超稠油、从边水油藏到顶底水油藏的扩展;攻关形成以蒸汽吞吐、蒸汽驱为主,多介质复合吞吐为辅的渤海稠油热采开发技术体系,助推了渤海2023年建成稠油热采年产85万吨的产量规模。详细梳理了“十四五”期间渤海稠油热采面临的新挑战,以渤海稠油热采中长期产量规划为引领,展望了海上稠油油田热采技术发展趋势,以期为后续海上稠油规模化热采提供借鉴。

高效深度调剖化学剂在提高采收率中的应用及机理研究

通过高效液相色谱分析、界面张力仪测量、岩心驱替实验和扫描电子显微镜观察等实验方法,探究了高效深度调剖化学剂在提高采收率中的应用及其作用机理。结果表明:该化学剂主要由交联聚合物(58.6%)、表面活性剂(29.5%)和纳米粒子(11.9%)组成,具有良好的流变性能和热稳定性。化学剂在25℃时的黏度为121.6 mPa·s,随温度升高而降低,但在100℃时仍保持58.3 mPa·s的黏度;化学剂能显著降低油水界面张力,从32.6 mN·m^(-1)降至9.6 mN·m^(-1);在岩心驱替实验中,使用该化学剂后的额外采收率达到了19.2%,总采收率提高到47.8%,最佳的注入参数组合为化学剂质量分数0.5%,注入速率0.5 mL·min^(-1),注入量1.0 PV。机理分析表明,该化学剂通过降低油水界面张力、改善油藏渗透性、调整流动阻力和改变孔隙结构等多重机制,有效提高了采收率。该研究为油田的高效开发提供了新的技术支持,对于提高油田采收率具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。

侏罗系油藏开发效果评价及剩余油动用潜力研究

本文以H区Y10油藏为例,通过地层能量、水驱状况和油藏采收率三个方面评价开发效果,利用数值模拟预测方法研究剩余油分布规律、精准部署加密调整井位并预测调整效果,开展矿场试验,分析加密调整潜力。研究表明:研究区受高采液强度开发及井筒套破影响,水驱效果变差,采出程度低,局部剩余油富集,数值模拟预测加密调整可有效提高油藏最终采收率,矿场试验证明加密调整效果良好、具有可实施性,建议进一步扩大加密调整范围,提高油田采收率。