Three kinds of tung oil-based structural flame retardants polyols(TOFPs) were prepared by new methods in this paper. First, tung oil was used to produce monoglyceride and diglyceride by transesterification with glycer...Three kinds of tung oil-based structural flame retardants polyols(TOFPs) were prepared by new methods in this paper. First, tung oil was used to produce monoglyceride and diglyceride by transesterification with glycerol by sodium methoxide. The products after transesterification were epoxidized by peracetic acid which was in-situ generated from acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst. And then, TOFPs were prepared from epoxidized alcoholysis tung oil(EGTO) with 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide(DOPO), diethyl phosphate(DEP) and diethanolamine(DEA) by ring-opening reactions, respectively. GPC was used to evaluate the conversion rate, at optimum reaction conditions, selectivity for monoglyceride in transesterification. The influence of different parameters such as temperature, mole ratio or mass ratio on the conversion rate of transesterification and epoxidation were investigated. The molecular structures of TOFPs were characterized by FTIR and ~1HNMR. Finally, tung oil-based polyurethane foams(TOPUFs) were prepared by a one-shot process using TOFPs with polyisocyanate. The LOI values of TOPUFs whose content of DOPO-EGTO,DEP-EGTO and DEA-EGTO were 100 wt% can reach to 26.2%, 25.1%, and 24.4%, respectively.展开更多
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of airflow through a retention head residential oil burner were carried out to study the velocity field near and around the fuel spray. The simulations revealed (as expec...Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of airflow through a retention head residential oil burner were carried out to study the velocity field near and around the fuel spray. The simulations revealed (as expected, based on some previous experimental measurements) the velocity flow field to be far from axisymmetric. Moreover, the center of the swirling airflow was found to be at some radial distance away from the physical centerline of the flame tube. Since it was suspected that the two electrodes just upstream of the retention ring of the burner might be responsible for this flow distortion, additional CFD simulations were then carried out for the cases of no electrodes and 4-electrodes. The results clearly show that all flow distortions (velocity deviations from axisymmetric value) vanish when no electrodes are present and that the flow distortions are reduced by a factor of 2 when two additional dummy electrodes (for a total of 4 electrodes) are included in the burner design. Furthermore, for the 4-electrode case, the eccentricity of the swirling airflow is reduced by almost a factor of 3 as compared to the base design case of 2-electrodes.展开更多
The global energy demand has continued to skyrocket, exacerbating the already severe energy problem and environmental pollution, prompting researchers to look for alternative energy sources. Exploration of waste lubri...The global energy demand has continued to skyrocket, exacerbating the already severe energy problem and environmental pollution, prompting researchers to look for alternative energy sources. Exploration of waste lubricating oil (WLO) as an alternative source of fuel has gained prominence among researchers due to its availability at low cost and the potential to generate energy while providing a safer means of disposal. The main challenge with WLO combustion is proper regulation of fuel and oxidizer during combustion to realize a near stoichiometric result. Additionally, WLO has high viscosity, hence preheating of the oil is necessary to lower the viscosity and enhance atomization, for a more efficient combustion process. This paper presents the optimization of flow parameters for combustion of WLO in a burner system by use of response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of air flow rate, injection pressure and fuel flow rate on combustion performance of a WLO burner were investigated. The highest flame temperature recorded was 1200°C at an air flow rate of 1 m3</sup>/min, fuel flow rate of 0.08 m3</sup>/hr and injection pressure of 20 bar. Tests on physical and chemical properties of WLO were conducted and characterized according to ASTM standard to ascertain its potential as an alternative fuel. The calorific values of WLO from petrol and diesel engines were found to be 41.23 MJ/kg and 42.65 MJ/kg respectively. Therefore, recycling of WLO by utilizing it as a fuel for burners has double benefits of mitigating environmental pollution and harnessing energy for process heating and power generation.展开更多
GC-FID methods for the analysis of Petroleum hydrocarbons were developed and optimised. Contamination of soil from the Niger Delta was investigated about 40 days after crude oil spillage from the Shell Petroleum margi...GC-FID methods for the analysis of Petroleum hydrocarbons were developed and optimised. Contamination of soil from the Niger Delta was investigated about 40 days after crude oil spillage from the Shell Petroleum marginal well head. Soil samples and controls were collected at depths of 0 - 15 cm, 15 - 30 cm and 30 - 60 cm. Samples were analysed using gas chromatography fitted with a flame ionisation detector. Penetration and migration of C10-C26 and C26-C34 hydrocarbons through the soil layers were assessed by cluster analysis to determine the spatial distribution, penetration and similarity of these compounds over the contaminated area. The results also indicated elevated levels of total hydrocarbon contents when compared with the reference sites. Recommendations are made to carefully monitor and remediate the environment.展开更多
Eight fatty acids from beaver oil were identified by GC-9A, and their contents were determinded. A simple yet effective method for separation and quantification was described. Contents of the fatty acids were related ...Eight fatty acids from beaver oil were identified by GC-9A, and their contents were determinded. A simple yet effective method for separation and quantification was described. Contents of the fatty acids were related to their conditions of extraction.展开更多
聚乳酸(PLA)的脆性与易燃性限制了其更为广泛的应用。文中以9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)为阻燃剂、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)为增韧剂、环氧大豆油(ESO)为反应型增容剂,研究了ESO的加入对PLA/PBS/DOPO复合材料性能的影响...聚乳酸(PLA)的脆性与易燃性限制了其更为广泛的应用。文中以9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)为阻燃剂、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)为增韧剂、环氧大豆油(ESO)为反应型增容剂,研究了ESO的加入对PLA/PBS/DOPO复合材料性能的影响。力学性能测试、差示扫描量热分析、热重分析、动态力学热分析、扫描电子显微镜、极限氧指数(LOI)及垂直燃烧(UL-94)等测试结果表明,ESO明显提高了PLA与PBS间的相容性。PLA/PBS/ESO/DOPO(79/10/6/5)复合材料的综合性能最为优异,断裂伸长率达到了153.12%,较纯PLA提升了30倍,拉伸强度为34.44 MPa,冲击强度为18.13 k J/m^(2),增韧效果显著;LOI达到了26%,UL-94测试达到了V-0级别,获得了同时具有优异力学性能和阻燃性能的复合材料。展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31670577,31670578,31570563)
文摘Three kinds of tung oil-based structural flame retardants polyols(TOFPs) were prepared by new methods in this paper. First, tung oil was used to produce monoglyceride and diglyceride by transesterification with glycerol by sodium methoxide. The products after transesterification were epoxidized by peracetic acid which was in-situ generated from acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst. And then, TOFPs were prepared from epoxidized alcoholysis tung oil(EGTO) with 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide(DOPO), diethyl phosphate(DEP) and diethanolamine(DEA) by ring-opening reactions, respectively. GPC was used to evaluate the conversion rate, at optimum reaction conditions, selectivity for monoglyceride in transesterification. The influence of different parameters such as temperature, mole ratio or mass ratio on the conversion rate of transesterification and epoxidation were investigated. The molecular structures of TOFPs were characterized by FTIR and ~1HNMR. Finally, tung oil-based polyurethane foams(TOPUFs) were prepared by a one-shot process using TOFPs with polyisocyanate. The LOI values of TOPUFs whose content of DOPO-EGTO,DEP-EGTO and DEA-EGTO were 100 wt% can reach to 26.2%, 25.1%, and 24.4%, respectively.
文摘Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of airflow through a retention head residential oil burner were carried out to study the velocity field near and around the fuel spray. The simulations revealed (as expected, based on some previous experimental measurements) the velocity flow field to be far from axisymmetric. Moreover, the center of the swirling airflow was found to be at some radial distance away from the physical centerline of the flame tube. Since it was suspected that the two electrodes just upstream of the retention ring of the burner might be responsible for this flow distortion, additional CFD simulations were then carried out for the cases of no electrodes and 4-electrodes. The results clearly show that all flow distortions (velocity deviations from axisymmetric value) vanish when no electrodes are present and that the flow distortions are reduced by a factor of 2 when two additional dummy electrodes (for a total of 4 electrodes) are included in the burner design. Furthermore, for the 4-electrode case, the eccentricity of the swirling airflow is reduced by almost a factor of 3 as compared to the base design case of 2-electrodes.
文摘The global energy demand has continued to skyrocket, exacerbating the already severe energy problem and environmental pollution, prompting researchers to look for alternative energy sources. Exploration of waste lubricating oil (WLO) as an alternative source of fuel has gained prominence among researchers due to its availability at low cost and the potential to generate energy while providing a safer means of disposal. The main challenge with WLO combustion is proper regulation of fuel and oxidizer during combustion to realize a near stoichiometric result. Additionally, WLO has high viscosity, hence preheating of the oil is necessary to lower the viscosity and enhance atomization, for a more efficient combustion process. This paper presents the optimization of flow parameters for combustion of WLO in a burner system by use of response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of air flow rate, injection pressure and fuel flow rate on combustion performance of a WLO burner were investigated. The highest flame temperature recorded was 1200°C at an air flow rate of 1 m3</sup>/min, fuel flow rate of 0.08 m3</sup>/hr and injection pressure of 20 bar. Tests on physical and chemical properties of WLO were conducted and characterized according to ASTM standard to ascertain its potential as an alternative fuel. The calorific values of WLO from petrol and diesel engines were found to be 41.23 MJ/kg and 42.65 MJ/kg respectively. Therefore, recycling of WLO by utilizing it as a fuel for burners has double benefits of mitigating environmental pollution and harnessing energy for process heating and power generation.
文摘GC-FID methods for the analysis of Petroleum hydrocarbons were developed and optimised. Contamination of soil from the Niger Delta was investigated about 40 days after crude oil spillage from the Shell Petroleum marginal well head. Soil samples and controls were collected at depths of 0 - 15 cm, 15 - 30 cm and 30 - 60 cm. Samples were analysed using gas chromatography fitted with a flame ionisation detector. Penetration and migration of C10-C26 and C26-C34 hydrocarbons through the soil layers were assessed by cluster analysis to determine the spatial distribution, penetration and similarity of these compounds over the contaminated area. The results also indicated elevated levels of total hydrocarbon contents when compared with the reference sites. Recommendations are made to carefully monitor and remediate the environment.
文摘Eight fatty acids from beaver oil were identified by GC-9A, and their contents were determinded. A simple yet effective method for separation and quantification was described. Contents of the fatty acids were related to their conditions of extraction.
文摘聚乳酸(PLA)的脆性与易燃性限制了其更为广泛的应用。文中以9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)为阻燃剂、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)为增韧剂、环氧大豆油(ESO)为反应型增容剂,研究了ESO的加入对PLA/PBS/DOPO复合材料性能的影响。力学性能测试、差示扫描量热分析、热重分析、动态力学热分析、扫描电子显微镜、极限氧指数(LOI)及垂直燃烧(UL-94)等测试结果表明,ESO明显提高了PLA与PBS间的相容性。PLA/PBS/ESO/DOPO(79/10/6/5)复合材料的综合性能最为优异,断裂伸长率达到了153.12%,较纯PLA提升了30倍,拉伸强度为34.44 MPa,冲击强度为18.13 k J/m^(2),增韧效果显著;LOI达到了26%,UL-94测试达到了V-0级别,获得了同时具有优异力学性能和阻燃性能的复合材料。
