Control Factors and Diversities of Phase State of Oil and Gas Pools in the Kuqa Petroleum System

Based on the analysis of the hydrocarbon geochemical characteristics in the Kuqa petroleum system of the Tarim Basin, this study discusses the causes and controlling factors of the phase diversities and their differences in geochemical features. According to the characteristics and differences in oil and gas phase, the petroleum system can be divided into five categories： oil reservoir, wet gas reservoir, condensate gas-rich reservoir, condensate gas-poor reservoir and dry gas reservoir. The causes for the diversities in oil and gas phases include diversities of the sources of parent material, maturity of natural gas and the process of hydrocarbon accumulation of different hydrocarbon phases. On the whole, the Jurassic and Triassic terrestrial source rocks are the main sources for the hydrocarbon in the Kuqa Depression. The small differences in parent material may cause diversities in oil and gas amount, but the impact is small. The differences in oil and gas phase are mainly affected by maturity and the accumulation process, which closely relates with each other. Oil and gas at different thermal evolution stage can be captured in different accumulation process.

Phase-Selective Gelators Based on p-Alkoxybenzoyl for Oil Spill Recovery and Dye Removal

Oil spills result in tremendous damage to the environment and ecosystem.In this study,several p-alkoxybenzoyl-based gelators(1,2a,2b,2c,3)synthesized from commercially available materials were designed for recovering oil from an oil–water mixture.Gels with remarkable gelation ability in various oils were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction to study the driving forces of self-assembly.Notably,these gelators could achieve the goal of recycling oil from the oil–water mixture at room temperature.In addition,gelator 2b could be used to remove toxic dyes from aqueous solutions with high efficiency.Therefore,these compounds were considered promising materials for oil spill recovery and dye removal due to their practicality and high efficiency.

Palaeotemperatures and Diagenetic Phases of the Upper Triassic Oil-bearing Sandstones in the Eastern Part of the Ordos Basin

The maximum palaeotemperature of oil-bearing sandstones in the UpperTriassic in the eastern Ordos basin has been determined by using many methods including thevitrinite reflectance, fluid inclusion, apatite fission track, illite crystallinity, chlorite polytypeand diagenetic change of authigenic minerals. The thermal gradient in the Late Mesozoic wasabout 2.9-3.0℃/100m. The Upper Triassic was in a mature stage of organic matter andhydrocarbon began to be generated and migrated during this period. The palaeotemperatures ofoil-bearing sandstones were in the range of 88-110℃; those for the generation and migrationof oil ranged from 112 to 122℃. The thickness of the denuded strata overlying the UpperTriassic was 2465-2750m. The present burial depth of oil-bearing sandstones is generally from400 to 1200m. At a depth of ca. 1900m, the temperature may reach 140℃. Below this depth,organic matter was supermature and mainly generated gas.

Attractor comparison analysis for characterizing vertical upward oil gas water three-phase flow

We investigate the dynamic characteristics of oil-gas-water three-phase flow in terms of chaotic attractor comparison. In particular, we extract a statistic to characterize the dynamical difference in attractor probability distribution. We first take time series from Logistic chaotic system with different parameters as examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. Then we use this method to investigate the experimental signals from oil-gas-water three-phase flow. The results indicate that the extracted statistic is very sensitive to the change of flow parameters and can gain a quantitatively insight into the dynamic characteristics of different flow patterns.

Effect of Addition of Cosurfactant on the Phase Behaviour of Oil-in-water Aminosilicone Oil Microemulsion

Stable and transparent aminosilicone oil microemulsion of the average particle size below 0.05 micron was prepared. The interaction of the aminosilicone oil, water, complex surfactants and cosurfactant was studied by part pseudoternary phase diagram. The effect of cosurfactants (such as alcohol) and the mechanism of its effect on the phase behaviour of the pseudoternary system were investigated.

Application of Fluid Phase Recovery Method in the Early Development of BZ26-6 Volatile Oil Field in Bohai Sea

BZ26-6 Oilfield is a kind of deep metamorphic rock buried-hill volatile oilfield in Bohai Sea, China. Its early development plan is restricted due to the simultaneous production of oil and gas in large sections of reservoirs, unclear understanding of formation fluid properties and uncertainty of gas-oil interface. Through theoretical research on phase recovery and experimental analysis of crude oil phase characteristics in the original formation, characteristic parameters of the equilibrium condensate gas fluid are restored and calculated. Through the superimposed phase diagram of volatile oil and condensate gas, BZ26-6 Oilfield is determined to be a volatile oil reservoir with a condensate gas cap, with formation pressure and saturation pressure of 36.1 MPa, respectively. Based on the research results of oil-gas phase behavior characteristics, the thermodynamic equations and equation of state are jointly used to solve the problem, and the content change curves of each component at different depths are drawn. Combined with the sensitivity analysis of numerical simulation, the gas-oil interface is determined to be -3726 m above sea level. The fluid phase analysis software, Fluidmodeler, is used to simulate volatile oil degassing and condensate gas separation experiments. In combination with oil and gas production data obtained through the production test, the specific oil recovery index and the specific gas recovery index are determined to be 0.408 m3/(MPa·d·m) and 1195 m3/(MPa·d·m), respectively. And the reasonable production capacity prediction is conducted on the early development of BZ26-6 Oilfield. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the efficient development of similar complex oil and gas reservoirs.

Flash Evaporation and Headspace Solid-phase Microextraction for the Analysis of the Essential Oils in Traditional Chinese Medicine,Houttuynia Cordata Thunb

We have investigated the use of flash evaporation, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and steam distillation (SD) as sample concentration and preparation techniques for the analysis of volatile constituents present in Houttuynia cordata Thunb. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and identified by mass spectrometry (MS). Comparison studies were performed. It was found that the results obtained between Headspace solid-phase microextraction HS-SPME and SD techniques were in good agreement. Seventy-nine compounds in Houttuynia cordata Thunb were identified by MS. In flash evaporation, thirty-nine compounds were identified. Discrimination in the response for many constituents studied was not observed, which can be clearly observed in SD and HS-SPME techniques. As a conclusion, HS-SPME is a powerful tool for determining the volatile constitutes present in the Houttuynia cordata.

Development of Antioxidants Synthesized by Phase Transfer Catalysts for Lubricating Oil

The oxidation stability of lubricating oil has a critical influence on the oil performance during service. In this paper, dibenzyl-S-phenyl thioglyconitrile and other derivatives were prepared by phase transfer catalysts and investigated as antioxidants. These compounds were added to oil in different concentrations. The antioxidants activities of different dosages were evaluated and the mechanism was suggested according to micelle and its thermodynamics. The oxidation of the oil has been carried out at different time intervals. The degradation of the oil has been monitored by total acid formation. Oxidation stability of lube oil was largely affected by sulphur and concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons in oil, with the increased sulphur content increasing oxidation stability. The prepared compounds gave higher oxidation stability than imported compound (IRCANOX L 135-CIBA).

突缩突扩圆管内离散油滴运动行为及变形特性

离散油滴在变截面管道内的运动及变形特性是揭示两相流动机理的核心问题之一。以突缩突扩圆管内的离散油滴为研究对象,采用数值模拟与高速摄像实验相结合的方法,针对不同入口雷诺数条件下突缩突扩圆管内的油滴运动行为及变形特性开展研究。结果表明:在突缩突扩圆管内,当入口雷诺数相同时,随着离散油滴粒径的增大,管内入口端及突缩区压力增大,突扩区压力回升加快,且油滴最大变形量在细管段。当油滴粒径不变时,随着入口雷诺数的增大,管内离散油滴变形量越大,油滴在管道内初始破碎位置越靠近突扩双肩且破碎程度越剧烈。当Re=6.3×10^(3)时,油滴的变形量达到最大值0.84,初始破碎位置在距离突扩双肩33.2mm处。得到了不同入口雷诺数及油滴粒径条件下突缩突扩圆管内离散油滴的运动、变形及破碎规律,为地面原油集输管网中油水两相流混输强化提供了理论参考。

Research on Performance Optimization of Phase Change Thermal Storage Electric Heating Device

At present, the main heating method for reducing crude oil viscosity is electric heating, and the all-day electric heating method has the problems of high energy consumption and high cost. In order to meet the needs of environmental protection and industrial production, a new type of phase change thermal storage electric heating device was designed by combining the crude oil viscosity reduction heating method with valley price and phase change materials. The results indicate that as the inlet flow rate of the working fluid increases, the outlet temperature continuously decreases. And when the outlet temperature rises to 10?C, the inlet flow rate of the device can meet the flow range of 1.413 - 2.120 m3/h. At the same time, the addition of foam nickel makes the internal temperature of PCM more uniform, and the internal temperature of PCM decreases with the decrease of porosity of foam metal. By increasing the number of electric heating rods and reducing the power of individual electric heating rods, the structure of the device was optimized to significantly improve local high-temperature phenomena. The use of this device can maintain high heat exchange efficiency and reduce production costs.

Characterization and Synthesis through Fast Phase-Transfer of Oil-Soluble Double-Coordinated Tea-Polyphenols Arsenic

Fast phase-transferring was adopted in ethanol solution at the condition of n (oil-soluble tea pol-yphenol): N (As3﹢) = 2:1, 4:1, 6:1, pH = 4.0, temperature 40°C - 45°C, action period of 15 h to compose the target, of which the productivity was 59%, UV was 267.50, 218.00, 220.50 nm, FTIR was 6291, 34158.6, 2850.2, 1708.2;1457.3;1370.4, 1224.2, 1144.0, 760.5 cm﹣1, fluorescence value λmax = 257, 591.1, 593.7, 590.3, 591.0, 591.5, XRD λ/nm is 3.6974, 4.186, 12.0762, 15.4747, 1H-NMRδ = 0.782, 1.193, 1.483 - 1.586, 1.959 - 2.184, 2.479, 3.116, 3.970 - 3.981, 5.231 - 5.753, 6.537 - 7.300. Finally it was ascertained through XRD as double-coordinated polycrystal compound.

中低渗油藏高倍数水驱过程中水相渗透率变化特征

冀东油田G76断块在注水开发过程中出现注水井注入压力升高,注水难度增加等问题。为了分析注水过程中储层物性的变化规律,开展了基于二维核磁共振技术的岩心高倍数水驱实验。对目标油藏岩心进行激光粒度测试分析,获得岩心的粒度分布;进行X射线衍射矿物含量分析,获得不同矿物含量占比;开展基于核磁共振技术的高倍数水驱油实验,分析储层物性变化规律。研究结果表明:岩心5-1和岩心6-1分别为含中砂粉砂质细砂岩和含粉砂中砂质细砂岩,其细砂、细粉砂和黏土矿物含量较多。水相相对渗透率及核磁孔隙度随着注水倍数的增加上升到某一高值后呈下降趋势,核磁T_2谱中随着注水倍数的增加,右侧端点值及中、大孔隙对应的曲线左移,二维图谱中自由水信号强度随着注水倍数的不断增加而增加。注入水由束缚水状态至累计注水倍数为500PV时,束缚水信号不断增加;累计注水倍数为>500~1 000 PV时,岩心5-1的束缚水信号持续增强而岩心6-1的束缚水信号发生减弱。研究认为:注水前期由于黏土矿物发生微弱的水化作用,注水后期因受到水的冲刷,细粉砂粒以及胶结物中的黏土矿物容易脱落运移至喉道处发生堵塞,对孔隙喉道产生一定损害,导致水相渗透率降低。研究成果揭示了中低渗油藏注水井出现注水困难和注水压力增大等问题的原因,对有效降低污染、进一步提升注水开发油藏开发效果提供一定的指导。

油气藏相变岩石力学理论方法及应用场景

针对部分油气藏钻采过程中的固态烷烃相关混合物受热相变、超压砂体瞬间泄压触发砂体液化流动和孔隙充填物降压气化引发骨架垮塌3个典型的相变岩石力学现象,系统分析了目前在理论认识、实验方法、数学表征方面的研究进展,同时探讨了3个相变岩石力学现象对应的工程应用场景,揭示了其力学规律及工程应用效果,在此基础上,讨论了油气藏相变岩石力学目前所面临的挑战、潜在的发展趋势与亟待探索的方法。研究表明:不同的油气藏相变岩石力学现象需要采用相应的、特殊的实验及数学方法开展研究,确定其独特的多场耦合力学响应机制,以有效指导资源开采控制、致灾程度评价、地层稳定分析等。为满足该学科的发展需要,未来需挖掘更多油气资源开采中的相变岩石力学问题,开发特定的新型实验设备,借助人工智能与数字孪生技术,实现岩石相态变化力学过程的实时仿真与动态可视化。

Comparison of oil displacement mechanisms and performances between continuous and dispersed phase flooding agents

To compare the oil displacement mechanisms and performances of continuous phase flooding agent(traditional polymer solution) and dispersed phase flooding agent(particle-type polymer SMG dispersion), the particle phase separation of SMG dispersion migrating in pores was simulated by using the microfluidic technology. Theoretically guided by the tree fork concentration distribution of red cells in biological fluid mechanics, the concentration distribution mathematical model of SMG in different pores is established. Furthermore, the micro and macro physical simulation experiments of continuous and dispersed phase flooding agents were carried out. The results show that the continuous flooding agent enters all the swept zones and increases the flow resistance in both larger and small pores. On the contrary, the particle phase separation phenomenon occurs during the injection process of dispersed flooding agent. The SMG particles gather in the larger pore to form bridge blinding, and the carrier fluid displace oil in the small pore. Working in cooperation, the SMG particle and carrier fluid drive the residual oil in the low permeability layers step by step and achieve the goal of enhanced oil recovery. The laboratory experimental results indicate that, the oil increment and water reduction effect of dispersed flooding agent is much better than that of continuous flooding agent, which is consistent with the field test results.

液氨-成品油混合体系相平衡及减压相变规律研究

氨作为高效的储氢载体,具有替代化石燃料能源的巨大潜力。利用成品油管道增输液氨,可充分利用管道运能,节约输送成本。液氨-成品油混合体系的相平衡问题对于管输工艺具有重要意义,此外减压过程会引起更为复杂的相变问题。针对液氨-成品油混合体系进行实验研究,初步阐述了氨/油(体积比)和含水率对液氨-成品油混合体系相平衡和减压相变的影响规律,得到了液氨-成品油混合体系的相平衡压力,揭示了液氨-成品油混合体系减压过程的相变现象。研究发现,在0~30℃,氨-油混合体系的平衡蒸气压小于两种纯组分的饱和蒸气压,而在−2~0℃大于纯液氨的饱和蒸气压,并在氨/油(体积比)为70∶30时达到最大值。同时水分的存在会降低氨-油混合体系的平衡蒸气压。氨-油无水混合体系在减压过程中会产生气泡,压力越低气泡增多,发泡行为越剧烈。含水液氨-成品油混合体系在减压过程中会产生液滴群,并慢慢变大且聚并,在减压结束后聚并形成大液滴留在底部。上述研究成果对成品油管道增输液氨技术发展和应用具有重要的理论指导意义。

Distribution characteristics and oil mobility thresholds in lacustrine shale reservoir:Insights from N_(2)adsorption experiments on samples prior to and following hydrocarbon extraction

The pore structure and oil content of shales have an important influence on the oil mobility and enrichment.In this study,the lacustrine shale samples from the Qingshankou Formation(Q1)of Songliao Basin were selected.TOC,pyrolysis,XRD and nitrogen adsorption were performed on the original and extracted shale samples.Then the influence of mineral composition and organic matter(OM)on the development of nano-scale pore,the oil phase states and mobility were analyzed.The Q1 shale samples can be sub-divided into three types according to the isotherm characteristics.Type A samples are characterized by high kerogen content,with oil mainly existing in the free phase state.Type B samples are characterized by medium kerogen content,oil mainly exists in the absorbed phase state.Type C samples are characterized by low kerogen content,with trace oil found in the absorbed phase state.Nano-scale organic pores are well developed in the Q1 Formation.Oil is primarily found in the pore spaces with diameters less than 10 nm,this being the pore size threshold for mobile shale oil.When TOC>2.0 wt%and EOM>1.0 wt%,Q1 Formation shale oil mobility is high,resulting in prospective drilling targets.

Method of Phase Diagrams for the Analysis of Seism-Acoustical Spatial-Time Monitoring Data in Oil Wells

Experimental and theoretical studies of the mechanisms of vibration stimulation of oil recovery in watered fields lead to the conclusion that resonance oscillations develop in fractured-block formations. These oscillations, caused by weak but long-lasting and frequency-stable influences, create the conditions for ultrasonic wave’s generation in the layers, which are capable of destroying thickened oil membranes in reservoir cracks. For fractured-porous reservoirs in the process of exploitation by the method of water high-pressure oil displacement, the possibility of intensifying ultrasonic vibrations can have an important technological significance. Even a very weak ultrasound can destroy, over a long period of time, the viscous oil membranes formed in the cracks between the blocks, which can be the reason for lowering the permeability of the layers and increasing the oil recovery. To describe these effects, it is necessary to consider the wave process in a hierarchically blocky environment and theoretically simulate the mechanism of the appearance of self-oscillations under the action of relaxation shear stresses. For the analysis of seism acoustic response in time on fixed intervals along the borehole an algorithm of phase diagrams of the state of many-phase medium is suggested.

使用光谱分析实现弯管中两相流含气率的预测

空气被夹带进入发动机润滑油系统形成油气两相流后,会严重影响润滑系统的正常运行。因此实现发动机润滑油系统中油气两相流含气率的准确和快速测量具有十分重要的意义。基于光谱匹配方法,对发动机润滑油系统在弯管处的油气两相流含气率进行了测量研究。首先使用近红外、可见光和紫外光谱仪获取油气两相流在2个流速、5个温度工况下0.10%~1.00%含气率范围(间隔0.06%)的吸光度数据并进行分析,确认油气两相流在三个波段下均有吸收,且吸收强度与含气率有关;其次提出将数据预处理结合光谱相似性测度方法并应用于弯管含气率光谱分析中,显著降低了基于原始光谱的含气率预测的最大相对误差。在近红外波段通过使用数据增强方法如中心化(center)和标准化(autoscaling)并结合光谱角余弦方法,得出新润滑油的含气率最大相对误差相对于原始光谱得到的数值从48%降低到36%。利用该方法分别在三个波段进行含气率预测,试验工况包括2个流速、5个温度,分析了两相流的温度和流速对含气率预测的影响。温度30.0℃,流速5.1 m·min^(-1)下,含气率信息在紫外波段(193.5~413.8 nm)与光谱向量的方向或形状差异的联系更为紧密,含气率预测的最大相对误差仅为6%。在近红外和可见光波段,流速或温度一定时,最大相对误差随着温度或流速的增加均有减小趋势。紫外波段下温度对含气率预测效果没有特定的影响规律,随着两相流的流速增加,含气率预测的最大相对误差有增大趋势。结果表明对于透光性较好的新润滑油,使用紫外光谱仪进行含气率数据的采集,含气率的预测选用标准化预处理结合光谱角余弦方法,得到的含气率预测最大相对误差最小。

油包水型乳化液对齿轮弹流润滑特性的影响

为探究油包水乳化液对齿轮热弹流润滑特性的影响,基于油水乳化液的物理特性,建立了考虑油水两相流体以及热效应的渐开线齿轮线接触稳态热弹流润滑模型,采用多重网格法及多重网格积分法对润滑模型进行求解,分析油膜压力、膜厚随含水率、转速、扭矩的变化关系。计算结果表明,在油包水流型下,随着含水率的增加,乳化液黏度增加,膜厚增加,与纯油润滑相比,油水乳化液润滑具有更好的润滑性能;随着齿轮转速的增加,膜厚增加,润滑性能增强;随着扭矩的增加,压力增加,膜厚减小,润滑性能减弱。最后以膜厚比为判据,以油包水润滑计算为基础,预测了不同工况下齿轮形成有效润滑油膜所需的油水乳化液中润滑油黏度,为油水两相齿轮润滑性能设计与黏度预测提供理论指导依据。