L-Band Analysis of the Effects of Oil Slicks on Sea Wave Characteristics

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of sea surface waves as they pass through oil slicks.The parameterized first-guess spectrum method(PFSM)theory-based wave retrieval algorithm was applied to 20 images of horizontal-horizontal(HH)polarization obtained using the phased-array L-band synthetic aperture radar(SAR)(PALSAR)on the Advanced Land Observing Satellite(ALOS-1).The images were collocated with simulations from the WAVEWATCH-Ⅲ(WW3)model in a 0.1°grid using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)reanalysis(ERA-5)winds data as the forcing field.The validation of the model-simulated significant wave height(SWH)against the measurements from the Jason-2 altimeter produced a 0.66m root mean square error(RMSE)for the SWH,with a coefficient(COR)0.74.In this sense,the WW3-simulated waves were reliable for our work.A comparison between the SAR retrieval results and the WW3 simulations was performed using the dataset for the regions without oil slicks,which produced a 0.34m RMSE for the SWH,with a COR of 0.79,which is less than a the RMSE of 0.52 m and the COR of 0.70 for the regions with oil slicks.Moreover,it was found that the SAR-derived SWHs were significantly underestimated by about 0.2m in the areas with oil slicks.This difference is probably due to the underestimation of the SAR-derived wind speeds at moderate wind speeds(i.e.,at wind speeds of greater than 5ms^(-1)).An additional analysis compared the SAR-derived wave spectra with those from the WW3 model as waves passed through the oil slicks.The interesting finding is that the wave energy at short wave lengths(about 30m)is reduced by the oil slicks,causing the movement of the dominant wave spectrum to shift to longer wave lengths(about 80 m).

An oil slick spectral experiment of nearshore sea water in the East China Sea

Along with the rapid advance in global industrialization, oil spill events caused by offshore operations, trans- portation and accidents are increasing. Compared with ship surveys, monitoring oil spills through remote sensing has real-time, comprehensive, low-cost advantages, which can effectively guide cleaning and evalu- ation, and reduce the marine ecological destruction resulting from oil spills. Therefore, studying the remote sensing mechanism used to monitor marine oil spills is of great significance for ecological environmen- tal protection. This paper describes an experiment and corresponding analysis based on the above-water method, using the East China Sea coastal turbid water. The analysis shows that ＂upward short-wave＂ in ultraviolet and blue-purple bands and its displacement, along with the changing thickness, are important characteristics for distinguishing between the oil slick and the sea water, and also to differentiate oil slicks of different thicknesses. From blue to near-infrared bands, the spectrum of lube oil is flatter than that of diesel, and the diesel spectrum rises faster than the lube spectrum on the right side of the trough at 400 nm. These two features form an important basis for differentiating diesel from lube oil. These analyses will further the development of oil spill remote sensing in the East China Sea.

DYNAMIC MODEL FOR OIL SLICK DISPERSION INTO A WATER COLUMN- A WINDDRIVEN WAVETANK EXPERIMENT

A dynamic experiment for oil dispersion into a water column was performed with a 21 m long, 0.5 m wide, and 1 m high wind-driven wave tank. At wind velocity between 6-12 m/s and with the oil slide kept constant (about 1 um), the rate of the oil content increase in the water column could be approximated from the difference between the dispersion rate (R) of the oil slick and the coagulation rate (R’) of the dispersed oil slick. Assuming the coagulation rate is directly proportional to the concentration of the water dispersed oil slick (i. e. R’ =KC),, the integral form of the dynamic model can be expressed as C=R*[1-exp(-K*t)]/K and parameters R and K can be regressed with a computer. The relative deviation of model results from the experimental data was mainly less than 10%. The oil slick dispersion rate (R) had exponential relationship with the wind velocity (V), and can be fitted with a formula R=A*(U+1)B.The fitted constant of the coagulation rate, K(0.8-3.0* 10-3 min-1) did not have significant

The Numerical Investigation on Oil Slick Behavior behind the Oil Boom

The dynamics of contained oil spills is investigated based on multiphase CFD (Computational Fluid Mechanics) model. The oil slick shape behind the oil boom under water current is studied. The velocity field in the oil slick is compared with the velocity field in pure water flow. The thickness of the oil slick is studied quantitatively. It is found that there is a fixed linear relationship between the oil slick relative thickness and the Froude number for different oil, different current velocity, different boom draft and different volume of oil.

Determining oil slick thickness using hyperspectral remote sensing in the Bohai Sea of China

Determining oil slick thickness plays an important role in assessing oil spill volume and its environmental impacts on the ocean.In this study,we used a Hyperion image of an oil spill accident area and seawater and fresh crude oil samples collected in the Bohai Sea of China.A well-controlled laboratory experiment was designed to simulate spectral responses to different oil slick thicknesses.Spectral resampling and normalization methods were used to reduce the differences in spectral reflectances between the experimental background seawater sample and real background seawater.Fitting the analysis with laboratory experimental data results showed a linear relationship between normalized oil slick reflectance and normalized oil slick thickness[20th band(R^(2)-0.92938,n=49,pB0.01),26th band(R^(2)=0.93806,n=49,pB0.01),29th band(R^(2)=0.93288,n=49,pB0.01)].By using these statistical models,we successfully determined the normalized oil slick thickness with the Hyperion image.Our results indicate that hyperspectral remote sensing technology is an effective method to monitor oil spills on water.The spectral ranges of visible green and red light were the optimal bands for estimating oil slick thickness in case 2 water.The high,stabilized spectral reflectance of background seawater will be helpful in oil slick thickness inversion.

An alternative approach to determine critical angle of contrast reversal and surface roughness of oil slicks under sunglint

The critical angle is the angle at which the contrast of oil slicks reverse their contrasts against the surrounding oil-free seawater under sunglint.Accurate determination of the critical angle can help estimate surface roughness and refractive index of the oil slicks.Although it’s difficult to determine a certain critical angle,the potential critical angle range help to improve the estimation accuracy.In this study,the angle between the viewing direction and the direction of mirror reflection is used as an indicator for quantifying the critical angle and could be calculated from the solar/viewing geometry from observations of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS).The natural seep oil slicks in the Gulf of Mexico were first delineated using a customized segmentation approach to remove noise and apply a morphological filter.On the basis of the histograms of the brightness values of the delineated oil slicks,the potential range of the critical angle was determined,and then an optimal critical angle between oil slicks and seawater was then determined from statistical and regression analyses in this range.This critical angle corresponds to the best fitting between the modeled and observed surface roughness of seep oil slicks and seawater.

SIMULATION OF THE OIL SLICK MOVEMENT IN TIDAL WATER-WAYS

Based on particle approach and tidal flow model this article studies the behavior of the oil slick on the water surface in the Huangpu River, a tidal waterway in Shanghai. In order to track the oil slick motion, a two-dimensional oil trajectory model is used. The dynamical properties of spilled oil characterized by advection, oil spreading and turbulent diffusion are considered in the model. The simulation results consistent with the flume experimental data show that the model is applicable. Both simulation and experiment illustrate that the tidal flow has a great influence on the oil slick motion. The calculated results can be used as a reference for the response to oil spill accidents in rivers.

The remote sensing inversion theory of offshore oil slick thickness based on a two-beam interference model

Offshore oil slicks are significant for both the monitoring of marine spill accidents and the detection of marine oil resources.The use of remote sensing technology to detect the thickness of oil slicks is a major area of research.The reflected light from oil slicks changes with the thickness of the oil.This is the theoretical basis of research on optical remote sensing of offshore oil slicks.A two-beam interference model that considers the offshore oil slick as a flat plate has been developed in this study.A quantitative remote sensing model which describes a series of processes that use oil slick thickness and reflectance as variables is established.The use of the Fresnel equation to analyze parameters in the model indicated that the key property of the quantitative relationship between the oil slick thickness and reflectance was ultimately the disappearance or extinction of the oil slick.This model has been tested and verified by data from offshore oil slick spectral response experiments.Results showed that the oil slick thickness remote sensing model can be theoretically analyzed and is efficient.The research indicated that the major cause of variations in the spectral response as a function of oil slick thickness was the different light-scattering characteristics.These characteristics can be used in remote sensing applications to identify the different types of offshore oil slicks.The theoretical interpretation of each parameter in this model led to the development of a look-up table of the model parameters which will improve the efficiency of future offshore oil slick remote sensing.

Experimental study on spectral responses of offshore oil slick

Using the seawater taken from Liaodong Bay and crude oil taken from Liaohe Oilfield,a laboratory experiment was designed to study the change of reflectance spectrum of artificial offshore oil slick with its thickness and to identify the spectrum ranges suitable for quantifying the thickness of the oil slick.During the experiment,crude oil was continuously dropped into the seawater to generate artificial oil slick with different thicknesses.After every drop of crude oil was added,reflectance spectrum of the oil slick was measured with a high resolution spectroradiometer(ASD FieldSpec Pro FR).The influence of oil slick thickness on its reflectance spectrum was explored through statistical analysis.The results show that the reflectance of oil slick changes marginally with oil slick thickness and higher than that of seawater in infrared band from 1150 to 2500 nm.This spectrum range can be practically used to distinguish oil slick from seawater.In the spectrum range from 400 to 1150 nm,the reflectance of oil slick decreases with its thickness.The negative power function is the best-fit function expressing the relationship between the reflectance and thickness.The spectral characteristics of oil slick are very distinct at 550 and 645 nm.They are the best wavelengths for monitoring the existence of offshore oil slick and estimating its thickness.

Study on the hyperspectral polarized reflection characteristics of oil slicks on sea surfaces

This study is concerned with the need for remote sensing techniques for the monitoring of oil-slick pollution on sea surfaces and the effects of oil-slick pollution on the sea.We used Daqing crude oil,Jilin crude oil,heavy oil and seawater from Dalian Bay to simulate oil-slick pollution on the sea surface and obtained multi-angle hyperspectral polarized reflectance information,from which we calculated the polarization for different kinds of crude oil,and oil-slicks of different thicknesses.By comparing the degree of polarization between oil-slicks of different thickness,and sea water,it was found that in the case of thin oil-slicks,the degree of polarization of seawater is higher than that of oil slicks with wavelengths of between 400-1000 nm.However,there was little difference at a wavelength of 785 nm.At angles of incident of 20° and 30° (the viewing angle equals the incident angle),it was easy to distinguish the changes of oil-slick thickness by the degree of polarization at 785 and 880 nm in the near-infrared band.The crude oil showed its inherent polarized characteristic as the oil-slick thickness increased to a certain degree.That is to say,the polarization of the seawater was higher than that of the oil-slick in the visible light range,but less than that in the near-infrared band.As the incident angle changed from 40° to 50°,the degree of polarization of seawater increased,and it was higher than that for the oil-sick between wavelengths of 400-1000 nm at an angle of incidence of 50°.This research on the polarized characteristics of an oil-slick on a sea surface brings new scientific techniques to the monitoring of sea-surface pollution by remote sensing.

Detecting Oil Spill Contamination Using Airborne Hyperspectral Data in the River Nile, Egypt

Egypt is a highly populated country of about 85 million inhabitants that are concentrated on the Nile Delta and on the flood plain of the Nile River. More than 90% of this population relies on the Nile River in their water demand for domestic use. Currently, Egypt is facing a problem with the trans-boundary water budget coming from the Nile basin. This urges for managing the water quantity and quality to secure the water needs. This paper discusses the potential use of airborne hyperspectral data for water quality management in the form of detecting the oil contamination in the Nile River in integration with in-situ measurements including ASD spectroradiometer and eco-sounder multi-probe devices. The eco-sounder multi-probe device measured most of the water quality parameters and detected the existence of oil contamination at 1200 bb downstream of the study area. The airborne hyperspectral images were analyzed and calibrated with the spectral library determined from the in-situ spectroradiometer to map the patches of the oil contamination. The details of the findings and learning lessons are fully discussed in the paper.

Repair wind field in oil contaminated areas with SAR images

In this paper,we compared the normalized radar cross section in the cases of oil spill,biogenic slicks,and clean sea areas with image samples made from 11-pixel NRCS average,and determined their thresholds of the NRCS of the synthetic aperture radar. The results show that the thresholds of oil and biogenic slicks exhibit good consistency with the corresponding synthetic aperture radar images. In addition,we used the normalized radar cross section of clean water from adjacent patches of oil or biogenic slicks areas to replace that of oil or biogenic slicks areas,and retrieve wind field by CMOD5.n and compare wind velocity mending of oil and biogenic slicks areas with Weather Research and Forecasting modeled data,from which the root mean squares of wind speed(wind direction) inversion are 0.89 m/s(20.26°) and 0.88 m/s(7.07°),respectively. Therefore,after the occurrence of oil spill or biogenic slicks,the real wind field could be repaired using the method we introduced in this paper. We believe that this method could improve the accuracy in assessment of a real wind field on medium and small scales at sea,and enhance effectively the monitoring works on similar oil or biogenic slicks incidents at sea surface.

Numerical Study of Oil Pollution on Sea Waters

This paper adopted an upstream FEM of 2-D unsteady flow to calculate the tidal flow in Zhoushan sea area. Based on the verification of the tidal current and environmental situation, the effects of the oily waste discharged from the oil berths on water quality have been calculated with a similar method. The isodilutions of oil pollutant are drawn from different sewage discharges. The moving loci of the slick centrepoint of oil spill have been calculated. The spreading area of the oil spill has also been forecasted. The results indicate that the set of models can predict the transport of oil spill in the sea area with reasonable accuracy.

一种新型多用途污染控制船的研发及其球鼻艏的优化

Controlling marine pollution caused by hydrocarbons spilling from oil tanker accidents and oil rigs is urgently needed.Conventional pollution control vessels currently in service worldwide do not meet certain safety criteria,storage capacities,and response times owing to their technical shortcomings.This study proposes a new concept of multimission and autonomous antipollution vessels capable of acting quickly and efficiently to counter such pollution threats.The objective of this study is to carry out a total and rapid recovery of the spilled oil slick in complete safety.Hence,optimizing the bulbous bow adapted to the pollution control vessel during its displacement is necessary to horizontally straighten the accompanying waves formed around the hull and to laminate the flow upstream of the side openings for the recovery of spilled oil.This optimization improves the nautical qualities specific to this ship to reduce the total resistance to progress and to standardize the flow upstream of the side openings to allow the collection of spilled oil at high speed.This optimization study can open a field of application for the construction of modern multi-mission pollution control vessels.Tests in hull basins will be planned to validate and adjust the results obtained from the simulations.

石油类污染土壤轻质非水相流体迁移机理与修复技术

介绍了轻质非水相流体的危害、在地下水环境中迁移的复杂性以及修复技术等。通过对石油类污染赋存状态、迁移机理、修复技术进行概述,得出轻质非水相流体在地下水环境中的迁移受到包气带和含水层厚度,地层中土壤特性及有机物含量,地下水位的埋深、流向、流速等主控因素的影响。根据不同的赋存状态结合水文地质条件可使用不同的修复技术,水力截获技术、抽提技术可用于油相赋存状态污染修复,曝气技术、渗透性反应墙技术、微生物修复技术可用于水相赋存状态污染修复,吹脱技术可用于气相赋存状态污染修复。

海面甚薄油膜光谱响应研究与分析

海面甚薄油膜存在着特定的光谱响应,文章通过模拟海面甚薄油膜随其厚度的变化过程,研究其高光谱响应特征与产生机理。甚薄油膜随着厚度从大到小的逐渐变化,表现为六种目视特征:彩虹亮油膜、品色亮油膜、黄绿亮油膜、浅绿亮油膜、银色亮油膜与几乎不可见油膜。分析六种状态下海面甚薄油膜的光谱反射率表明:350～540nm甚薄油膜的反射差异明显,甚至可以影响到440nm处叶绿素的吸收峰;350～900nm范围内,甚薄油膜的反射光谱普遍高于海水的反射光谱,但540～900nm范围内缺乏明显的吸收反射特征;在近红外920～2500nm范围内没有明显的光谱响应。结合海面甚薄油膜光谱响应特征分析,指出海面甚薄油膜存在平行多光束干涉现象,入射到薄膜内的光由于多次反射和折射导致了海面可见光/近红外光谱反射率的增加,为海面甚薄油膜遥感探测提供了理论依据。

海面油膜高光谱遥感信息提取

针对辽东湾海域的Hyperion高光谱遥感数据特点,结合海面油膜光谱与Hyperion影像特征,对该数据进行水陆分离与最小噪声分离(minimum noise fraction,MNF)变换处理,在辽东湾海域MNF波段影像的2D散点图中,海面油膜的出现会在其边缘形成一个异常散点区域,可区分油膜与干扰信息,结合提取的海面油膜端元的MNF波谱,通过混合调制匹配滤波(mixture tuned matched filtering,MTMF)技术,成功地提取研究区海面油膜信息,有效监测海面油膜信息,为海洋环境监测提供新的技术手段。

海上溢油数学模型的研究与应用

海上溢油,对海洋环境影响很大,通过对油膜扩散理论的研究,提出了考虑油膜蒸发、油膜乳化影响的油膜扩展、扩散、迁移和衰减的海上溢油模式,结合水动力数学模型,建立了在潮汐、风浪作用下油膜运动的海上溢油数学模型.应用此模型对大亚湾海区油码头瞬时溢油事故后的影响范围进行了模拟,并分析了溢油后油膜运动的几种基本情况,比较了工程控制措施前后溢油的影响范围,给出了溢油污染区域的几个主要特征量,在大亚湾水域的海上溢油模拟中得到室内实验和示踪物扩散实测资料的验证,为应付海上突发溢油事故对海湾的污染治理和环境评价提供了科学依据.

油粒子体积对扩散的影响及油膜粒子化改进

在应用油粒子法模拟溢油运动时,特征油粒子在体积和油膜粒子化方法上可以有多种选择。文章就不同特征体积的油粒子对溢油面积的影响进行了分析和比较,结果显示,溢油量相同时,特征油粒子的体积每减小一倍,溢油扩散面积增加14%~25%,减小10倍时,达到31%~43%。针对溢油扩散面积计算不足的情况,已有学者提出用＂两阶段＂法进行改进,但＂两阶段＂法在油膜粒子化时采用的是平均分布,而此时的油膜应为正态分布,即中间厚,向四周逐渐减少。因此,文章应用正态分布法对油膜粒子化进行改进,得到自己的油膜粒子化方法。结果显示,两方法在计算溢油面积时并无太大的差别,但在油膜厚度计算方面,文章方法更接近实际情况。

海上溢油量获取的技术方法

海上溢油近年来已成为恶化海洋生态环境、导致重大海洋资源损失的一种重要海洋灾害。海面溢油量是评价海上溢油事故威胁程度和确定溢油事故等级的重要指标,而溢油面积和油膜厚度的准确获得是评估溢油量的基础。文中系统总结了当今国内外海洋溢油面积和油膜厚度的监测方法,认为航空遥感和卫星遥感技术是获取海上油膜面积的有效手段,基于光学遥感和超声波原理的激光声学遥感器是最具发展潜力的油膜厚度测量技术。此外,通过构建油膜扩展模型来估算油膜厚度也不失为一种简单而有效的方法,其最大特点是应用范围广,不受时空、气候条件影响,实例分析验证结果有很高的准确性(高达96%),这种方法将有望于业务化监测运行来获取油膜厚度,从而比较准确地获得溢油量。