Review on Volatile Flavor Components of Roasted Oilseeds and Their Products

Volatile flavor components in foods are the key quality parameters. The researchers conducted in-depth research on sesame oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame paste and peanut butter, etc. However, there is no comprehensive summary about the flavor of roasted oilseeds and their products. The occurrence and the formation mechanisms of the main volatile flavor substances,and the impacts of processing factors are discussed in this review, which may provide references for further research on volatile flavor compounds, identification and evaluation of specific products and development of new products.

GC-MS Analysis of Volatile Oils in Mango Leaves from Different Producing Areas

[Objectives]To analyze the composition of volatile oils from mango leaves from different producing areas.[Methods]The volatile oils in mango leaves from different areas was extracted by steam distillation,and the GC-MS method combined with retention index and peak area normalization method was used for qualitative and quantitative analysis.[Results]The volatile oils of mango leaves in southern provinces contained high content of terpenes,such asα-gurjunene(18.39%-34.13%),(+)-viridiflorene(8.95%-16.30%)and(E)-β-ocimene(3.49%-7.63%).The volatile oils components of mango leaves were significantly different in different provinces,for example,mango leaves produced in Hainan Province contained a large amount ofβ-selinene(23.00%),but not in other provinces.[Conclusions]The origin had a great influence on the composition and contents of volatile oils in mango leaves.

Chemical Compositions of <i>Lonchocarpus cyanescens</i>Benth., (Fabaceae)—Case Study of Its Volatile Oils, and Two Triterpenoids

Leaf and stem essential oils of Lonchocarpus cyanescens Benth., (Fabaceae) were obtained by hydro-distillation, using all-glass apparatus adapted to British Pharmacopeia specifications with yields of 0.03% and 0.17% respectively. The oils were investigated by GC and GC-MS analyses. Results show seven compounds were responsible for 90.4% of leaf;eleven compounds responsible for 97.6% of stem volatile oils. Phytol (62.5%) and hexadecanoic acid (12.4%) dominate the leaf oil;octadecenoic (24.1%) and hexadecanoic acids (17.2%) are predominant in the stem oil. Phytochemical screening of stem, leaf, and root methanol extracts of Lonchocarpus cyanescens reveal presence of following seven classes of metabolites: saponin, tannin, steroid, terpenoid, cardiac glycosides, phlobatannins and flavonoids. Partitioning of methanol extract from dried leaf of it with ethylacetate gave fraction, which was chromatographed using gradient elution. TLC with high Rf was used in monitoring elution. Two white crystalline solids eluted at 5% and 10% ethylethanoate in hexane, were re-crystallized and characterized. They were subjected to Infra-Red spectra, mass spectrometry (ESI technique), 1H and 13C-NMR analyses, which confirmed they are triterpenoids. Above mentioned metabolites may be responsible for literature acclaimed bio-activities L. cyanescens display [anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-microbial effects]. This paper presents details of above results which are new in literature.

Effects of Volatile Oils of Sichuan Citrisarcodactylis fructus on Proliferation and Apoptosis of MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells

[Objectives] To study the effects of volatile oils of Sichuan Citrisarcodactylis fructus on proliferation and apoptosis of MCF-7human breast cancer cells.[Methods]CCK-8 method was used to measure the cell proliferation,the flow cytometry was used to measure changes in cell cycle,Western blot was used to detect p53 and cyclin D1 activity changes,TUNEL method was used to measure percentage of apoptotic cells,inverted phase contrast microscope and transmission electron microscope were used to observe morphology of MCF-7 cells treated with different concentrations.[Results]When the concentration was 5-50 μmol/L,the cell proliferation inhibition rate increased significantly(P <0. 05),G2/M phase decreased significantly( P < 0. 05),eventually disappeared completely,G1 phase significantly increased with time and concentration( P < 0. 05),finally reached 90. 0%; the activity of cyclin D1 significantly declined( P < 0. 05),while the activity of p53 had no significant change( P > 0. 05). The apoptotic rate of MCF-7 cells significantly increased with the extension of time( P < 0. 05). At6 h,12 h and 24 h of action time,the apoptotic rate of MCF-7 cells significantly increased with the increase in volatile oil concentration(P <0. 05). Morphological observation showed that the apoptosis of MCF-7 cells was obvious.[Conclusions]The volatile oils of Citrisarcodactylis fructus have obvious inhibition of proliferation of MCF-7 cells and function of inducing apoptosis,and the effects took on the dose and time dependent. 5-50 μmol/L volatile oil of Sichuan Citrisarcodactylis fructus can inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 cells and induce the apoptosis of MCF-7 cells through inhibiting the cyclin D1.

Investigation of the volatile oils,lipid constituents and biological activity of Ballota andreuzziana,Teucrium zanonii and Verbena tenuisecta in Libya

Objective:To determine the chemical composition of essential oils and lipid constituents of Ballola andreuzziana(B.andreuzziana),Teucrium zanonii(T.zanonii) and Verbena tenuisecta(V. tenuisecta) growing in Libya,and to test the antibacterial activity of different extracts of Teucrium zanonii.Methods:The volatile oils of all plants were extracted by hydrodistillation method and analyzed by GC/MS method.The lipid constituents of plants were obtained by extraction with petroleum ether and fractionated into fatty alcohols,fatty acids and unsapoinfiable matters. Antibacterial activity of T.zanonii extracts and antioxidant activity of different extracts of T. zanonii were also studied.Results:The volate oil of B.andreuzziana was found to consists of 20 compounds in which caryophyllin is the main one(63.1%),the volatile oil of T.zanonii consists of 74 compounds in which germacrene-D was the main compound,while the volatile oil of V. tenuisecta consists of 13 compounds with l-octen-3- ol as a major constituent(52.87%).The study of antimicrobial activity of different extracts of V.tenuisecta showed that,both methanol and butanol extracts exhibited the highest activity against Mycobacterium phlei(M.pblei) and Candida albicans(C.albicans) respectively,while petroleum ether,fatty alcohols and unsaponifiable fractions had no antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms. Investigation of the antioxidant activity of different extracts of T.zanonii using DPPH method proved that,the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions showed the highest activity where the inhibition percentage(1%) are 93.6 and 92.1 respectively.Conclusions:This is the first report about the volatile oils of these plants where T.zanonii have the highest content and the highest number of the identified compounds.The study of antioxidant T.zanonii extracts proved that,the ethyl acetate,butanol and aqueous extracts have the highest antioxidant activity.Methanol and butanol extracts of V.tenuisecta exhibited the highest activity against M.phlei and C.albicans respectively.

Physicochemical properties and volatile components of hempseed oils in Bama region

A comparison study has been performed in hempseed oils (HSO) extracted from different cultivars in Bama region. Squeezing properties, chemical compositions, thermal stability and flavor profile of pressed HSO were determined in this study. Results indicated that there were no significant differences in crude fat, protein, fiber of different hempseeds and fatty acid composition in HSOs. Hempseeds with small size and dark-colored peel have lower squeezing oil yield than big ones. Average content of total phytosterol, tocopherol and phenol in HSO from small seeds were 872.0 mg/100 g, 124.1 mg/100 g and 15.5 mg SA/100 g respectively. Thermal oxidation by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed three step oxidation of HSO with mean onset and oxidation temperature at 124oC and 135-315oC. Oxidation temperature of HSO from small seeds was higher than that from big seeds (big size and light-colored peel). Main volatile ingredients in HSO contained 11 kinds of monoterpene and 7 kinds of sesquiterpene. Volatile terpene content in HSO from small seeds was nearly 30% higher than that of big seeds. Quality of HSO with different peel feature has significant difference in squeezing yield, thermal stability and volatile flavors. This work may be useful to produce high quality hempseed oils through quality evaluation.

Rosa x alba:source of essential minerals and volatile oils

Rosa x alba is cultivated almost exclusively for the production of aromatic water and fruits widely used as ingredients in some traditional food preparations sold commercially.Results of the proximate and elemental analyses revealed that flowers exhibited higher moisture content while the dry matter content was higher in leaves.Total fat and ash was higher in fruits when compared with leaves and flowers.All studied organs were found to be rich in essential mineral such as K,Ca,P and Mg.Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the volatile oils revealed different composition patterns between organs.Linalool and geraniol were found as major constituents of the leaf oil whereas 2-phenethyl alcohol and eugenol were the major constituents of the floral oil.In contrast,fruits showed very distinct composition and alkanes/alkenes were found to have the major contribution.The present composition could justify the traditional use of Rosa x alba which could be considered as a potential source of essential minerals and volatile constituents.

Chemometric Analysis of Volatile Compounds of NIPRINEEM Oil and Other Brands of Neem Seed Oils Sold in Nigeria

Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem, family Meliaceae) is a reputable medicinal plant. Various parts of the plant are used as a remedy against different ailments, as a natural pesticide, as raw material in the cosmetic industry, and for marking other commodities. The seed oil is a major product of the plant and its quality depends on the seed quality and extraction methods employed. In this study, the chemical profile of NIPRDNEEM oil is compared with that of other brands of neem seed oils by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and chemometrics. The fatty acid identified in NIPRDNEEM oil were: oleic acid (34.09%), stearic acid (11.4%), linoleic acid (15.94%), palmitic acid (23.4%), arachidic acid (0.73%), and the other compounds were: 1-Monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilyl ether (0.95%) and farnesyl alcohol (13.20%). The branded oils were composed predominantly of oleic acid (13.50% - 26.76%), palmitic acid (6.88% - 11.99%), linoleic acid (7.32% - 11.17%), stearic acid (4.29% - 13.08%), and arachidic acid (0.53% - 1.27%). The unbranded oil contained oleic acid (30.04%), stearic acid (14.91%), linoleic acid (14.62%), palmitic acid (12.34%), and arachidic acid (0.93%). Stigmasterol, stigmasterol acetate, and sitosterol were the sterols identified in the oils. Characterization of the fatty acid profile of neem seed oil is vital for industrial and economic purposes. The fatty acids profile of the NIPRDNEEM oil and other neem seed oil were comparable. Both PCA plots and HCA dendrogram from the chemometric analysis shows three main grouping of all samples. While NIPRDNEEM and the local neem oil were grouped, suggesting a high degree of resemblance of both samples.

GC-MS Analysis of Chemical Constituents of Volatile Oils of the Yao Medicine Thunbergia grandiflora from Different Habitats in Guangxi

[Objectives]This study was conducted to compare and analyze the chemical constituents of the volatile oils of the Yao medicine Thunbergia grandiflora from different habitats.[Methods]A quartz capillary column DB-1MS,an EI ion source and a quadrupole mass analyzer were used for analysis.The chromatographic and mass spectrum information obtained was automatically retrieved and analyzed by data processing system and its memory spectrum library(Nist.08).The relative content of each chemical component in the volatile oil was determined by the peak area normalization method.[Results]Forty nine chromatographic peaks were isolated from the sample produced in Shitun,Bailongtan Town,Mashan County,and 24 chemical constituents were identified,accounting for 88.78% of the total volatile oil.Forty nine chromatographic peaks were isolated from the sample produced in Hongdu Village,Chengjiang Town,Duan County,and 30 chemical constituents were identified,accounting for 88.38% of the total volatile oil.Forty eight chromatographic peaks were isolated from the sample produced in Longwan Township,Du'an County,and 25 chemical constituents were identified,accounting for 80.01% of the total volatile oil.Nine chemical constituents were common to the volatile oils of the samples from the three habitats.[Conclusions]It could be seen that the main components of volatile oils from T.grandiflora produced in different areas are different.

Detection and analysis of the volatile components in the essential oils of Chrysanthemum and Opisthopappus species and their hybrid progeny

Chrysanthemum and Opisthopappus are genera that include perennial herbaceous floral species,including excellent varieties with strong fragrances resulting from long-term artificial selection.Thus,they are ornamentally and economically important flower resources.In this study,a water distillation method was used to extract essential oils from the inflorescences of Chrysanthemum and Opisthopappus wild resources and hybrid progeny with high essential oil contents(Chrysanthemum morifolium'xiangjin',C.morifolium'xiangyun',C.morifolium'xinjiboju',Opisthopappus taihangensis,Opisthopappus longilobus,Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium,and C.morifolium'minghuangju').The essential oil extraction rates were as follows:1.17‰,2‰,1.67‰,2.17‰,0.43‰,1‰,and 1.17‰.On the basis of HS-SPME-GC-MS(Headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry),225 volatile compounds were detected in the seven analyzed essential oil samples.Each essential oil had a relative volatile component content exceeding 0.3.The three most abundant compounds were olefins(46 types),alcohols(34 types),and esters(18 types).The volatile components with relatively high contents included thymol,D-camphor,pinene,eucalyptol,2-terpineol,terpineol,trans-caryophyllene,andβ-elemene.These volatile compounds have strong biological activities and are useful components of medicines and daily-use products.An evaluation of their antibacterial effects demonstrated that the essential oils of C.'xiangjin',C.'xiangyun',C.'xinjiboju',O.taihangensis,O.longilobus,and C.'minghuangju'inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli.The C.lavandulifolium essential oil inhibited the growth of Pectobacterium carotovorum.The results of this study will provide researchers with an important theoretical basis for the development and application of Chrysanthemum and Opisthopappus essential oils.

Cosmetic or Dietary Vegetable Oils Sampled in the Cameroonian Market May Not Expose Consumers to Lipid Oxidation Products Generating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Vegetable oils are a source of energy, essential fatty acids, antioxidants and fat-soluble vitamins useful for human health care and development. These oils also contribute to organoleptic quality of their products’ derivatives. However, their chemical and physical properties can be modified by the mode of their extraction, storage and distribution. These modifications might negatively affect the nutritional quality of the oils. The goals of this study were to: sample different vegetable oils for cosmetic or dietary use marketed in Cameroon, and verify purity and oxidation states of each kind of oil through determination of its acidity, iodine, peroxide, saponification, refractive indexes and the conformity of the labeling. The carotene content, the level of polar components and specific absorbance were also determined. As the result, six oils namely palm, palm kernel, coconut, black cumin, peanut and shea butter were collected. Apart from labeling, chemicals and physicals parameters analyzed were generally in accordance with the Cameroonian and Codex Alimentarius standard. This study suggests that vegetable oils sampled in the Cameroonian market may not expose consumers to lipid oxidation products generating pathological oxidative stress and inflammation. However, efforts in application of existing standard need to be done as far as labeling are concerned.

Dietary supplementation of benzoic acid and essential oils combination enhances intestinal resilience against LPS stimulation in weaned piglets

Background The benefits of combining benzoic acid and essential oils(BAO)to mitigate intestinal impairment during the weaning process have been well established,while the detailed underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated.Previous research has primarily focused on the reparative effects of BAO on intestinal injury,while neglecting its potential in enhancing intestinal stress resistance.Methods In this study,we investigated the pre-protective effect of BAO against LPS-induced stress using a modified experimental procedure.Piglets were pre-supplemented with BAO for 14 d,followed by a challenge with LPS or saline to collect blood and intestinal samples.Results Our findings demonstrated that BAO supplementation led to significant improvements in piglets’final weight,average daily gain,and feed intake/body gain ratio.Additionally,BAO supplementation positively influenced the composition of intestinal microbiota,increasing beneficial Actinobacteriota and Alloprevotella while reducing harmful Desulfobacterota,Prevotella and Oscillospira.Furthermore,BAO supplementation effectively mitigated oxidative disturbances and inflammatory responses induced by acute LPS challenge.This was evidenced by elevated levels of T-AOC,SOD,and GSH,as well as decreased levels of MDA,TNF-α,and IL-6 in the plasma.Moreover,piglets subjected to LPS challenge and pre-supplemented with BAO exhibited significant improvements in intestinal morphological structure and enhanced integrity,as indicated by restored expression levels of Occludin and Claudin-1 compared to the non-supplemented counterparts.Further analysis revealed that BAO supplementation enhanced the jejunal antioxidative capacity by increasing GSH-Px levels and decreasing MDA levels under the LPS challenge and stimulated the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.Additionally,the reduction of TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways activation and proinflammatory factor were also observed in the jejunal of those piglets fed with BAO.Conclusions In summary,our study demonstrates that pre-supplementation of BAO enhances the anti-stress capacity of weaned piglets by improving intestinal microbiota composition,reinforcing the intestinal barrier,and enhancing antioxidative and anti-inflammatory capabilities.These effects are closely associated with the activation of Nrf2 and TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways.

Profiles of the Headspace Volatile Organic and Essential Oil Compounds from the Tunisian Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. and Its Leaf and Stem Epidermal Micromorphology

In this work, we investigated aroma volatiles emanated by dry roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits of Cardariadraba (L.) Desv. growing wild in Tunisia and its aerial part essential oils (EOs) composition. A total of 37 volatileorganic compounds (96.7%–98.9%) were identified;4 esters, 4 alcohols, 7 hydrocarbons, 12 aldehydes, 5 ketones,1 lactone, 1 organosulfur compound, 2 organonitrogen compounds, and 1 acid. The hydrocarbons form the maingroup, representing 49.5%–84.6% of the total detected volatiles. The main constituent was 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane(44.5%–76.2%) reaching the highest relative percentages. Forty-two compounds were determined in thetwo fractions of EOs, representing 98.8% and 97.2% of the total oil composition, respectively. The principal componentswere hexadecanoic acid (34.6%), 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (18.3%), decanal (15.0%), 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (13.2%), and n-pentacosane (13%). Micromorphological details of the leaf and stem epidermisusing light microscopy revealed polygonal cells with sinuous walls in the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces andnearly rectangular and long ones with linear and thick walls for the stem epidermis. The stomata complexes wereanisocytic in the leaf epidermis and mainly anisocytic and rarely paracytic in the stem epidermis. Non-glandulartrichomes were unbranched and long with an acute apex or short with a convex apex. The glandular ones wereidentified for the first time in this species. They were short-stalked with a large secretory head. The highest stomatalindex (17.02%) was recorded in the abaxial leaf surface. The identification of headspace volatiles and essentialoil compounds can be used to characterize this species, and the various epidermis micromorphologicalfeatures are very useful for biosystematics taxonomic studies within Brassicaceae.

Antibacterial,antioxidant and antiproliferation activities of essential oils and ethanolic extracts from Chinese mugwort(Artemisia vulgaris L.)leaf in Shanxi

Background:Artemisia vulgaris,a medicinal aromatic plant,is widely used as a food item,tonic pharmaceutical,and cosmetic industry additive owing to its antibacterial,antihypertensive,hepatoprotective,antioxidant,and antispasmodic properties.But the effect of different geographic locations on the chemical composition and bioactivities of its extracts is unclear.Methods:Biological activities of essential oils and ethanol extracts of three varieties of Artemisia vulgaris leaves,which are grown in Shanxi province China,were studied.Results:Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the main components of essential oils were terpenes and ketones.Essential oils and ethanol extract of Artemisia vulgaris leaves possessed good antioxidant activities,and their half maximal inhibitory concentrations determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate)assays were 57.0 and 22.9μg/mL,respectively.The essential oils also exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against three foodborne pathogenic bacterial strains.The ethanol extract presented a high anticancer activity against the MGC-803 human gastric cancer cell line.Conclusion:These biological activities were well correlated with the composition of the extract and EOs,which in turn is affected by the genetic composition of Artemisia vulgaris and geographic location and diverse climatic condition under which it is grown.These findings demonstrate the remarkable potential of Artemisia vulgaris as a valuable source of antioxidant,antibacterial,and anticancer agents.

Comparative evaluation of commercial Douchi by different molds:biogenic amines,non-volatile and volatile compounds

To provide new insights into the development and utilization of Douchi artificial starters,three common strains(Aspergillus oryzae,Mucor racemosus,and Rhizopus oligosporus)were used to study their influence on the fermentation of Douchi.The results showed that the biogenic amine contents of the three types of Douchi were all within the safe range and far lower than those of traditional fermented Douchi.Aspergillus-type Douchi produced more free amino acids than the other two types of Douchi,and its umami taste was more prominent in sensory evaluation(P<0.01),while Mucor-type and Rhizopus-type Douchi produced more esters and pyrazines,making the aroma,sauce,and Douchi flavor more abundant.According to the Pearson and PLS analyses results,sweetness was significantly negatively correlated with phenylalanine,cysteine,and acetic acid(P<0.05),bitterness was significantly negatively correlated with malic acid(P<0.05),the sour taste was significantly positively correlated with citric acid and most free amino acids(P<0.05),while astringency was significantly negatively correlated with glucose(P<0.001).Thirteen volatile compounds such as furfuryl alcohol,phenethyl alcohol,and benzaldehyde caused the flavor difference of three types of Douchi.This study provides theoretical basis for the selection of starting strains for commercial Douchi production.

Effect of different drying methods on the amino acids,α-dicarbonyls and volatile compounds of rape bee pollen

The significant demand for high quality food has motivated us to adopt appropriate processing methods to improve the food nutritional quality and flavors.In this study,the effects of five drying methods,namely,pulsed vacuum drying(PVD),freeze drying(FD),infrared drying(IRD),hot-air drying(HAD)and sun drying(SD)on free amino acids(FAAs),α-dicarbonyl compounds(α-DCs)and volatile compounds(VOCs)in rape bee pollen(RBP)were determined.The results showed that FD significantly released the essential amino acids(EAAs)compared with fresh samples while SD caused the highest loss.Glucosone was the dominantα-DCs in RBP and the highest loss was observed after PVD.Aldehydes were the dominant volatiles of RBP and SD samples contained more new volatile substances(especially aldehydes)than the other four drying methods.Comprehensively,FD and PVD would be potential methods to effectively reduce the quality deterioration of RBP in the drying process.

A review:Health benefits and physicochemical characteristics of blended vegetable oils

Oil blending is the method of choice used worldwide to improve oxidative stability and nutritional value.There is no such edible oil/fat that meets all the recommendations from the health point of view.The fatty acid composition of vegetable oils decides the fate of the oil.Pure single oil is unable to provide a balanced amount of fatty acids(FAs)required/recommended on a daily intake basis.Blending oils/fats is an appropriate procedure of physically mixing multiple oils in suitable proportions which may provide functional lipids with improved antioxidant potential and desirable physical and chemical properties.This review piled up the accessible data on the blending of diverse oils/fats in the combination of binary,ternary,quaternary,or other types of oils into a single blended oil.Blending can be found very convincing towards appropriate FA profile,enhancement in physicochemical characteristics,and augmented stability for the period of storage or when used as cooking/frying processes which could ultimately serve as an effectual dietary intervention towards the health protectiveness.

Exploration of the efficacy and mechanism of treating head wind disease with the combination change of ginger volatile oil and gingerol by using content-weighted network pharmacology technology

Background:Exploring the efficacy,potential components,and mechanism of the combination of ginger essential oil and gingerols in the treatment of head wind disease based on network pharmacology technology with content weight.Methods:The experimental groups were divided into:0:10,1:4,1:2,1:1,2:1,4:1,10:0.The relative content(Ri)of the chemical constituents of ginger's volatile oil was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Additionally,the physicochemical and biological property parameters(LogP,MDCK,PPB,MW)of the components were considered.To assess the quantitative effect of the components,a grading score was performed,and the quantitative effect index(Ki)was calculated.Subsequently,the target effect index(Ti)was calculated by combining the component-target matching score(Fit score).Using these calculations,the target effect score A was determined under the influence of multiple components targeting different targets.Key targets with A≥1000 were identified.To predict the targets related to head wind disease,the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database(https://ctdbase.org/),Gene Cards(https://www.genecards.org/),and Disgenet database(https://www.disgenet.org/)were utilized.The key targets,obtained from different proportions of ginger's volatile oil and gingerol,were intersected with the predicted targets.This facilitated network pharmacological analysis and verification of the efficacy.Results:The content of volatile oil in ginger demonstrated an impact on key targets associated with the volatile oil group.Each specific combination of volatile oil consistently activated distinct pathways,with variations stemming from changes in content.Experimental testing revealed that different combinations of ginger's volatile oil and gingerol effectively alleviated migraine symptoms in rats.Conclusion:Through the application of content-weighted network pharmacology technology and pharmacodynamic verification,it was determined that altering the ratio between ginger's volatile oil and gingerol leads to variations in potential targets and pathways,consequently impacting its efficacy.

Identification of breath volatile organic compounds to distinguish pancreatic adenocarcinoma,pancreatic cystic neoplasm,and patients without pancreatic lesions

BACKGROUND Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)are a promising potential biomarker that may be able to identify the presence of cancers.AIM To identify exhaled breath VOCs that distinguish pancreatic ductal adenocar-cinoma(PDAC)from intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm(IPMN)and healthy volunteers.METHODS We collected exhaled breath from histologically proven PDAC patients,radiological diagnosis IPMN,and healthy volunteers using the ReCIVA®device between 10/2021-11/2022.VOCs were identified by thermal desorption-gas chromatography/field-asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry and compared between groups.RESULTS A total of 156 participants(44%male,mean age 62.6±10.6)were enrolled(54 PDAC,42 IPMN,and 60 controls).Among the nine VOCs identified,two VOCs that showed differences between groups were dimethyl sulfide[0.73 vs 0.74 vs 0.94 arbitrary units(AU),respectively;P=0.008]and acetone dimers(3.95 vs 4.49 vs 5.19 AU,respectively;P<0.001).After adjusting for the imbalance parameters,PDAC showed higher dimethyl sulfide levels than the control and IPMN groups,with adjusted odds ratio(aOR)of 6.98(95%CI:1.15-42.17)and 4.56(1.03-20.20),respectively(P<0.05 both).Acetone dimer levels were also higher in PDAC compared to controls and IPMN(aOR:5.12(1.80-14.57)and aOR:3.35(1.47-7.63),respectively(P<0.05 both).Acetone dimer,but not dimethyl sulfide,performed better than CA19-9 in PDAC diagnosis(AUROC 0.910 vs 0.796).The AUROC of acetone dimer increased to 0.936 when combined with CA19-9,which was better than CA19-9 alone(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Dimethyl sulfide and acetone dimer are VOCs that potentially distinguish PDAC from IPMN and healthy participants.Additional prospective studies are required to validate these findings.