Transplantation and Post-planting Tending and Management Techniques of Olive Trees(Olea europaea L.)

This paper introduced the preparation work before transplanting big olive trees(Olea europaea L.),including key technical measures such as plant excavation,transportation,planting,and post-planting tending.The aim was to provide scientific basis and feasible solutions for adjusting the density of olive trees in Shiyan City,and to assist in the high-quality development of the olive industry.

The nutritional and therapeutic importance of Olea europaea-a review

Olea europaea(Family:Oleaceae)is the characteristic fruit tree of the Mediterranean basin.The oil extracted from the fruit was the essential product,olive oil was used for cooking and as salad oil.It was preferred for its flavor and beneficial health effects.While,low grade oil was used in cosmetics,as lubricants and for soap production.Plant parts were traditionally used in the treatment of diabetes,malaria,hypertension,coughs,asthma,lumbago,rheumatism,kidney problems,urinary tract infections,nose bleeding,for eye infections and to relieve sore throats.About 676 distinct chemical compounds were identified in the Olea europaea,they were included(fatty acids,phenolic compounds,alcohols,volatiles,phospholipids,triterpenic acids,sterols,hydrocarbons,sugars,amino acids,tocopherols,pigments,and many other compounds).Olea europaea extracts and oil possessed many pharmacological activities included cardiovascular,anti-obesity,antidiabetic,inflammatory,analgesic,antioxidant,antimicrobial,antiparasitic,anti-anticancer,immunomodulatory,respiratory,endocrine,reproductive and protective effects.This review discussed the contents,pharmacological,nutritional and therapeutic activities of Olea europaea.

Predicting ADME/Tox properties of hydroxytyrosol in the leaves of Olea europaea L.

In order to study the possibility of hydroxytyrosol(HT)as a drug,we used SwissADME system to predict ADME of HT and pkCSM system to predict Tox of HT.The results show that hydroxytyrosol meets the Lipinski’s five principles of drug-like properties.With strong efficacy and pharmacological activity,HT has high drug-likeness degree.With good bioavailability,it can be easily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract,though not absorbed by skin.Hydroxytyrosol has not only a strong potency and pharmacological activity,but also no liver toxicity and skin allergy.Tox data predicts that it has mutagenic potential,which may be the result of overreduction.

Oleuropein-Specific-β-Glucosidase Activity Marks the Early Response of Olive Fruits (Olea europaea) to Mimed Insect Attack

Olive fruits are seriously deteriorated by pre and postharvest damage due to the attack of insects, such as Bactrocera olaea, which strongly alters the quality of olives. Defence response in olive fruits injured both by pathogens and by mechanical damages has been associated with the enzyme β-glucosidase, which specifically hydrolyses oleuropein, producing highly reactive aldehyde molecules. In situ detection of ^-glucosidase activity in olive fruit tissues following injury, which simulates Bactrocera oleae punctures, is reported. The assay was performed in two cultivars showing different degrees of susceptibilities to fly infestation. In both cultivars, the histochemical assay for β-glucosidase showed that within 20 min after the injury, a strong ^-glucosidase activity could be observed in the damaged tissues. Thereafter a progressive enzyme inactivation occurred starting from tissues around the boundary of the injury with decrease of the enzyme activity and stopped after 3 h. Whereas the mass of active cells reached a distance of （300±50） μm from the edge of the injury. Biochemical analyses showed that in extracts of the injured fruit, β-glucosidase activity rapidly increased within 20 min from injury, thereafter decreasing and reaching values comparable with those in intact fruits. Following puncture, the oleuropein contents did not change significantly in the high susceptibility cultivar, whereas it rapidly decreased in the cultivar showing low susceptibility. The results strongly suggest that olive fruits susceptible towards fly infestation could be related to the ability of the oleuropein-degrading-β-glucosidase to produce the highly reactive molecules in the damaged tissues. As a consequence of puncture, high level of peroxidase activity was detected. This feature also suggested that this enzyme could play a key role in the defence response against insect injuries.

Effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Olea europaea on apoptosis-related genes and oxidative stress in a rat model of torsion/detorsion-induced ovarian damage

Objective: To evaluate the impact of Olea (O.) europaea extract on markers of oxidative stress and apoptosis of ovarian tissues in a rat model of torsion/detorsion-induced ovarian damage. Methods: A total of 28 Wistar female rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups, with 7 rats in each group. The sham group received a 2.5 cm longitudinal incision in the midline part of the abdomen which was then sutured with 5-0 nylon thread;the torsion/detorsion group underwent torsion induction for 3 h followed by reperfusion for 10 days;the torsion/detorsion+O. europaea group received 300 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of O. europaea 30 min before detorsion, followed by reperfusion for 10 days;and the O. europaea group only received 300 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of O. europaea for 10 days. After the treatment period, blood samples were taken;the levels of estrogen, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde were assayed. The histological changes, as well as the rate of apoptosis in ovarian tissues, were also carried out by histomorphometric analysis at day 10 post-procedure. Results: Histological comparisons demonstrated a significant detrimental change in the torsion/detorsion group as compared with other groups. The number of pre-antral and antral follicles and corpus luteum was significantly decreased in the torsion/detorsion group compared with the sham group, while treatment with O. europaea could enhance their numbers (P<0.05). The index of apoptosis and the number of atretic body in the ovarian tissue were significantly higher in the torsion/detorsion group compared with the sham group (P<0.05). The concentrations of glutathione peroxidase, estrogen, and superoxide dismutase as well as the mRNA expression of Bcl-2 were considerably diminished in the torsion/detorsion group while they were elevated in the torsion/detorsion+O. europaea group (P<0.05) compared with the torsion/detorsion group. The serum malondialdehyde level and the mRNA expression of Bax were markedly increased during ischemia, while treatment with O. europaea significantly diminished the increased concentrations of malondialdehyde and Bax level in the torsion/detorsion+O. europaea group (P<0.05). Conclusions: O. europaea extract can reduce the degree of tissue damage induced by oxidative stress and apoptosis in the ovary following ovarian ischemia/reperfusion.

Inhibitory effects of methanolic Olea europaea and acetonic Acacia laeta on growth of Babesia and Theileria

Objective:To evaluate the antipiroplasmic activities of methanolic extract of Olea europaea(MOE)and acetonic extract of Acacia laeta(AAL)against Babesia and Theileria parasites in vitro and evaluate the chemotherapeutic effects of these extracts against Babesia(B.)microti in vivo.Methods:Fluorescence assay using SYBR Green 1 nucleic acid stain was used to detect inhibitory effects of the two extracts as well as the combination effects of the two extracts with diminazene aceturate and atovaquone on four Babesia species and Theileria equi in vitro while for in vivo experiments,8-weekold female BALB/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with 1× 107 B.microti-iRBCs and treated orally at a dose of 150 mg/kg of both extracts.Results:The half maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)values of AAL against B.bovis,B.bigemina,B.divergens,B.caballi,and Theileria equi were lower than those of MOE extracts.Toxicity assay on Madin-Darby bovine kidney,mouse embryonic fibroblast(NIH/3T3),and human foreskin fibroblast cell lines showed that MOE and AAL affected only the viability of Madin-Darby bovine kidney cell line with half maximal effective concentrations(EC50)of(794.7±41.9)and(873.9±17.5)μg/mL,respectively.The oral treatments of MOE and AAL at 150 mg/kg inhibited the growth of B.microti in mice by 80.4% and 64.4%,respectively.The MOE and diminazene aceturate combination showed a higher chemotherapeutic effect than that of monotherapy.Conclusions:MOE and AAL have the potential to be an alternative remedy for treating piroplasmosis.Furthermore,the combination therapy of MOE + DA was more potent against B.microti infection in mice than their monotherapies.

Structural Features of the Leaf and Fruit of the Emerald Variety <i>Olea europaea</i>L., Growing under the Introduction Conditions of Surkhandarya

For the first time, the anatomical structure of the leaf, petiole and fruit of the emerald variety Olea europaea, which grows under the conditions of introduction in the Oltinsay district of the Surkhandarya region of Uzbekistan, was studied. The following characteristic diagnostic features were determined: in the leaf—the dorsiventral type of leaf mesophyll;thick-walled outer walls of the epidermis;slightly sinuous outlines of the cells of the adaxial epidermis, rectilinear-abaxial;hypostomotic leaves;non-submerged stomata of the anomocytic type;thyroid silver-gray and white-fluffy star-shaped squamous-numerous on the adaxial epidermis than on the adaxial;chlorophyll-bearing palisade and spongy parenchyma;closed collateral type of conductive bundles;the most scleralized leaf due to the presence of filamentous scleroids in it (long, thin, resembling fibers);in the petiole—parenchymal-beam type of structure;the location of the angular collenchyma under the epidermis;closed collateral type of conductive bundles;the presence of thick-walled parenchymal cells and the presence of filiformscleroids;pericarp of the fetus consists of a rigid 1-layer exocarp, parenchymal mesocarp, and sclerenchymal endocarp;the presence of scleroids—stony cells and branched sclerenchymal fibers with drops of oil in the parenchymal cells. Diagnostic signs revealed by us reflect xeromorphic of this species. All the signs were compared, and we came to the conclusion that the anatomical signs of the leaf and the fetus can be useful for providing diagnostic signs for distinguishing the studied taxa, can be used in taxonomy, and can serve to identify plant materials.

A Comparative Experimental Research on the Traditional Cultivation Technology and Intensive Cultivation Technology of Olea europaea

In order to improve the intensive cultivation and management technology of Olea europaea in the high density orchard,through an analysis on the 3 a growth,yield and orchard construction cost for different varieties and different densities in Gansu Wudu ordinary O.europaea orchard and close O.europaea planting orchard,the appropriate conditions,varieties and density for intensive orchard construction were initially selected.The results showed that the tree height growth in the ordinary orchard was 119%of the tree height growth in the high density orchard,while the ground diameter growth in the ordinary orchard was 112%of the ground diameter growth in the high density orchard,but the yield in the ordinary orchard was only 62%of the yield in the high density orchard;of the 8 new varieties introduced from Spain,"Arbequina","Arbosana"and"Koroneiki"were the appropriate varieties for the intensive orchard construction;the ratio of the ordinary orchard construction cost to the high density orchard construction cost was 1∶6.24.Under high water and fertilizer conditions,the ratio of the ordinary orchard yield to the high density orchard yield was 1∶4.481.Therefore,in the flat land area,using the appropriate intensive cultivars,and integrating the high-tech achievements and advanced management tools,can increase output per unit area,and greatly save manpower and land costs,to achieve the purpose of high quality,high yield and stable production.In the production practice,it is necessary to vigorously promote the intensive cultivation technology of O.europaea.

Development and Countermeasures of Olea europaea Industry in Gansu Province

Valleys along Bailong River, Longnan City, Gansu Province are optimal growth region for olive in China, and olive industry has become a local special sup- porting industry, playing a key role in economic advancement and farmer＇s income improvement. The research analyzed development and restriction factors of olive in- dustry, and proposed some countermeasures, which are of significance for olive in- dustry development in Gansu Province.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Diversity Associated with Olea europaea L. Growing in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China

Olive(Olea europaea L.)is one of the most important and widely cultivated fruit trees,with high economic,ecological,cultural and scientific value.China began introducing and cultivating olive in the 1960s,and Yunnan Province is one of the main growing areas.Improving the cultivation and productivity of this tree crop species is an important challenge.Olive is a typical mycotrophic species and the potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)for this plant is well recognized;nevertheless,studies of olive AMF in China are still very limited.Roots and rhizosphere soils of olive were sampled from five representative growing sites in the Yunnan Province of China to investigate the AMF colonization status in the root systems,the AMF community in the olive orchards and the edaphic factors influencing the arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)parameters.Root samples of olive trees from different growing sites generally showed AMF colonization,suggesting that autochthonous AMF manifest a high efficiency in colonizing the roots of olive plants.The spore density on the five sites ranged from 81.6 to 350 spores per 20 g soil.Twenty-three AMF species from 9 genera were identified in total,and Glomeraceae was the dominant family.The findings of our study suggested a high AMF diversity harbored by olive growing in different areas of the Yunnan Province,Southwestern China.Furthermore,the hyphal colonization in roots positively correlated with soil pH and EC.The arbuscule colonization in olive roots negatively correlated with soil pH,EC,OM,TN,TP and AN.The spore density positively correlated with OM,TN,AN,AP and sand content.Finally,the Shannon index of AMF in the rhizosphere soil positively correlated with the clay content,but negatively correlated with soil pH,TN and silt content.The high diversity of autochthonous AMF in Yunnan is promising for screening AMF isolates for utilization in the efficient cultivation of this crop.

Effect of Foliar Spray of Fe, GA3, Cultivars and Their Interactions on Growth of Olive （Olea europaea L.） Transplants cvs. Khithairy and Sorany

The study was conducted at the nursery of Malta station/Duhok. Kurdistan region-lraq, during the season 2011 to study the effect of GA3 and Fe on vegetative growth of two year old of two olive （Olea europaea L.） cultivars （Kithary and Sorany）, the transplant were sprayed with four levels （0, 250, 500 and 750 mg L^-1 GA3） and four levels of chelated iron （0, 25, 50 and 75 mg Fe L^-1）. Foliar application of GA3 at 500 mg Ll increased significantly stem diameter （mm）, leaf number, increasing GA3 level up 750 mg L^-1 significantly increase shoot length （cm） plantl, leaf area. However, 50 mg Fe L^-1 increased significantly leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and when treated with 75 mg Fe L^-1 significantly increase stem diameter, shoot length cm plant^-1, leaf fresh weight （g）, leaf dry weight （g）. While, Kithary cultivar significant dominated Sorany cultivar of the most studied characteristics. The interactions between GA3, Fe and cultivars significantly affected on the most of the characteristics studied, foliar sprays of Kithary cultivar with 750 mg Ll GA^-1 and 0 mg Fe Ll significantly increase chlorophyll content and leaf area, and Kithary cultivar when treated only by 75 mg Fe Ll increase significantly plant high （cm）, stem diameter （mm）, leaf dry weight （g） and leaf fresh weight when compared with the control.

油茶庄园建设构想

为解决现阶段油茶产业发展中存在的“卡脖子”问题,通过对希腊油橄榄(Oleaeuropaea)企业进行实地走访和交流,学习和借鉴希腊成熟油橄榄企业在栽培、加工和销售等方面的经营理念,结合我国油茶发展现状,提出油茶庄园建设构想。广西具备深厚的油茶文化底蕴、优质的种苗基础、先进的栽培加工技术和强大的政策与资金扶持等发展油茶庄园的优势条件。油茶庄园建设应规模适当、委托管理和创新经营模式,同时利用油茶种质打造富有层次的花果景观,实现三产互通互融和协调发展,实现产业转型升级。

浙江省3个油橄榄主栽品种果实表型与品质性状分析

为摸清油橄榄Olea europaea引入浙江栽植后的表现,以3个主栽品种‘城固32号’O.uropaeain‘Chenggu32’‘鄂植8号’O.uropaeain‘Ezhi 8’和‘豆果’O.uropaeain‘Arbequina’的果实为材料,测定不同成熟度下的果实表型和品质性状,并采用方差分析、相关性分析和主成分分析法确定最佳采收期及果实表型与品质性状的差异性。结果表明,3个品种果实的成熟时间不同,成熟时间从早到晚依次为‘城固32号’(9月18日)、‘鄂植8号’(10月7日)和‘豆果’(10月28日);3个品种果实的成熟期也不同,分别为28 d(‘城固32号’)、47d(‘鄂植8号’)和68d(‘豆果’);根据鲜果质量和含油率确定‘城固32号’‘鄂植8号’和‘豆果’的最佳采收期分别为第5成熟度、第4成熟度和第5成熟度;方差分析结果表明,3个油橄榄品质性状在品种间差异显著(P<0.05),同一品种不同成熟度也存在显著差异(P<0.05);相关性分析分析结果表明,油橄榄果实表型性状间和品质性状间存在显著相关性,通过果实表型性状可以推测果实品质的差异;通过油橄榄果实品质性状主成分分析结果表明,前三个主成分的特征值最大,分别为5.88、3.52和2.16,累积贡献率达到88.86%。本文研究结果有助于通过不同油橄榄品种的表型性状差异来推断果实品质性状的差异性,可为浙江油橄榄品种引种工作提供重要参考。

油橄榄幼嫩茎段组培快繁技术研究

以阿贝基纳优良单株幼嫩茎段为试验材料,通过对油橄榄外植体灭菌、基本培养基、生长调节剂等因素对油橄榄组织培养技术影响的研究,试验结果表明:使用75%乙醇30 s、0.1%HgCl_(2) 10 min进行外植体消毒处理时获得率最高,达36.15%;改良MS培养基适宜外植体诱导芽萌发,最佳增殖培养基为改良MS+6-BA 4.0 mg·L^(-1)+NAA 0.5 mg·L^(-1)+TDZ 0.5 mg·L^(-1),诱导率为65.3%,最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+ABT 0.6 mg·L^(-1)+IBA 0.2 mg·L^(-1),生根率90%,活性炭浓度最佳添加浓度0.5 g·L^(-1),蔗糖最佳添加浓度30 g·L^(-1)。

武都地区初榨橄榄油酚类和脂肪酸组成对油脂氧化稳定性研究

对武都地区的白橄榄(U)、恩帕特雷(E)、奇迹(K)、阿斯(As)、中山24(Z)、云台14(Y)、皮瓜尔(P)、豆果(Arbe)、小苹果(M)、鄂植8(Ez)、阿尔伯萨拉(Arbo)、科拉蒂(C)、莱星(L)、佛奥(F)这14个品种初榨橄榄油的脂肪酸、酚类成分及油脂氧化稳定性进行检测和分析,单因素方差分析表明:品种间多酚和脂肪酸含量及油脂氧化稳定性存在显著性差异(p<0.05)。所有分析样品的脂肪酸组成均符合欧盟特级初榨橄榄油标准,初榨橄榄油中油酸质量分数在(56.12±0.24)%(豆果)和(71.45±0.42)%(科拉蒂)之间,亚油酸质量分数在(5.73±0.06)%(皮瓜尔)和(15.80±0.05)%(阿斯)之间,棕榈酸质量分数在(12.67±0.12)%(科拉蒂)和(18.76±0.04)%(豆果)之间。裂环烯醚萜类是主要的酚类成分,总酚质量分数最高为奇迹,为(471.35±29.34)mg/kg,最低为豆果,仅(165.65±8.08)mg/kg。主成分分析表明:富含橄榄苦苷苷元、女贞子苷元、橄榄裂环烯醚萜、油酸、芹菜素的品种氧化稳定性越高,而富含棕榈酸、亚油酸、酪醇、羟基酪醇、刺激醛的品种氧化稳定性越低。基于芹菜素、橄榄裂环烯醚萜、木犀草素和亚油酸建立的多元线性逐步回归模型可以预测90.70%的油脂氧化稳定性变化(p<0.001)。

缓控释肥处理下油橄榄土壤微生物多样性特征分析

为了探究油橄榄健康施肥和实现土壤可持续化经营管理提供理论和实践依据,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对不同缓释肥处理下的油橄榄种植地0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层土壤微生物多样性及群落特征进行研究。结果显示:(1)细菌OUT隶属于35门111纲268目485科1087属;真菌OUT隶属14门42纲95目230科431属。(2)变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门、厚壁菌门、绿弯菌门和芽单胞菌门为优势细菌门,子囊菌门、担子菌门和被包霉门为优势真菌门;假单胞菌属、67-14、索利红杆菌属、Subgroup_6和红色杆菌属为优势细菌属,镰刀菌属、无茎真菌属、瓶毛壳属、小囊菌属和葡孢霉属为优势真菌属。(3)施肥处理能明显促进土壤中0~20 cm土层的真菌和0~10 cm土层的细菌生长,而抑制10~20 cm细菌生长。(4)细菌和真菌群落分布与土层相关性较小;各个处理下土壤细菌群落结构差异不明显,而真菌则存在明显差异。研究表明,施用缓控释肥能够有效增加土壤中微生物多样性,尤其是混合施肥效果更明显,6 kg半焦肥+8颗力浮丸的组合可作为生产实践中的优选参考方案。

12C^(6+)辐照对不同品种油橄榄种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

【目的】为油橄榄辐照诱变育种提供理论参考。【方法】以‘皮削利’‘切姆拉尔’‘豆果’‘奇迹’‘阿尔波萨纳’5个品种的种子为试验材料,以5种剂量(0、50、100、150和250 Gy)的12C^(6+)辐照油橄榄种子,播种后统计不同处理下的发芽率、存活率、鲜质量、株高、总叶数量、根长和侧根数量等7项指标,运用隶属函数法综合评价不同辐照剂量对不同品种油橄榄种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,并计算半致死辐照剂量。【结果】12C^(6+)辐照对不同品种油橄榄种子发芽率的影响存在差异。随着辐照剂量增加,‘皮削利’和‘切姆拉尔’种子发芽率先升高后降低,‘豆果’‘奇迹’‘阿尔波萨纳’种子发芽率逐渐降低,250 Gy辐照处理下发芽率分别降至11.46%、8.33%、14.58%、7.29%和11.46%。12C^(6+)辐照对各品种油橄榄幼苗的生长有抑制作用。随着辐照剂量增加,鲜质量、株高、总叶数量、根长和侧根数量均逐渐下降,250 Gy辐照处理下均降至最低。12C^(6+)辐照对油橄榄幼苗具有一定的致死效应,且与辐照剂量紧密相关。与种子发芽后40 d时相比,发芽后90 d时各辐照处理下不同品种油橄榄幼苗的存活率均有不同程度的下降。隶属函数分析结果表明,各辐照剂量按照5个品种的总得分由高到低排序,依次均为0、50、100、150、250 Gy,表明不同剂量辐照处理(50~250 Gy)均不同程度地影响了不同品种油橄榄幼苗的长势。5个油橄榄品种按照种子半致死剂量由高到低排序,依次分别为‘豆果’(153.7 Gy)、‘皮削利’(143.5 Gy)、‘切姆拉尔’(129.9 Gy)、‘奇迹’(115.3 Gy)、‘阿尔波萨纳’(108.1 Gy)。【结论】12C^(6+)辐照对不同品种油橄榄种子萌发及幼苗生长整体上有抑制作用,且辐照剂量越大,抑制作用越强。综合考虑发芽率、存活率、幼苗生长等情况,油橄榄种子的适宜辐照剂量为100~150 Gy。

油橄榄叶提取物对HaCaT细胞氧化损伤的保护作用及抑菌活性

为研究油橄榄叶提取物对人永生化角质形成细胞(HaCaT)氧化损伤的保护作用及抑菌作用,采用肌红蛋白保护率评价油橄榄叶提取物对不同种类自由基的胞外抗氧化能力,建立HaCaT细胞的氧化损伤和炎症模型,评价油橄榄叶提取物对细胞氧化损伤的保护作用,并进一步考察油橄榄叶提取物对常见病原菌的抑制作用。结果表明油橄榄叶提取物对羟基自由基、次氯酸根和过氧自由基均具有抗氧化作用,其中对羟基自由基和过氧自由基的抗氧化效果较好。在细胞水平上,油橄榄叶提取物能够显著降低HaCaT的胞内自由基,可以有效改善HaCaT细胞的氧化应激状态。同时,0.156~0.625μg/mL的油橄榄叶提取物能够有效降低炎症细胞中的白细胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)和白细胞介素1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)因子水平,0.156~0.312μg/mL的提取物能够降低肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)水平。此外,油橄榄叶提取物能够有效抑制金黄色葡萄球菌,而对大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌敏感度低。综上,油橄榄叶提取物对HaCaT细胞的氧化损伤具有一定的保护作用,且具有抗炎效果和抑菌活性。

油橄榄果实表型性状多样性分析

对西昌市油橄榄国家林木种质资源库中88个油橄榄(Olea europaea Linn.)品种果实的15个质量性状和15个数量性状进行比较,对果实数量性状进行相关性分析和主成分分析,并基于果实数量性状对供试油橄榄品种进行聚类分析。结果表明:果实质量性状的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数变化范围分别为0.438~1.094、0.247~0.671和0.098~0.243,平均值分别为0.735、0.451和0.164;果实数量性状的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数变化范围分别为1.830~2.047、0.811~0.864和0.409~0.458,平均值分别为1.965、0.845和0.439;并且,果实数量性状的生物多样性指数平均值明显高于质量性状。相关性分析结果表明:果实数量性状之间大多存在极显著(P<0.01)或显著(P<0.05)相关性,并且多数性状之间为正相关。主成分分析结果表明:前4个主成分的累计贡献率为86.115%,基本体现了油橄榄果实表型性状的主要特征。聚类分析结果显示:供试油橄榄品种被分为3个类群,类群Ⅰ包含41个品种,具有果实和果核大、果柄长且粗的特点;类群Ⅱ包含22个品种,果实和果核大小居中;类群Ⅲ包含25个品种,具有果实和果核小、果柄短且细的特点。综上所述,供试油橄榄品种果实表型性状多样性较为丰富,且果实数量性状多样性高于质量性状。

油橄榄压条不定根发生的转录组分析

探明油橄榄生根过程中基因表达调控的变化规律,可为控制不定根发生的关键基因的筛选奠定基础。以油橄榄品种‘田园1号’为研究对象,采用生根粉1号(1500 mg/kg)处理油橄榄压条,并在压条后的第0、10、20、30和40 d取样(记为YT0、YT10、YT20、YT30、YT40)进行转录组测序,分析油橄榄生根过程不同阶段的差异基因的表达变化,挖掘出参与油橄榄生根过程的重要代谢通路及生根相关差异表达基因。结果显示:(1)压条生根过程中差异表达基因在YT0与YT10间共1218个,包括829个上调和389个下调;在YT10与YT20间共有1157个,包括567个上调和590个下调;在YT20与YT30间共1163个,包括499个上调和664个下调;在YT30与YT40间共1458个,包括952个上调和506个下调。(2)通过差异基因GO功能注释分析发现显著富集的类名包括细胞膜、催化活性、氧化还原酶活性、辅因子结合、转运活性、跨膜转运蛋白活性、碳水化合物代谢过程等。(3)通过差异基因KEGG富集分析,发现参与生根过程的主要通路包括植物激素信号转导、苯丙烷生物合成、淀粉和蔗糖代谢、戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸相互转化、氨基糖和核苷酸糖、核糖体、半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸代谢等。结果表明:在压条生根过程中,与植物激素信号转导有关的基因包括ARF、GH 3、AUX1、SAUR、JAZ、CYCD3、MYC 2等;与苯丙烷生物合成途径相关的基因包括β-葡萄糖苷酶、反-肉桂酸4-单加氧酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶等;参与生根过程的转录因子包括bHLH、MYB、ERF、NAC、C2H2和WRKY等家族。