在未来的通信网络中,被广泛期待的第6代移动通信系统(The Sixth Generation of Mobile Communications System,6G)技术将面临诸多挑战,其中包括在高速移动场景下的超高可靠通信问题。正交时频空间(Orthogonal Time Frequency Space,OTFS...在未来的通信网络中,被广泛期待的第6代移动通信系统(The Sixth Generation of Mobile Communications System,6G)技术将面临诸多挑战,其中包括在高速移动场景下的超高可靠通信问题。正交时频空间(Orthogonal Time Frequency Space,OTFS)调制技术克服了传统通信系统在高速移动环境下多径和多普勒效应的影响,为实现6G超高可靠通信提供了新的可能性。该文首先介绍了OTFS的基本原理、数学模型、干扰与优势分析。然后,归纳分析了OTFS技术在同步、信道估计、信号检测技术上的研究现状。接着,从车联网、无人机、卫星通信、海洋通信4个典型应用场景分析了OTFS的应用趋势。最后,从降低多维匹配滤波器、相位解调和信道估计、硬件实现的复杂度和提高对时频资源的高度利用4个角度探讨了未来研究OTFS需要克服的困难和挑战。展开更多
车联网(Vehicle to Everything,V2X)通信被认为是未来无线通信网络最重要的应用之一。然而,车辆在高速移动时引起的高多普勒频移会严重恶化V2X通信链路的性能。正交时频空(Orthogonal Time Frequency Space,OTFS)调制技术可以将时间和...车联网(Vehicle to Everything,V2X)通信被认为是未来无线通信网络最重要的应用之一。然而,车辆在高速移动时引起的高多普勒频移会严重恶化V2X通信链路的性能。正交时频空(Orthogonal Time Frequency Space,OTFS)调制技术可以将时间和频率选择性信道转换为时延-多普勒(Delay-Doppler,DD)域的非选择性信道,从而显著提高无线通信系统在高移动性场景下的性能,在V2X通信中具有重要的应用价值。但OTFS调制技术极大地增加了系统接收端的复杂度,研究低复杂度信号检测算法成为了新一代无线通信系统采用OTFS调制的关键问题之一。为此,综述了面向车联网V2X通信的OTFS信号检测算法。首先介绍了OTFS系统模型,然后概述了现有的低复杂度OTFS信号检测算法,并将其分为线性检测算法、消息传递(Message Passing,MP)检测算法及其改进算法、基于神经网络的检测算法3类,最后探讨了V2X通信中OTFS信号检测目前所面临的技术挑战与未来的发展趋势。展开更多
正交时频空(Orthogonal Time Frequency Space, OTFS)调制技术凭借对多普勒频移的优良抗性,保证了高动态场景下的可靠性通信。与大多数OTFS信号检测方案相比,基于深度学习(Deep Learning, DL)的OTFS检测器不需要耗费高额的导频能量,以...正交时频空(Orthogonal Time Frequency Space, OTFS)调制技术凭借对多普勒频移的优良抗性,保证了高动态场景下的可靠性通信。与大多数OTFS信号检测方案相比,基于深度学习(Deep Learning, DL)的OTFS检测器不需要耗费高额的导频能量,以此获得精确的信道状态信息。基于多维输入的卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Networks, CNN)和一维输入的深度神经网络(Deep Neural Networks, DNN),搭建了OTFS信号检测模型,并结合OTFS的输入输出关系,以模型驱动,提出一种部分输入方法。与数据驱动DL相比,该方法沿时延轴截断输入数据,仅向网络输入与待检测信号相关性强的部分接收信号。该方法不仅减小了数据驱动CNN和DNN的训练参数量,降低了训练复杂度,而且检测性能也不弱于传统的线性最小均方误差(Linear Minimum Mean Square Error, LMMSE)算法。展开更多
针对单导频结构的正交时频空(orthogonal time frequency and space,OTFS)调制系统接收信号特性,提出了一种基于时延-多普勒域的帧同步算法,该算法无须在发送信号中插入前导码,而是利用单导频OTFS帧结构特征,通过计算接收信号在时延-多...针对单导频结构的正交时频空(orthogonal time frequency and space,OTFS)调制系统接收信号特性,提出了一种基于时延-多普勒域的帧同步算法,该算法无须在发送信号中插入前导码,而是利用单导频OTFS帧结构特征,通过计算接收信号在时延-多普勒域的稀疏度并结合单导频位置的变化对帧同步位置进行判断。仿真实验结果表明,所提方案在高信噪比下有一定性能优势,且随着移动速度的增加,所提方案相较于对比方案的性能优势更加明显,因此,更适合应用于高速甚至超高速移动通信场景中。展开更多
针对正交时频空(Orthogonal Time Frequency Space,OTFS)通信系统信号检测复杂度高的问题,提出一种改进的高斯近似消息传递(Gaussian Approximate Message Passing,GA-MP)检测算法。依据最大后验概率检测准则,对发送信号及隐变量进行逐...针对正交时频空(Orthogonal Time Frequency Space,OTFS)通信系统信号检测复杂度高的问题,提出一种改进的高斯近似消息传递(Gaussian Approximate Message Passing,GA-MP)检测算法。依据最大后验概率检测准则,对发送信号及隐变量进行逐符号高斯近似,基于置信传播算法与联合因子图进行消息传递,用边缘后验概率替代GA-MP中的外部信息以减少运算量,结合阻尼因子提升收敛速度,同时引入概率阈值减少后续更新的节点数,从而使运算复杂度得到有效降低。实验结果表明,改进后的GA-MP算法在保证误码率性能的前提下具有更低的复杂度。展开更多
The orthogonal time frequency space(OTFS)modulation proposed in recent years is considered to have superior performance than orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)for the doubly selective(DS)channels.The wor...The orthogonal time frequency space(OTFS)modulation proposed in recent years is considered to have superior performance than orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)for the doubly selective(DS)channels.The works in the existing literature on OTFS mainly focus on the cases where the channels are underspread(i.e.,the product of the delay spread and the Doppler spread is less than 1).In the scenario of overspread DS channel,which has large delay spread and severe Doppler spread,such as underwater acoustic(UWA)channel,the channel model in delay-Doppler(DD)Domain derived by existing work is no longer applicable.In this paper,we derive a more generalized expression of the channel model in delay-Doppler domain,which allows the product of the delay spread and Doppler spread to be larger than1.The result shows that the existing channel model is just a special case of the one we proposed.Using the proposed channel matrix in DD domain,we build the OTFS detectors with the minimum mean square error(MMSE)and message passing(MP)algorithms on overspread doubly selective channel.Finally,simulation results are presented to verify the theoretical derivation and the effectiveness of the detectors.展开更多
A novel process was proposed for synergistic extraction and separation of valuable elements from high-alumina fly ash.A thermodynamic analysis revealed that to achieve effective carbochlorination,it is crucial to cond...A novel process was proposed for synergistic extraction and separation of valuable elements from high-alumina fly ash.A thermodynamic analysis revealed that to achieve effective carbochlorination,it is crucial to conduct carbochlorination of the fly ash within the temperature range from 700 to 1000℃.The experimental results demonstrated that under the optimal conditions,the carbochlorination efficiency for Al,Si,Ca,Ti,and Mg exceeded 81.18%,67.62%,58.87%,82.15%,and 59.53%,respectively.The XRD patterns indicated that Al and Si in the mullite phase(Al_(6)Si_(2)O_(13))were chlorinated during the carbochlorination process,resulting in the formation of mullite mesophases(Al_(4.75)Si_(1.25)O_(9.63) and Al_(1.83)Si_(1.08)O_(4.85)).After the carbochlorination process,Al was accumulated as AlCl_(3) in the condenser,while SiCl_(4) and TiCl_(4) were enriched in the exhaust gas,and CaCl_(2),MgCl_(2),and unreacted oxides remained in the residue for further recycling.展开更多
High concentrations of copper ions(Cu(Ⅱ)) in water will pose health risks to humans and the ecological environment. Therefore, this study aims to utilize ultrasonic-cured modified municipal solid waste incineration(M...High concentrations of copper ions(Cu(Ⅱ)) in water will pose health risks to humans and the ecological environment. Therefore, this study aims to utilize ultrasonic-cured modified municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI) fly ash for Cu(Ⅱ) adsorption to achieve the purpose of “treating waste by waste.” The effects of p H, adsorption time, initial concentration, and temperature on the modified MSWI fly ash’s adsorption efficiency were systematically studied in this article. The adsorption performance of the modified MSWI fly ash can be enhanced by the ultrasonic modification. At pH = 2, 3 and 4, the adsorption capacity of the modified MSWI fly ash for Cu(Ⅱ) increased by 2.7, 1.9 and 1.2 times, respectively. Furthermore, it was suggested that the adsorption process of the modified MSWI fly ash can be better simulated by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, with a maximum adsorption capacity calculated by the Langmuir model of 24.196 mg.g-1. Additionally, the adsorption process is spontaneous,endothermic, and chemisorption-dominated from the thermodynamic studies(ΔH and ΔS > 0, ΔG < 0).Finally, the enhanced adsorption performance of the modified MSWI fly ash for Cu(Ⅱ) may be attributed to electrostatic interaction and chelation effects.展开更多
Background Chitinase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes chitin,a major component of the exoskeleton of insects,including plant pests like whiteflies.The present study aimed to investigate the expression of chemically synthe...Background Chitinase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes chitin,a major component of the exoskeleton of insects,including plant pests like whiteflies.The present study aimed to investigate the expression of chemically synthesized barley ch1 and chi2 genes in cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.Fifty-five putative transgenic cotton plants were obtained,out of which fifteen plants successfully survived and were shifted to the field.Using gene-specific primers,amplification of 447 bp and 401 bp fragments confirmed the presence of the ch1 and chi2 genes in five transgenic cotton plants of the T0 generation.These five plants were further evalu-ated for their mRNA expression levels.The T0 transgenic cotton plants with the highest mRNA expression level and better yield performance in field,were selected to raise their subsequent progenies.Results The T1 cotton plants showed the highest mRNA expression levels of 3.5-fold in P10(2)for the ch1 gene and 3.7-fold in P2(1)for the chi2 gene.Fluorescent in situ hybridization(FISH)confirmed a single copy number of ch1 and chi2(hemizygous)on chromosome no.6.Furthermore,the efficacy of transgenes on whitefly was evaluated through an insect bioassay,where after 96 h of infestation,mortality rates of whitefly were calculated to be 78%–80%in transgenic cotton plants.The number of eggs on transgenic cotton plants were calculated to be 0.1%–0.12 per plant compared with the non-transgenic plants where egg number was calculated to be 0.90–1.00 per plant.Conclusion Based on these findings,it can be concluded that the chemically synthesized barley chitinase genes(ch1 and chi2)have the potential to be effective against insects with chitin exoskeletons,including whiteflies.The transgenic cotton plants expressing these genes showed increased resistance to whiteflies,resulting in reduced egg numbers and higher mortality rates.展开更多
The electricity demand is increasing rapidly with the development of society and technology.Coal-fired thermal power plants have become one of the primary sources of electricity generation for urbanization.However,coa...The electricity demand is increasing rapidly with the development of society and technology.Coal-fired thermal power plants have become one of the primary sources of electricity generation for urbanization.However,coal-fired thermal power plants produce a great amount of by-product coal fly ash every year.Coal fly ash disposal in landfills requires a sizable space and has negative environmental impacts.Therefore,it is crucial to develop new technologies and methods to utilize this enormous volume of solid waste in order to protect the environment.In this review,the fundamental physical and chemical character-istics of coal fly ash are introduced,and afterward the disposal policies and utilization ways of coal fly ash are discussed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the various ways this waste.The leaching of valuable metals in coal fly ash and the extraction of metal elements in leachate under different conditions are also summarized.Furthermore,the possibility of coal fly ash to serve as a supplementary source for mineral resources is analyzed,providing a basis for its extensive use as a raw material in the metal industry in China and worldwide.展开更多
This study aims to investigate the feasibility of using decoration waste powder(DWP)as a partial replacement for fly ash(FA)in the preparation of geopolymer masonry mortar,and to examine the effect of different DWP re...This study aims to investigate the feasibility of using decoration waste powder(DWP)as a partial replacement for fly ash(FA)in the preparation of geopolymer masonry mortar,and to examine the effect of different DWP replacement rates(0%-40%)on the fresh and mechanical properties of the mortar.The results showed that each group of geopolymer masonry mortar exhibited excellent water retention performance,with a water retention rate of 100%,which was due to the unique geopolymer mortar system and high viscosity of the alkaline activator solution.Compared to the control group,the flowability of the mortar containing lower contents of DWP(10%and 20%)was higher.However,as the DWP replacement rate further increased,the flowability gradually decreased.The DWP could absorb the free water in the reaction system of geopolymer mortar,thereby limiting the occurrence of geopolymerization reaction.The incorporation of DWP in the mortar resulted in a decrease in compressive strength compared to the mortar without DWP.However,even at a replacement rate of 40%,the compressive strength of the mortar still exceeded 15 MPa,which met the requirements of the masonry mortar.It was feasible to use DWP in the geopolymer masonry mortar.Although the addition of DWP caused some performance loss,it did not affect its usability.展开更多
文摘在未来的通信网络中,被广泛期待的第6代移动通信系统(The Sixth Generation of Mobile Communications System,6G)技术将面临诸多挑战,其中包括在高速移动场景下的超高可靠通信问题。正交时频空间(Orthogonal Time Frequency Space,OTFS)调制技术克服了传统通信系统在高速移动环境下多径和多普勒效应的影响,为实现6G超高可靠通信提供了新的可能性。该文首先介绍了OTFS的基本原理、数学模型、干扰与优势分析。然后,归纳分析了OTFS技术在同步、信道估计、信号检测技术上的研究现状。接着,从车联网、无人机、卫星通信、海洋通信4个典型应用场景分析了OTFS的应用趋势。最后,从降低多维匹配滤波器、相位解调和信道估计、硬件实现的复杂度和提高对时频资源的高度利用4个角度探讨了未来研究OTFS需要克服的困难和挑战。
文摘车联网(Vehicle to Everything,V2X)通信被认为是未来无线通信网络最重要的应用之一。然而,车辆在高速移动时引起的高多普勒频移会严重恶化V2X通信链路的性能。正交时频空(Orthogonal Time Frequency Space,OTFS)调制技术可以将时间和频率选择性信道转换为时延-多普勒(Delay-Doppler,DD)域的非选择性信道,从而显著提高无线通信系统在高移动性场景下的性能,在V2X通信中具有重要的应用价值。但OTFS调制技术极大地增加了系统接收端的复杂度,研究低复杂度信号检测算法成为了新一代无线通信系统采用OTFS调制的关键问题之一。为此,综述了面向车联网V2X通信的OTFS信号检测算法。首先介绍了OTFS系统模型,然后概述了现有的低复杂度OTFS信号检测算法,并将其分为线性检测算法、消息传递(Message Passing,MP)检测算法及其改进算法、基于神经网络的检测算法3类,最后探讨了V2X通信中OTFS信号检测目前所面临的技术挑战与未来的发展趋势。
文摘针对单导频结构的正交时频空(orthogonal time frequency and space,OTFS)调制系统接收信号特性,提出了一种基于时延-多普勒域的帧同步算法,该算法无须在发送信号中插入前导码,而是利用单导频OTFS帧结构特征,通过计算接收信号在时延-多普勒域的稀疏度并结合单导频位置的变化对帧同步位置进行判断。仿真实验结果表明,所提方案在高信噪比下有一定性能优势,且随着移动速度的增加,所提方案相较于对比方案的性能优势更加明显,因此,更适合应用于高速甚至超高速移动通信场景中。
文摘针对正交时频空(Orthogonal Time Frequency Space,OTFS)通信系统信号检测复杂度高的问题,提出一种改进的高斯近似消息传递(Gaussian Approximate Message Passing,GA-MP)检测算法。依据最大后验概率检测准则,对发送信号及隐变量进行逐符号高斯近似,基于置信传播算法与联合因子图进行消息传递,用边缘后验概率替代GA-MP中的外部信息以减少运算量,结合阻尼因子提升收敛速度,同时引入概率阈值减少后续更新的节点数,从而使运算复杂度得到有效降低。实验结果表明,改进后的GA-MP算法在保证误码率性能的前提下具有更低的复杂度。
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 62071504)State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers 62192712,62192711)+2 种基金Project of Science and Technology in Henan Province(grant numbers 222102210317,232102210078)Doctoral Research Foundation of Zhengzhou University of Light Industry(grant number 2021BSJJ030)Special Projects in Key Fields for General Universities of Guangdong Province(grant num 2021ZDZX1056)。
文摘The orthogonal time frequency space(OTFS)modulation proposed in recent years is considered to have superior performance than orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)for the doubly selective(DS)channels.The works in the existing literature on OTFS mainly focus on the cases where the channels are underspread(i.e.,the product of the delay spread and the Doppler spread is less than 1).In the scenario of overspread DS channel,which has large delay spread and severe Doppler spread,such as underwater acoustic(UWA)channel,the channel model in delay-Doppler(DD)Domain derived by existing work is no longer applicable.In this paper,we derive a more generalized expression of the channel model in delay-Doppler domain,which allows the product of the delay spread and Doppler spread to be larger than1.The result shows that the existing channel model is just a special case of the one we proposed.Using the proposed channel matrix in DD domain,we build the OTFS detectors with the minimum mean square error(MMSE)and message passing(MP)algorithms on overspread doubly selective channel.Finally,simulation results are presented to verify the theoretical derivation and the effectiveness of the detectors.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.52304364,U1710257)the financial support of the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2022YFB3504502)。
文摘A novel process was proposed for synergistic extraction and separation of valuable elements from high-alumina fly ash.A thermodynamic analysis revealed that to achieve effective carbochlorination,it is crucial to conduct carbochlorination of the fly ash within the temperature range from 700 to 1000℃.The experimental results demonstrated that under the optimal conditions,the carbochlorination efficiency for Al,Si,Ca,Ti,and Mg exceeded 81.18%,67.62%,58.87%,82.15%,and 59.53%,respectively.The XRD patterns indicated that Al and Si in the mullite phase(Al_(6)Si_(2)O_(13))were chlorinated during the carbochlorination process,resulting in the formation of mullite mesophases(Al_(4.75)Si_(1.25)O_(9.63) and Al_(1.83)Si_(1.08)O_(4.85)).After the carbochlorination process,Al was accumulated as AlCl_(3) in the condenser,while SiCl_(4) and TiCl_(4) were enriched in the exhaust gas,and CaCl_(2),MgCl_(2),and unreacted oxides remained in the residue for further recycling.
基金supported by the key program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52236008).
文摘High concentrations of copper ions(Cu(Ⅱ)) in water will pose health risks to humans and the ecological environment. Therefore, this study aims to utilize ultrasonic-cured modified municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI) fly ash for Cu(Ⅱ) adsorption to achieve the purpose of “treating waste by waste.” The effects of p H, adsorption time, initial concentration, and temperature on the modified MSWI fly ash’s adsorption efficiency were systematically studied in this article. The adsorption performance of the modified MSWI fly ash can be enhanced by the ultrasonic modification. At pH = 2, 3 and 4, the adsorption capacity of the modified MSWI fly ash for Cu(Ⅱ) increased by 2.7, 1.9 and 1.2 times, respectively. Furthermore, it was suggested that the adsorption process of the modified MSWI fly ash can be better simulated by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, with a maximum adsorption capacity calculated by the Langmuir model of 24.196 mg.g-1. Additionally, the adsorption process is spontaneous,endothermic, and chemisorption-dominated from the thermodynamic studies(ΔH and ΔS > 0, ΔG < 0).Finally, the enhanced adsorption performance of the modified MSWI fly ash for Cu(Ⅱ) may be attributed to electrostatic interaction and chelation effects.
文摘Background Chitinase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes chitin,a major component of the exoskeleton of insects,including plant pests like whiteflies.The present study aimed to investigate the expression of chemically synthesized barley ch1 and chi2 genes in cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.Fifty-five putative transgenic cotton plants were obtained,out of which fifteen plants successfully survived and were shifted to the field.Using gene-specific primers,amplification of 447 bp and 401 bp fragments confirmed the presence of the ch1 and chi2 genes in five transgenic cotton plants of the T0 generation.These five plants were further evalu-ated for their mRNA expression levels.The T0 transgenic cotton plants with the highest mRNA expression level and better yield performance in field,were selected to raise their subsequent progenies.Results The T1 cotton plants showed the highest mRNA expression levels of 3.5-fold in P10(2)for the ch1 gene and 3.7-fold in P2(1)for the chi2 gene.Fluorescent in situ hybridization(FISH)confirmed a single copy number of ch1 and chi2(hemizygous)on chromosome no.6.Furthermore,the efficacy of transgenes on whitefly was evaluated through an insect bioassay,where after 96 h of infestation,mortality rates of whitefly were calculated to be 78%–80%in transgenic cotton plants.The number of eggs on transgenic cotton plants were calculated to be 0.1%–0.12 per plant compared with the non-transgenic plants where egg number was calculated to be 0.90–1.00 per plant.Conclusion Based on these findings,it can be concluded that the chemically synthesized barley chitinase genes(ch1 and chi2)have the potential to be effective against insects with chitin exoskeletons,including whiteflies.The transgenic cotton plants expressing these genes showed increased resistance to whiteflies,resulting in reduced egg numbers and higher mortality rates.
基金supported by Major science and technology projects of Gansu Province(22ZD6GA008,22ZD6GA014)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52304368,52164034)+2 种基金Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province(Postdoctoral project at the station)(23JRRA781,23JRRA812)Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province(Special Project of Science and Technology Specialist)(23CXGA0068)The Tamarisk Outstanding Young Talents Program of Lanzhou University of Technology.The 74th batch of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Regional Special Support Program)(2023MD744218).
文摘The electricity demand is increasing rapidly with the development of society and technology.Coal-fired thermal power plants have become one of the primary sources of electricity generation for urbanization.However,coal-fired thermal power plants produce a great amount of by-product coal fly ash every year.Coal fly ash disposal in landfills requires a sizable space and has negative environmental impacts.Therefore,it is crucial to develop new technologies and methods to utilize this enormous volume of solid waste in order to protect the environment.In this review,the fundamental physical and chemical character-istics of coal fly ash are introduced,and afterward the disposal policies and utilization ways of coal fly ash are discussed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the various ways this waste.The leaching of valuable metals in coal fly ash and the extraction of metal elements in leachate under different conditions are also summarized.Furthermore,the possibility of coal fly ash to serve as a supplementary source for mineral resources is analyzed,providing a basis for its extensive use as a raw material in the metal industry in China and worldwide.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52008046)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program from JSAST(No.TJ-2023-024)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(No.KYCX21_2848)。
文摘This study aims to investigate the feasibility of using decoration waste powder(DWP)as a partial replacement for fly ash(FA)in the preparation of geopolymer masonry mortar,and to examine the effect of different DWP replacement rates(0%-40%)on the fresh and mechanical properties of the mortar.The results showed that each group of geopolymer masonry mortar exhibited excellent water retention performance,with a water retention rate of 100%,which was due to the unique geopolymer mortar system and high viscosity of the alkaline activator solution.Compared to the control group,the flowability of the mortar containing lower contents of DWP(10%and 20%)was higher.However,as the DWP replacement rate further increased,the flowability gradually decreased.The DWP could absorb the free water in the reaction system of geopolymer mortar,thereby limiting the occurrence of geopolymerization reaction.The incorporation of DWP in the mortar resulted in a decrease in compressive strength compared to the mortar without DWP.However,even at a replacement rate of 40%,the compressive strength of the mortar still exceeded 15 MPa,which met the requirements of the masonry mortar.It was feasible to use DWP in the geopolymer masonry mortar.Although the addition of DWP caused some performance loss,it did not affect its usability.
