Perianesthesia emergency repair of a cut endotracheal tube’s inflatable tube:A case report

BACKGROUND During the perianesthesia period,emergency situations threatening the life and safety of patients can occur at any time.When dealing with some emergencies,occasional confusion is inevitable.CASE SUMMARY This case report describes the rare situation wherein a surgeon inadvertently detached the inflatable tube of an endotracheal tube during a tonsillectomy,and positive pressure ventilation could not be provided.While reintubation may increase the risk of respiratory tract infection and aspiration,patients with a difficult airway might die due to apnea.The best treatment method is to optimize the damaged tracheal tube junction to avoid secondary intubation and ensure patient safety.An intravenous needle and cannula were used to repair the damaged gap in the current case.Following the repair,the anesthesia machine showed no indication of low tidal volume,and there was no deflation of the endotracheal tube cuff.Subsequently,the patient was transferred to the postanesthesia recovery room,and the tracheal tube was removed with satisfactory results.CONCLUSION Using an intravenous needle to repair a break in the inflatable tube surrounding an endotracheal tube is safe and reliable.

Novel Formula for Calculation of the Optimal Insertion Depth for Cuffed Endotracheal Tubes in Pediatric Major Surgery

Background: Accurate determination of the optimal insertion depth of a pediatric endotracheal tube (ETT) is quite important. The aim of this study was to create an easily available formula that can be used to determine the optimal insertion depth for a cuffed ETT even without depth marking with clear definitions of the upper and lower limits for the tip of ETT in the trachea in clinical practice. Methods: Eighty children under 12 years of age were enrolled. The depth marking of the cuffed ETT was placed at the vocal cords and both lungs were then auscultated using a stethoscope. The upper limit was radiographically defined as the position of the tip of the cuffed ETT being between the clavicles. The lower limit was defined as a distance of 5 mm above the carina. The relationship between the insertion depth and patient characteristics was analyzed to create a formula for optimal ETT insertion depth. Results: Sixty-nine ETTs were optimally placed in the trachea. There were good correlations between the optimal insertion depth of ETTs and patients characteristics (height (R = 0.92);BSA (R = 0.92);weight (R = 0.91);age (R = 0.88)). Using these patient characteristics, we created the following three formulas for calculation of the optimal insertion depth for pediatric cuffed ETTs: insertion depth (cm) = height (cm)/11 + 5.5, weight (kg)/3 + 9.5 or 11 + 3/4 × age (years). The rates of appropriate tube placement of both pediatric cuffed ETTs were 87.5% (Hi-Contour) and 85.0% (Microcuff). Conclusions: Our formula and graphs may be easy to determine the optimal insertion depth of cuffed ETT even without depth marking in clinical practice.

National Survey of Attitudes and Practices of Endotracheal Tube Management in Infants and Small Children in Japan

Background: Surveys of pediatric endotracheal tube (ETT) management previously reported that specialists in pediatric anesthesia and intensive care medicine preferred to use uncuffed ETTs for children younger than 8 to 10 years of age. The aim of this study was to reveal the most recent attitudes and clinical practices of pediatric ETT management in Japan. Methods: The attitudes and clinical practices of pediatric ETT management were investigated using the data sheets of each institution and each patient. The data sheets contained information on patient characteristics and type of hospital, surgical procedures, devices used for intubation, and ETT information including types, size, depth, intracuff pressure (ICP), interval of ICP measurement, laryngeal packing, ETT exchange, airway complications, and reintubations. Results: The response rate of this survey was 66.7%. More than half of children older than 2 years of age were intubated with cuffed ETTs;83.5% of cuffed ETTs were used with the cuffs inflated, and ICP was measured in 80.7% of cuffed ETTs. More than half of ICP measurements were only taken at the time of intubation. Post-extubation stridor was rarely observed in cuffed (0.4%) or uncuffed ETTs (1.2%). The pediatric ETT management questionnaire revealed age-based size selection, differences in pressure of air leakage between cuffed (15 - 20 cmH2O) and uncuffed ETTs (20 - 30 cmH2O) of different sizes, the depthmarking method of insertion length. Continuous measurement of ICP was not common. Conclusion: This study revealed widespread use of cuffed ETTs in children older than 2 years of age, rarely occurrence of post-extubation stridor, inflation of cuffs, and practice of ICP measurement.

Estimation of Endotracheal Tube Cuff Pressure in a Large Teaching Hospital in Ghana

Background: Maintenance of optimal Endotracheal Tube cuff Pressure (ETTcP) in anaesthetic practice reduces cuff pressure complications. Aneroid manometers for measurement of ETTcP are not widely available in Ghana, hence anaesthesia providers estimate ETTcP according to their experience. The study assessed ETTcP obtained from estimation techniques between anaesthesia providers at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH). It also evaluated the Volume of Air Required (VAR) to obtain an acceptable cuff inflation pressure for sizes 7.0 and 8.0 mm adult endotracheal tubes used at the hospital, and the effect of patient’s age, weight and height on this volume. Methods: Eighty-one patients who underwent general anaesthesia were recruited. ETTcP was measured using an aneroid manometer via a three-way tap. After full cuff deflation, the cuff was refilled with air until an ETTcP of 20 cm H2O was obtained. Independent t-test was used to measure the statistical variations in the ETTcP using estimation techniques in relation to recommended levels as well as the significant difference of mean VAR to obtain a cuff pressure of 20 cm H2O. Grouped t-test was used to determine significant differences in ETTcP between anaesthesia providers using estimation techniques. Results: Mean ETTcP obtained from estimation techniques was (61.87, 73.79) cm H2O. The mean ETTcP measured for Physician and Nurse Anaesthetists were 65.36 cm H20 and 69.52 cm H2O respectively. The mean VAR to achieve an ETTcP of 20 cm H2O for endotracheal tube sizes 7.0 mm and 8.0 mm were 3.90 ± 1.13 mls and 4.55 ± 0.95 mls respectively. Age and weight significantly influenced the VAR to achieve a cuff pressure of 20 cm H2O, however, height did not. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that cuff pressures obtained by estimation techniques were generally higher than the recommended average with no significant difference between anaesthesia providers. However, in the absence of an aneroid manometer, ETTcP of tube sizes 7.0 mm and 8.0 mm can be safely approximated to the recommended levels with predetermined inflation volumes.

Should We Pay More Attention to Endotracheal Tube Fixation during Anesthesia—Surveys from Chinese Anesthesiologists for Endotracheal Tube Fixation and Endotracheal Tube Displacement in 2014 and 2020

Background: Displacement of endotracheal tube (ETT) can result in endobronchial intubation and accidental extubation that severely threatens safety of surgical patients. However, few surveys have investigated intraoperative ETT displacement experienced by anesthesiologists. The objective of these surveys was to investigate ETT fixation method and ETT displacement during general anesthesia experienced by anesthesiologists in China in 2014 and 2020. Methods: A questionnaire was designed with twenty questions and randomly distributed to anesthesiologists in two survey methods. In 2014, we collected responses from anesthesiologists who participated in the 22nd annual meeting of the Chinese Society of Anesthesiology in a face-to-face setting;in 2020, anesthesiologists from twenty-eight provinces completed the questionnaire through an online questionnaire survey platform. Differences in the responses from the anesthesiologists in 2014 and 2020 were assessed with a chi-square test. Results: In total, 568 questionnaires were collected, of which 541 questionnaires were valid (valid response rate 95.2%). A majority of the respondents (65.6%) had experienced ETT displacement, and 4.3% of respondents had experienced serious complications due to ETT displacement. Three hundred and twenty-nine respondents (60.8%) fixed the ETT with adhesive tape in the shape of the letter X. A majority of respondents considered the influence of surgical site, body position (97.8% of all respondents), and age (77.1% of all respondents) on fixing the ETT. Adhesive tape was the most commonly used material to fix the ETT (90.4% of the respondents). Conclusion: During clinical anesthesia, a majority of anesthesiologists experienced ETT displacement that can result in serious consequences. Therefore, the management of ETT should be a priority during the operation.

Endotracheal Tube Displacement during Cardiac Surgery in Infants: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Its Incidence and Predictors

Introduction: With the traction on the trachea and intrathoracic manipulation during cardiac surgery, the position of the endotracheal tube (ETT) might be changed as compared to before surgery. Migration of the ETT during pediatric cardiac surgery is particularly problematic in infants. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, chest X-rays were taken in the operating room just before and after surgery. The position of the ETT among all infants under 1 year of age who underwent cardiac surgery between December 2017 to December 2019 was evaluated. The displacement of the ETT position was examined by measuring the position of the tube tip from the tracheal bifurcation on a chest X-ray, and the relationship between surgery-related factors (age, height, weight, sex, surgery time, cardiopulmonary bypass, tube size, use of tube cuff) was analyzed. Results: Eighty-eight of the 141 patients were enrolled. There was a significant proximal displacement of the ETT tip during cardiac surgery. The distance from the carina to the tube tip after surgery was long, on average 2.5 mm, compared to that before surgery (P = 0.013). Cephalad displacement of the ETT either ≥5 mm or ≥2.5 mm was found in 28 and in 38 out of 88 infants after surgery, respectively. After performing multivariate analysis, the use of un-cuffed ETT was the sole exploratory variable predictive of tube tip displacement (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.10 - 0.93 if ≥5 mm;and OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.08 - 0.75 if ≥2.5 mm displacement;P = 0.04 and 0.01, respectively). Conclusion: Proximal displacement of the ETT during cardiac surgery occurs more frequently in infants with un-cuffed ETT.

A Comparison of Five Adhesive Tapes for Securing Endotracheal Tube in a Manikin

Background: Adhesive tape is the common method for endotracheal tube (ETT) secured to prevent tube displacement and unplanned extubation in an anesthesia setting. However, it is unclear which tape is superior for ETT fixation among the various tapes used in clinical practice. This study examines the force required to move 2 cm ETT and extubate ETT from an intubation manikin with five different adhesive tapes. Methods: We orally intubated an adult intubation manikin with an inner-diameter 7.5 mm ETT, inflated the cuff to 20 cm H2O. Then we secured ETT with five different adhesive tapes (Transpore tapeTM, Urgosyval tape®, TransporeTM White tape, Multipore tape, DuraporeTM tape) in a conventional fixation method. A digital force gauge was connected to the ETT and pulled in a direction erected to the oral cavity. We measured the force required to move 2 cm ETT and extubate ETT (defined as 5 cm ETT displacement) from the manikin. Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance, with P < 0.05. Results: DuraporeTM tape had the largest average force of 2 cm displacement (58.9 ± 5.7N) (P < 0.05). The extubation force of DuraporeTM tape (59.7 ± 4.9N) was larger than Urgosyval® tape (40.4 ± 2.9N) (P < 0.05), TransporeTM tape (48.7 ± 5.1N) (P < 0.05), Transpore WhiteTM tape (48.7 ± 5.1N) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: DuraporeTM tape was superior to the other four tapes (TransporeTM tape, Urgosyval® tape, TransporeTM white tape, Multipore tape) in holding the ETT in place in the manikin.

A Comparison of the Best Place to Fix Endotracheal Tubes for Men and Women When Men and Women Are in the Same Height

Background: Comparison of the tracheal tube depth over the same body height of men and women based upon intubation depth markings. Methods: Kashan University of Medical Sciences ethics committee approved the study and written informed consent was taken for each patient. Patients undergoing surgery requiring general anesthesia with oro-tracheal intubation were included in a prospective observational study. After induction of general anesthesia, the endotracheal tube was secured at the point at which the cuff was just below the vocal cord on laryngoscopy. Results: In a statistical study of 682 intubated patients which consisted of 499 women and 183 men, 28 cases of laryngoscopic view grade III and IV were excluded from the study. The measurement markings on the ETT at the level of right corner of the mouth were 20.65 ± 0.13 and 18.52 ± 0.08 for men and women respectively (CI 95%). Patient’s height has a meaningful correlation with the measurement of the fixation point of the ETT. Pearson correlation coefficient between the securing point of the tube and height was 0.2 and 0.357 for men and women respectively. In most cases of men and women of the same height, Mann-Whitney U test rejected the hypothesis that the tube can be fixed in the particular point. Conclusions: In general, men are taller than women. Comparing the fixation depth of the tube, even when man and woman have the same body height, the endotracheal tube might be placed in a deeper level for men rather than women.

Evaluation and Management of Massive Endotracheal Hemorrhage in Pediatric Patients: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Massive hemoptysis is a frightening and life-threatening event in children. Prompt, aggressive evaluation and management are necessary. The most common cause of hemoptysis in a pediatric patient is infectious, but other various etiologies including tracheotomy related problems, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, congenital anomalies of the cardiopulmonary vasculature and suction trauma must be considered as well. Presented is a report of a case of acute, massive endotracheal hemorrhage with multiple methods of management including balloon tamponade, highly selective embolization, and mainstem occlusion. This case is an addition to our previously reported case series of nine pediatric patients with massive pulmonary hemorrhage. Various diagnostic and management techniques of hemoptyis in pediatric patients are discussed with an extensive review of the literature.

Inter-Professional-Compassionate pain management during endotracheal suctioning: a valuable lesson from a Chinese surgical intensive care unit

Objective:To compare the effects of a pain management program and routine suctioning methods on the level of pain presence and agitation in Chinese adults admitted to the intensive care unit.To disseminate the results from the implementation of the evidence-informed pain management interventions for reducing pain presence and agitation during endotracheal tube suctioning(ETS)and translate the key finding to clinical nursing practice.Methods:A quasi-experimental study of a two-group post-test design was conducted in adults admitted after surgery to a surgical intensive care unit(SICU)of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University,Yunnan,China in 2018.Fifty-two adults who met the study eligibility were included after consent,26 in each group.Patients in the control group received usual care while patients in the intervention group received interventions to reduce agitation and pain-related ETS.The impacts of the intervention on the level of pain presence and agitation were measured at 5 measuring time points using the Chinese versions of Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool(CPOT)and Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale(RASS).Results:The level of pain presence in the intervention group statistically significantly decreased during,immediately after,and 5 min after suctioning.The level of agitation in the intervention group significantly decreased during and immediately after suctioning.Conclusions:The findings provide support for the positive pain-relieving effects of the evidence-informed pain-related ETS management interventions when compared with the usual ETS practice.The study interventions were sufficiently effective and safe to maintain patent airway clean and patent as standardized suctioning and helps pain relief.So,evidence-based pain-related ETS management intervention is worthy of recommending to utilize in SICU patients as well as other patients who required suctioning.It is worth noting that integrating pre-emptive analgesia prescription and administration with non-pharmacological intervention plays a critical role in achieving pain relief.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Marked Suction Tubes vs. Plain Suction Tubes in Pediatric Mechanically Ventilated Patients

Introduction: Endotracheal suction plays a crucial role in the management of mechanically ventilated patients. This study aims to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety of suction tubes with markings in mechanically ventilated pediatric patients. Materials and Methods: A randomized assignment was carried out on a cohort of 52 pediatric patients who underwent mechanical ventilation in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, covering the period from January 2022 to December 2022. These patients were divided into two groups: an improved group (n = 26) utilizing marked suction tubes, and a regular group (n = 26) employing conventional suction tubes. The objective of our study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of marked suction tubes. Results: The effects of the improved group on the vital signs of children undergoing mechanical ventilation were small and statistically significant compared with the regular group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the improved group exhibited a reduced frequency of sputum suction, shorter mechanical ventilation duration, and fewer days of hospitalization in the PICU compared to the regular group during the ventilation period. Notably, the difference in the duration of PICU hospitalization was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Moreover, the incidence of adverse reactions in the improved group was notably lower, with statistically significant differences observed in airway mucous membrane damage and irritating cough when compared to the regular group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The utilization of marked suction tubes provides clinical nurses with clear guidance for performing suctioning with ease, efficiency and safety. Consequently, advocating for the widespread implementation of marked suction tubes in clinical practice is a commendable pursuit.

超声下胸膜滑动征在婴幼儿气管导管位置调整中的应用价值

目的探讨利用超声观察胸膜滑动征调整不同年龄段婴幼儿气管导管位置的准确率及所需时间。方法选取郑州大学第三附属医院240例气管插管全麻手术患儿,年龄0~3岁,按照年龄分为<1岁和≥1岁2个年龄段,2个年龄段患儿根据随机数字表法分为超声组和听诊组,分别采用超声法和听诊法调整气管导管的位置,分析2种方法调整气管导管位置的准确率及所需时间。结果<1岁年龄段中,超声组调整气管导管位置的准确率及调整所需时间均优于听诊组(P<0.05)。1~3岁年龄段中,超声组调整气管导管位置的准确率优于听诊组(P<0.05),但调整位置所需时间与听诊组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。超声组不良反应发生率低于听诊组(P=0.031)。结论在对婴幼儿进行气管插管时,超声法调整气管导管位置比听诊法更准确,不良反应发生率更低,且在<1岁年龄段的患儿中用时更短。

内镜喉罩对胃内镜黏膜下剥离术气道管理和术后恢复的影响

目的评价内镜喉罩用于胃内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)患者围术期气道管理和术后恢复的效果。方法选择择期行胃ESD的患者90例,男48例,女42例,年龄18~64岁,BMI 18~25 kg/m^(2),ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。将患者随机分为两组:内镜喉罩组(E组)和气管插管组(C组),每组45例。麻醉诱导后E组行内镜喉罩通气,消化内镜从喉罩的内镜通道置入;C组则采取气管内插管通气,消化内镜经口置入。记录插管情况(插管成功时间、插管一次性成功例数)、消化内镜置入情况(消化内镜置入时间和退镜例数)、手术时间、拔管时间以及PACU停留时间。记录入室时(T_(0))、置入喉罩或气管插管后即刻(T_(1))、消化内镜置入时(T_(2))、内镜退出时(T_(3))、拔除喉罩或气管导管后即刻(T_(4))、离开PACU时(T_(5))的HR、MAP。记录T_(1)—T_(3)时的平均气道压和气道峰压。记录E组改变体位前后、手术结束时的气道密封压和内窥镜显露分级(EVGS)。记录不良反应发生情况以及麻醉科医师和消化内镜医师的满意度。结果与T_(0)时比较,T_(1)、T_(4)时两组HR和MAP明显升高(P<0.05)。与C组比较,E组置入喉罩成功时间、拔除喉罩时间及PACU停留时间明显缩短,T_(1)、T_(4)时HR和MAP明显降低,围拔管期呛咳以及术后咽痛、声嘶发生率明显降低(P<0.05)。两组插管或置入喉罩一次性成功率、消化内镜置入时间和退镜率差异无统计学意义。E组内镜喉罩的密封性和对位良好。结论内镜喉罩可缩短胃ESD患者的人工气道建立成功时间,对消化内镜操作不造成干扰,缩短拔管时间和PACU停留时间,加快患者术后恢复。

双腔气管插管患者术后咽喉痛的危险因素分析

【目的】探讨拔管力等因素是否是双腔气管插管术后咽喉痛的危险因素。【方法】这是一项随机对照试验的事后分析。本研究收集18~65岁,ASAI-Ⅲ级的双腔气管插管患者围术期资料,记录性别、年龄、吸烟史、导管直径、导管留置时间、舒芬太尼用量、是否使用氟比洛芬酯、是否拔管时呛咳等。拔管时使用测力计测量拔除导管所需的力。根据术后是否发生咽喉痛分为咽喉痛组和无咽喉痛组。对两组资料进行组间比较和多因素logistic回归分析,筛选术后咽喉痛的危险因素。使用ROC曲线预测危险因素的预测效应。【结果】最终纳入163例患者,拔管后30 min有74例(45.4%)患者发生术后咽喉痛,89例(54.6%)患者未发生术后咽喉痛。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示女性[OR95%CI=3.83(1.73,8.50),P=0.0001]和拔管力增大[OR95%CI=1.78(1.45,2.20),P<0.001]是术后咽喉痛的独立危险因素。拔管力预测术后咽喉痛的AUC曲线为0.773[95%CI(0.701,0.846),P<0.001];当约登指数为0.447时,拔管力的最佳临界点是13N。【结论】女性和拔管力是双腔气管插管全身麻醉术后咽喉痛的独立危险因素。

气管导管套囊不同放气方式对拔管期呛咳反应及血流动力学的影响

目的 探讨气管导管套囊不同放气方式对拔管期呛咳反应及血流动力学的影响。方法 选取90例择期气管插管全身麻醉手术患者作为研究对象,随机分为研究组和对照组,每组45例。研究组将气管导管套囊的气囊端经三通分别连接注射器和无液压力计,拔管前抽吸套囊,使套囊内压下降3 cmH_(2)O/s;对照组拔管时使用注射器一次性快速抽尽套囊内气体。记录2组患者拔管期呛咳反应发生率及严重程度,记录全麻诱导前(T_(0))、套囊放气前(T_(1))、放气后即刻(T_(2))、拔管后1 min(T_(3))、拔管后3 min(T_(4))、拔管后5 min(T_(5))时点的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR),并记录2组患者不良反应发生情况。结果 2组患者拔管期呛咳反应的起始时刻均为气管导管套囊放气即刻;研究组患者呛咳反应发生率和严重程度均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,研究组T_(2)~T_(4)时点MAP降低,T_(2)~T_(5)时点HR降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组拔管后咽部不适发生率为6.67%,低于对照组的26.67%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);2组拔管后通气不足发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 以恒定速度缓慢降低气管导管套囊压力的方法可以降低呛咳发生率和严重程度,减少术后拔管并发症,稳定血流动力学,效果优于一次性快速抽尽套囊内气体法。

支气管封堵对胸腔镜肺大疱切除手术患者血气分析及血流动力学的影响

目的:探讨支气管封堵器对胸腔镜肺大疱切除术患者血气分析及血流动力学的影响。方法:选取2020年4月—2022年4月贵州省贵阳市花溪区人民医院收治的60例胸腔镜肺大疱切除手术患者,采用随机数字表法分为对照组与观察组各30例。对照组术中采用双腔支气管导管,观察组术中采用支气管封堵器。比较两组手术视野、血气分析、血流动力学、并发症发生情况。结果:两组手术视野、并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);插管前,两组动脉血氧分压(Pao2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCo2)、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);插管后,观察组Pao2高于对照组,PaCo2、HR、MAP低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:支气管封堵能够有效改善胸腔镜肺大疱切除术手术视野,患者的血气指标、血流动力学指标优于双腔支气管导管,安全性较好。

Improvised technique for measuring tracheal tube cuff pressure

We agree with the editorial published by Feng et al concerning the insufficient routine monitoring of tracheal tube cuff pressure(TTCP) by anesthesiologists, and propose an improvised technique that can facilitate and promote such routine monitoring by intensive care staff who attend to patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Insufficient monitoring of tracheal cuff pressure has also been documented for intensive care unit nurses. Measurements of cuff pressure are beneficial when used in management of air leakage around an endotracheal tube, and can be easily obtained with the aid of a personalized and simple technique performed using materials that are readily available in all hospitals. Other investigators have previously demonstrated the usefulness of employing an improvised technique. We considered that possible disadvantages are similar to those encountered when using standardized equipment. With our improvised technique, we seek to promote among the nursing staff the determination of the TTCP in intubated patients to reduce the risk of related medical complications.

重症超声评估流程在机械通气撤机拔管中的应用价值

目的探讨重症超声评估流程在机械通气撤机拔管中的应用价值。方法选取2021年1至10月于英德市人民医院重症医学科(ICU)采用机械通气的208例患者作为研究对象,按时间段将其分为对照组102例与研究组106例,其中2021年1至5月患者作为对照组,2021年6至10月患者作为研究组。对照组经治疗在撤离呼吸机拔除气管插管前,根据主管医生对患者体格检查、影像学及实验室检查结果评估,决定是否拔管。研究组在对照组的基础上,采用自行设计程序化重症超声评估流程,对机械通气患者心功能、肺部影像状况、膈肌功能及吞咽功能量化评估,决定是否拔管。比较两组患者机械通气时间、ICU平均住院时间、ICU气管插管拔管后48 h内再插管率、ICU转出后48 h内重返率。结果研究组患者的机械通气时间和ICU平均住院时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组患者的ICU气管插管拔管后48 h内再插管率和ICU转出后48 h内重返率均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论自行设计程序化重症超声评估流程决定是否拔出气管插管,能缩短患者机械通气时间和ICU平均住院时间,降低ICU气管插管拔管后48 h内再插管率和ICU转出后48 h内重返率。

一种新型气管套管系带的设计与应用

气管套管的固定是避免管路移位或者脱落的重要措施。本研究设计一种实用新型气管套管系带,其固定操作简单,能有效预防套管本体在使用过程中滑脱,且固定棉垫和活动棉垫轻薄透气、可拆卸清洗或更换,有助于减轻患者不适感。

人工气道气囊管理预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的研究进展

通过回顾国内外人工气道气囊管理在预防呼吸机相关性肺炎方面的相关指南和文献,从最佳气囊压力的维持、气囊工艺的改进、气囊测压方法、气囊测压时机以及气囊上滞留物的清除5个方面进行综述,旨在规范医护人员人工气道气囊管理行为,减少呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生,为进一步制定合理的防治措施提供参考依据和研究方向。