UV-B irradiation enhances the accumulation of beneficial glucosinolates induced by melatonin in Chinese kale sprout

Cruciferous sprout is a new form of vegetable product rich in bioactive compounds,especially glucosinolates.Previous studies have focused on increasing the accumulation of glucosinolates in cruciferous sprouts by applying different chemical regulators,with a particular focus on their contribution to nutritional quality and health benefits.Nevertheless,the effects of melatonin and UV-B irradiation on glucosinolate biosynthesis remain unclear.In this study,it was found that changes in melatonin concentrations significantly affected the contents of individual as well as total aliphatic and indolic glucosinolates.The 5μmol·L^(-1)melatonin was decided as the optimum concentration that could increase the content of beneficial glucosinolates including glucoraphanin and 4-methoxy glucobrassicin in Chinese kale sprouts.Notably,the enhancement of glucosinolate accumulation by melatonin treatment could be further amplified by UV-B irradiation.Furthermore,our results showed that R2R3-MYB transcription factor BoaMYB28 and BoaMYB51,which are central regulators of aliphatic and indolic glucosinolate biosynthesis respectively,were both involved in the regulation of glucosinolate biosynthesis by melatonin and UV-B irradiation.Additionally,the expression of glucosinolate biosynthetic genes,including BoaCYP79F1,BoaCYP83A1,BoaSUR1,BoaUGT74B1,BoaCYP79B2,BoaCYP79B3,and BoaCYP83B1 participated in the formation of core structures and BoaFMOGS-OX5,BoaAOP2,BoaCYP81F2,and BoaIGMT1 involved in the sidechain modification of aliphatic and indolic glucosinolate,was regulated by melatonin or UV-B irradiation.Taken together,these findings provide a potential strategy for improving the nutritional quality and resistance of Chinese kale sprouts.

Comparative study of the effects of Tartary buckwheat seed and sprout consumption on the physiological indices and gut microbiota of C57BL/6J mice

Tartary buckwheat(Fagopyrum tataricum)is a well-known pseudocereal for its health and economic value.However,abundant antinutritional factors(ANFs)reduces its health benefits.As reported,germination can improve the nutritional profile of grains.In this study,we systematically evaluate the safety of Tartary buckwheat seeds(TB)and Tartary buckwheat sprouts(TBS)used as high active ingredients.After evaluating nutrition levels,bioactive compounds and ANFs in TBS during germinating,5^(th)-day TBS were selected as the raw material.C57BL/6J mice were gavaged daily with distilled water,TB,or TBS for 6 weeks.The physiological indices related to ANFs were determined.Results showed that the TB intake tends to generate negative effects on the gut microbiota,and organs.Additionally,upon TB intake,the Fe^(3+)content in serum,trypsin activity in pancreas and jejunum decreased,while the cytokine,IgE,and histamine levels in serum,water content in faeces,cytokine levels in liver and jejunum increased.Conversely,TBS did not induce any obvious negative effects on the above relevant indices and showed better lipid-lowering effect.Altogether,TBS are safer and more effective as a raw material to produce the functional food for long-term consumption with the intention of preventing and treating hyperlipidaemia.

Effect of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) on Growth, Mineral Composition, and Nutritional Value of Wheat & Lentil Sprouts

Sprouts are ready-to-eat and are recognized worldwide as functional components of the human diet.Recent advances in innovative agricultural techniques could enable an increase in the production of healthy food.The use of light-emitting diode(LED)in indoor agricultural production could alter the biological feedback loop,increasing the functional benefits of plant foods such as wheat and lentil sprouts and promoting the bioavailability of nutrients.The effects of white(W),red(R),and blue(B)light were investigated on the growth parameters and nutritional value of wheat and lentil sprouts.In the laboratory,seeds were sown under three different LED treat-ments:white,red,and blue light,while normal incandescent light served as a control.Percentage seed germina-tion improved by 18.34%and 12.67%for wheat and 18.34%and 12.67%for lentil sprouts under LED treatments R and B,respectively.An increase in total soluble protein and sugar by 33.4%and 9.23%in wheat and by 31.5%and 5.87%in lentils was observed under the R LED treatment.Vitamin C concentrations in wheat and lentils were significantly increased by R LED compared to all other treatments.Other parameters,including potassium and sodium concentrations,were significantly increased under red and blue light compared to the control;white light,on the other hand,significantly decreased all these parameters.According to the experimental data,red and blue LED light could be beneficial in the production of functional wheat and lentil sprouts with high nutrient concentrations.

Transcriptomics integrated with metabolomics reveals the mechanism of CaCl_(2)-HCl electrolyzed water-induced glucosinolate biosynthesis in broccoli sprouts

Glucosinolates are important phytochemicals in Brassicaceae.We investigated the effect of CaCl_(2)-HCl electrolyzed water(CHEW)on glucosinolates biosynthesis in broccoli sprouts.The results showed that CHEW treatment significantly decreased reactive oxygen species(ROS)and malondialdeh yde(MDA)contents in broccoli sprouts.On the the 8^(th)day,compared to tap water treatment,the the total glucosinolate content of broccoli sprouts with CHEW treatment increased by 10.6%and calcium content was dramatically enhanced from 14.4 mg/g DW to 22.7 mg/g DW.Comparative transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed that CHEW treatment activated ROS and calcium signaling transduction pathways in broccoli sprouts and they interacted through MAPK cascades.Besides,CHEW treatment not only promoted the biosynthesis of amino acids,but also enhanced the expression of structural genes in glucosinolate synthesis through transcription factors(MYBs,bHLHs,WRKYs,etc.).The results of this study provided new insights into the regulatory network of glucosinolates biosynthesis in broccoli sprouts under CHEW treatment.

Regulation of the growth of sprouting roots of black locust seedlings using root barrier panels

How can we regulate an invasive alien species of high commercial value?Black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)has a unique capacity for seed dispersal and high germination.Field surveys indicate that black locust increases its growing area with sprouting roots and the elongation of horizontal roots at a soil depth of 10 cm.Therefore,a method to regulate the development of horizontal roots could be eff ective in slowing the invasiveness of black locust.In this study,root barrier panels were tested to inhibit the growth of horizontal roots.Since it is labor intensive to observe the growth of roots in the fi eld,it was investigated in a nursery setting.The decrease in secondary fl ush,an increase in yellowed leafl ets,and the height in the seedlings were measured.Installing root barrier panels to a depth of 30 cm eff ectively inhibit the growth of horizontal roots of young black locust.

Identification of KASP markers and putative genes for pre-harvest sprouting resistance in common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

Common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is the most important crop in the world and a typical allopolyploid with a large and complex genome.Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)leads to a significant reduction in grain quality worldwide.PHS is a complex trait with related QTL located on different chromosomes.However,the study of markers and genes related to PHS resistance is limited especially for whitegrained wheat.Four pairs of near isogenic lines(NILs)from a white-grained wheat cross of Chara
DM5637B*8 targeting a major QTL for PHS resistance(Qphs.ccsu-3A.1)on wheat chromosme 3AL were genotyped using the 90K SNP Illumina iSelect array.Ten SNPs were identified,with a 75%-100%consistency between genotype and phenotype in the resistant or susceptible isolines.The 10 SNPs were converted to cost-effective kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP)markers.Screening of 48 wheat cultivars with different phenotypes of PHS identified four KASP markers with 81.3%-85.4%conformity between genotype and phenotype.Further investigation revealed that the four SNPs(BS00022245_51,Kukri_c49927_151,BS00022884_51 and BS00110550_51)corresponding to the four validated KASP markers are residing in three independent genes(TraesCS3A03G1072800,TraesCS3A03G1072400,TraesCS3A03G1071800)close to each other with a distance of 4.28-4.48 Mb to the targeted QTL.These three annotated genes have potential functions related to PHS resistance.Our study revealed that combined use of NILs and the 90K SNP chip is a powerful approach for developing KASP markers and mining functional genes in wheat.The KASP markers for PHS resistance on chromosome 3AL are useful for high-throughput evaluation and marker-assisted selection,and the three identified genes could lead to a better understanding of the genetic pathways controlling PHS.

QTL mapping for pre-harvest sprouting in a recombinant inbred line population of elite wheat varieties Zhongmai 578 and Jimai 22

Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)is one of the serious global issues in wheat production.Identification of quantitative trait loci(QTL)and closely-linked markers is greatly helpful for wheat improvement.In the present study,a recombinant inbred line(RIL)population derived from the cross of Zhongmai 578(ZM578)/Jimai 22(JM22)and parents were phenotyped in five environments and genotyped by the wheat 50 K single-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)array.Two QTL of germination index(GI),QGI.caas-3A and QGI.caas-5A,were detected,explaining 4.33%–5.58%and 4.43%–8.02%of the phenotypic variances,respectively.The resistant effect of QGI.caas-3A was contributed by JM22,whereas that of QGI.caas.5A was from ZM578.The two QTL did not correspond to any previously identified genes or genetic loci for PHSrelated traits according to their locations in the Chinese Spring reference genome,indicating that they are likely to be new loci for PHS resistance.Four kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP)markers K_AX-109605367and K_AX-179559687 flanking QGI.caas-3A,and K_AX-111258240 and K_AX-109402944flanking QGI.caas-5A,were developed and validated in a natural population of 100 wheat cultivars.The distribution frequency of resistance alleles at Qphs.caas-3A and Qphs.caas-5A loci were 82.7%and57.1%,respectively,in the natural population.These findings provide new QTL and tightly linked KASP markers for improvement of PHS resistance in wheat.

Evaluation of Pre-Harvest Sprouting(PHS)Resistance and Screening of High-Quality Varieties from Thirty-Seven Quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)Resources in Chengdu Plain

Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)will have a serious effect both on the yield and quality of quinoa(Chenopodium quinoaWilld.).It is crucial to select and breed quinoa varieties with PHS resistance and excellent agronomic traits for guidance production and utilization of quinoa.A comprehensive evaluation of the PHS resistance and agronomic traits of 37 species of quinoa resources was conducted in Chengdu Plain.The evaluation used various methods,including grain germination rate(GR),grain germination index(GI),total spike germination rate(SR),total grain germination index(SI),grey correlation analysis(GCA),cluster analysis and correlation analysis.Results showed significant differences in PHS resistance and agronomic traits amongst the 37 quinoa resources.CDU-23 was most resistant to PHS within 24 h,with a germination rate of 2.67%and 0%according to the GR and SR results,respectively.However,in the same time,CDU-31 showed the maximum susceptibility to PHS based on the SR of 31.07%,while CDU-34 was the most sensitive to PHS according to the GR of 100%.The comprehensive evaluation identified one and nine kinds of high resistance species for grain and whole spike germination,respectively.In both cases,the coefficients of variation(CV)for these parameters were 34.78%and 82.13%,respectively.GCA results showed that the magnitude of the association between each trait and yield in the thirty-seven quinoa resources was in the following order:thousand grain weight>seed length>seed area>seed width.Although the seed weight of CDU-18 reached 3.7010 g,the seed weight of CDU-5 was only 1.6030 g.However,the size of the seeds,their width and area did not correlate with their 1000-grain weight.There was a complex correlation between PHS resistance index and agronomic traits.Based on clustering analysis,thirty-seven quinoa resources were classified into three taxa.It was found that various taxa differed in PHS resistance and agronomic traits.Several comparisons of the aggregated data led to the selection of five varieties of quinoa,of which CDU-2 presented excellent agronomic qualities and strong PHS resistance.This study has provided a reference for breeding excellent quinoa varieties with PHS resistance.

云南松苗木萌枝能力对截干高度的响应

【目的】探讨截干高度对云南松苗木萌枝能力的影响,为采穗圃穗条生产和适宜截干高度的确定提供技术支撑。【方法】以1年生云南松播种苗为试验材料,采用单因素完全随机区组试验,设置截干高度(即留桩高度)5,10和15 cm 3个处理,以不截干为对照,截干后每月测定萌枝数量和萌枝生长量,年底测算萌枝保存率和母株保存率,分析不同截干高度下萌枝数量和萌枝生长量的变化进程及累积数量的变化规律,并结合萌枝和母株保存率,探讨萌枝能力对截干高度的响应规律。【结果】不同截干高度萌枝发生的进程有所差异,截干高度5 cm萌枝数量速生期开始最早(截干后15 d)、持续时间最短(22 d),而截干高度10 cm萌枝数量速生期开始最晚(截干后22 d)、持续时间最长(39 d);净萌枝数量增加集中在截干后1~2个月的速生期内,占理论极值的57.51%~58.55%;不同截干高度的净萌枝数量和累积萌枝数量在生长前期、速生期、生长后期均表现为截干高度5 cm<截干高度10 cm<截干高度15 cm;截干高度5,10和15 cm的平均单株累积萌枝数量分别为12.82,19.72和22.71枝/株,不同处理间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。不同截干高度云南松苗木的萌枝平均生长量积累过程呈现“慢-快-慢”的节律,截干高度5,10和15 cm的萌枝生长量分别为6.094,5.486和7.868 cm,处理间无显著差异(P>0.05);云南松萌枝生长量增加集中在截干处理后1~3个月,占总萌枝生长量的70%以上。截干高度5,10和15 cm的萌枝存活率分别为86.14%,76.26%和63.48%,不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05);母株保存率分别为95.83%,100%和100%,不同处理间无显著差异(P>0.05)。综合来看,截干高度5 cm的萌枝数量少,但存活率最高;截干高度10 cm的萌枝数量多,且存活率较高;截干高度15 cm的萌枝数量多,但存活率最低。【结论】截干高度10 cm的处理既利于枝条萌发和萌枝生长,又具有较高的萌枝存活率,可较好权衡萌枝数量、生长量和存活率之间的关系,因此确定其为最有利于萌枝潜力发挥的适宜留桩高度。

响应面法优化藜麦代餐粉工艺

以催芽藜麦粉、木糖醇、黑芝麻粉、脱脂奶粉为原料,以上述原料所占质量百分比及感官评价为指标进行单因素对照试验。在单因素试验的基础上,选取催芽藜麦粉用量为6.40 g,木糖醇用量为6.99 g,脱脂奶粉用量为10.36 g,羧甲基纤维素钠用量0.80 g,黑芝麻粉用量4.00 g作为优化因素进行响应面法分析,结果表明,各因素对结果的影响排序为催芽藜麦粉>木糖醇>脱脂奶粉。

考虑应力梯度的缺口疲劳分散性研究

针对缺口部位的微观结构及尺寸导致的疲劳分散差异较大的问题,为准确预测缺口件的疲劳分散性,以矩形截面缺口件为例,采用宏观Chaboche循环塑性本构模型与细观晶体循环塑性本构模型相结合的有限元子模型方法,并考虑缺口效应,提出了以应力梯度影响因子、等效应力与纵向应变为变量的统计标准差作为疲劳指示因子FIP_(notch)。在不同位移载荷、位移载荷比和缺口直径大小情况下将疲劳指示因子FIP_(notch)与经典的Fatemi-Socie疲劳指示因子FIP FS进行疲劳分散性的比较与分析。结果表明:疲劳指示因子FIP_(notch)均能很好地预测不同位移载荷、位移载荷比和缺口直径下的缺口疲劳分散性,且比经典的FIP FS方法有更高的精度与适用性。

低氧联合酸胁迫红小豆/绿豆萌发富集GABA及富含GABA芽豆复配米饭的工艺优化

为了研究低氧联合酸胁迫对红小豆和绿豆GABA富集的作用,采用单因素对萌发时间、萌发温度、低氧时间和L-谷氨酸浓度进行考察,在确定高GABA芽豆的胁迫条件基础上,将富含GABA红小豆、绿豆与大米进行复配,利用D-混料设计优化芽豆米饭配方工艺。结果显示,低氧联合酸胁迫对红小豆、绿豆富集GABA有积极促进作用,在萌发时间48 h、萌发温度40℃、低氧时间15 h和L-谷氨酸浓度2.5 mg/mL条件下,萌发红小豆中GABA高达158.32±3.24 mg/100 g。绿豆胁迫条件为萌发时间24 h、萌发温度35℃、低氧时间15 h和L-谷氨酸浓度2.5 mg/mL时,其中GABA含量最高为141.57±4.35 mg/100 g。在此基础上,通过D-混料设计优化确定了复配芽豆米饭的最佳配方为:大米76%、萌发绿豆11%、萌发红小豆13%,此条件下,芽豆米饭GABA含量为23.73±1.03 mg/100 g,感官评分均值为88.76±2.47,制得的芽豆米饭口感、色泽、香味均在可接受范围内,且积累了GABA活性成分,提升了芽豆米饭的营养及功能特性,为进一步开发杂粮复配米饭提供理论参考。

基质对大豆芽苗菜生物学性状的影响与评价

为筛选适宜种植大豆芽苗菜的最佳基质,本研究以大豆品种中品661为材料,以草炭、蛭石、珍珠岩3种基质的单基质以及复配基质作为栽培基质,从而评价不同基质对大豆芽苗菜生物学性状的影响。结果表明:草炭基质(D2)栽培大豆芽苗菜,地上部鲜重显著高于园土(Y)栽培29.44%;可溶性蛋白含量显著高于园土(Y)栽培10.16%;脯氨酸含量显著高于园土(Y)栽培262.50%。而草炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=1∶1∶1(F2)基质栽培的大豆芽苗菜地上部含水量显著高于园土(Y)栽培5.47%,有利于提高芽苗菜的口感及柔嫩度。综上,草炭栽培基质(D2)是大豆芽苗菜最理想的栽培基质。

基于微根管图像的作物根系分割和表型信息提取

微根管法采集的作物根系图像具有复杂的土壤背景和较小的根系占比,当深度学习的感受野较小或多尺度特征融合不充分时,会导致根系边缘处的像素被错分为土壤。同时,微根管法的图像采集周期长且在初期很难采集到大量有效样本,限制了根系提取模型的快速部署。为提升根系表型测算精度和优化提取模型部署策略,该研究设计了一种原位自动根系成像系统以实时获取作物的微根管图像,构建全尺度跳跃特征融合机制,使用感受野丰富的U^(2)-Net模型对微根管图像中的根系像素进行有效分类。结合数据增强以及迁移学习微调训练,实现对目标种类根系提取模型的快速部署。试验结果表明,使用加入全尺度跳跃特征融合机制的改进U^(2)-Net模型对蒜苗根系分割的F1得分和交并比IoU分别为86.54%和76.28%,相比改进前、U-Net、SegNet和DeeplabV3+_Resnet50模型,F1得分分别提高0.66、5.51、8.67和2.84个百分点;交并比分别提高1.02、8.18、12.52和4.31个百分点。迁移学习微调训练相比混合训练,模型的F1得分和交并比分别提高了2.89和4.45个百分点。改进U^(2)-Net模型分割图像的根系长度、面积和平均直径与手动标注结果的决定系数R^(2)分别为0.965、0.966、0.830。研究结果可为提升基于微根管图像的根系表型测算精度和根系提取模型的快速部署提供参考。

芽豆专用品种牡小粒豆1号的选育

牡小粒豆1号是黑龙江省农业科学院牡丹江分院2011年利用60Coγ射线诱变处理育成的优质高产专用型芽豆新品种。2017—2018年牡小粒豆1号参加黑龙江省特用组自布点区域试验,2年平均产量为3245.0 kg/hm^(2),较对照品种绥小粒豆2号增产8.5%。2018年参加黑龙江省特用组自布点生产试验,平均产量为3260.0 kg/hm^(2),较对照品种绥小粒豆2号增产8.0%。该品种抗倒伏、抗灰斑病、高产优质、适应性广,平均蛋白质含量为39.15%,平均脂肪含量为21.62%,属高油芽豆品种,适宜黑龙江省第二积温带种植。2019年通过黑龙江省农作物品种审定委员会审定,审定编号为黑审豆20190054。

译者伦理的“四端”说阐释

为探寻中国传统文化与译者伦理研究相结合的可能性,以孟子“四端”说为基本的阐释框架,讨论“仁义礼智”与译者伦理建构的内在契合性。“仁义礼智”作为一个相互关联的整体,共同构成了译者伦理的基本内涵,即:“仁”是译者伦理的依归,“义”是译者伦理的适切,“礼”是译者伦理的显形,“智”是译者伦理的评判。“仁义礼智”指向的译者伦理是一个互为解释和补充的关联系统,它们共同构成了译者实施翻译行为的伦理性要求。以“四端”说为阐释框架研究译者伦理问题是一种“返本开新”的思想传承与理念创新,可为译者伦理的思想建构提供独特的分析视角与可供借鉴的研究思路。

不同波长LEDs光源对苦荞芽菜生长、生物活性物积累及抗氧化活性的影响

为探究不同波长LEDs光源对苦荞芽菜生长的影响,本研究以黑暗(D)作对照,采用单色红(R)、蓝(B)、绿(G)光源培养苦荞芽菜,收获后分别测定其形态指标、生物活性物积累量、类黄酮合成关键基因表达量及抗氧化活性指标,结果表明:B处理的苦荞芽菜下胚轴呈深红色,伸长生长受到强烈抑制,花青素、总黄酮及总酚积累量均最高,分别是D的7.18、2.96和2.49倍;R处理的下胚轴呈浅粉色,上述3种生物活性物积累量分别是对照的2.56、1.68和1.40倍;G处理的下胚轴伸长与R相似,外观呈透明白色,生物活性物积累量与对照无显著差异。B和R均强烈诱导类黄酮生物合成通路上关键结构基因表达,显著增加苦荞芽菜下胚轴抗氧化活性。此外,各单色光处理均未显著影响苦荞芽菜可食用部位的鲜重。由此可见,红、蓝LEDs光源可显著影响苦荞芽菜形态生长,并增加其生物活性物积累及抗氧化能力,以蓝光最佳。

作为伟大发明的纸币:中国古代货币发展的“早熟而又不成熟”(之二)

在世界货币史上,中国人发明的纸币是一项具有历史意义的重大发明。不过中国的传统纸币,无论是两宋官方发行的交子、会子,以及元明时期发行的宝钞,还是民间发行的银票、钱票,均未发展成为现代货币。因此,中国纸币的发展特点可称为“早熟而又不成熟”。虽然中国纸币存在“不成熟”的一面,但其兴起和流通却对西亚和欧洲纸币的出现起到了促进作用,从而具备了世界影响。

基于电子鼻和气质联用分析萌芽大蒜挥发性物质差异

为探究萌芽期大蒜挥发性物质的差异,采用电子鼻、捕集阱顶空-气质联用仪(Trap head space-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-Trap-GC-MS)结合正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)、香气活度值、差异性热图、相关性分析分析大蒜萌芽在0、24、48、72、96 h挥发性物质的差异。电子鼻结合OPLS-DA建立预测模型其预测能力达96.00%。GC-MS分析表明:含硫化合物是不同萌芽期大蒜的主要共有挥发性物质,含硫化合物的相对含量随萌芽时间的延长而呈递减趋势,而种类呈现出递增趋势;二烯丙基二硫醚是样品在萌芽过程中含量降低最多的物质。二烯丙基四硫醚、烯丙硫醇是样品共有关键化合物。差异性热图分析显示:除共有物质含量差异外,硫化丙烯、己醛、叠氮二羧酸二叔丁酯、丙烯醇、6-甲基-2-庚炔、5-甲基噻二唑、2-亚乙基-1,3-二硫烷、2-丙-2-炔基磺酰基丙烷、2,5-二甲基噻吩、2,5-二甲基呋喃、1-戊烯-3-醇、1,3-二噻烷的缺失进一步加大了未萌芽和萌芽大蒜气味的差异。萌芽大蒜主要共有挥发性物质的种类随萌芽时间的延长呈现递增趋势。大蒜主要挥发性物质与电子鼻大多数传感器存在显著相关性。大蒜的气味强度会随萌芽时间的延长而逐步减弱。

福建山樱花无性系萌芽展叶物候遗传变异及选择

为划分福建山樱花无性系萌芽展叶物候,在福建省南平市延平区茫荡镇北山村对41个福建山樱花嫁接无性系进行了为期2a的花期观测。结果表明,无性系间萌芽展叶期物候差异极显著。叶芽膨大期、叶芽开放期、展叶始期、展叶盛期的重复力分别为0.732、0.899、0.954、0.958。依据展叶始期、展叶盛期对无性系系统聚类,41个无性系可分为展叶早期型、展叶中期型、展叶晚期型3类,展叶始期到盛期平均时长11d。以先花后叶型为前置条件,盛花期为目标性状,分别从展叶早、中、晚3型中各选择1个无性系作为早中晚3个观花型无性系。