Analytical solution for the effective elastic properties of rocks with the tilted penny-shaped cracks in the transversely isotropic background

Seismic prediction of cracks is of great significance in many disciplines,for which the rock physics model is indispensable.However,up to now,multitudinous analytical models focus primarily on the cracked rock with the isotropic background,while the explicit model for the cracked rock with the anisotropic background is rarely investigated in spite of such case being often encountered in the earth.Hence,we first studied dependences of the crack opening displacement tensors on the crack dip angle in the coordinate systems formed by symmetry planes of the crack and the background anisotropy,respectively,by forty groups of numerical experiments.Based on the conclusion from the experiments,the analytical solution was derived for the effective elastic properties of the rock with the inclined penny-shaped cracks in the transversely isotropic background.Further,we comprehensively analyzed,according to the developed model,effects of the crack dip angle,background anisotropy,filling fluid and crack density on the effective elastic properties of the cracked rock.The analysis results indicate that the dip angle and background anisotropy can significantly either enhance or weaken the anisotropy degrees of the P-and SH-wave velocities,whereas they have relatively small effects on the SV-wave velocity anisotropy.Moreover,the filling fluid can increase the stiffness coefficients related to the compressional modulus by reducing crack compliance parameters,while its effects on shear coefficients depend on the crack dip angle.The increasing crack density reduces velocities of the dry rock,and decreasing rates of the velocities are affected by the crack dip angle.By comparing with exact numerical results and experimental data,it was demonstrated that the proposed model can achieve high-precision estimations of stiffness coefficients.Moreover,the assumption of the weakly anisotropic background results in the consistency between the proposed model and Hudson's published theory for the orthorhombic rock.

EFFECT OF THE OPEN CRACK ON THE PULL-IN INSTABILITY OF AN ELECTROSTATICALLY ACTUATED MICRO-BEAM

In this paper, the effects of the open crack on the static and dynamic pull-in volt- ages of an electrostatically actuated fixed-fixed and cantilever micro-beam are investigated. By presenting a mathematical modeling, the governing static and dynamic equations are solved by SSLM and Galerkin-based Reduced Order Model, respectively. Then, each single-side open crack in the micro-beam is modeled by a massless rotational spring and the cracked mode shapes and corresponding natural frequencies are calculated by considering the boundary and patching con- ditions and using transfer matrix methods. Finally, the effects of the crack depth ratio, crack position and crack number on the pull-in voltage of the micro-beams are studied. It is shown that beside the residual stresses created in the machining process, the crack（s） can be initiated, growth and consequently change the pull-in voltage of the system by decreasing the natural frequencies. The results show that the crack position is effective beside the crack depth ratio in decreasing the pull-in voltage. Also it is shown that in the fixed-fixed micro-beam there are several points for the crack location in which, the pull-in voltage is extremum.

Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size on and Crack Opening in Normal and Relationship between Stress High Strength Concretes

Fine and coarse aggregates play an important role in the fracture of concrete. However, quantitative information available on the effect of the coarse aggregate size on the fracture properties of concrete is still limited. In the present paper, the effect of coarse aggregate size （single grade of 5～10, 10～16, 16～20 and 20～25 mm） on stress-crack opening （σ-w） relation in normal and high strength concretes （compressive strength of 40 and 80 MPa, respectively） was studied. The investigation was based on three-point bending tests implemented by fictitious crack analysis. The result shows that coarse aggregate size and cement matrix strength significantly influence the shape of σ-w curve. For a given total aggregate content, in normal strength concrete, smaller size of aggregate leads to a high tensile strength and a sharp stress drop after the peak stress. The smaller the coarse aggregate, the steeper the σ-w curve. By contrast, in high strength concrete, the effect of aggregate size on σ-w relation almost vanishes. A similar σ-w relation is obtained for the concrete except for the case of 20～25 mm coarse aggregate size. The stress drop after the peak stress is more significant for high strength concrete than that for normal strength concrete. Meanwhile, the smaller the coarse aggregate size, the higher the flexural strength. Fracture energy and characteristic length increase with increasing coarse aggregate size in both normal and high strength concretes.

Mechanical properties of AISI 1045 ceramic coated materials by nano indentation and crack opening displacement method

Abstract： An effective approach was conducted for estimating fracture toughness using the crack opening displacement （COD） method for plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition （PECVD） coating materials. For this evaluation, an elastoplastic analysis was used to estimate critical COD values for single edge notched bending （SENB） specimens. The relationship between fracture toughness （Kic） and critical COD for SENB specimens was obtained. Microstructure of the interface between AleO3-TiO2 composite ceramic coatings and AISI 1045 steel substrates was studied by using scanning electron microscope （SEM）. Chemical compositions were clarified by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDS）. The results show that the interface between of Al203-TiO2 and substrate has mechanical combining. The nanohardness of the coatings can reach 1 200 GPa examined by nanoindentation. The Klc was calculated according to this relationship from critical COD. The bending process produces a significant relationship of COD independent of the axial force applied. Fractographic analysis was conducted to determine the crack length. From the physical analysis of nanoindentation curves, the elastic modulus of 1045/AI2O3-TiO2 is 180 GPa for the 50 μm film. The highest value of fracture toughness for 1045/A1203-TiO2-250 μm is 348 MPa·mv2.

Critical crack tip opening displacement of different strength concrete

Critical crack tip opening displacement (CTODc) of concrete using experimental and analytical evaluation with seven different compressive strengths ranging from 30 up to 150 MPa was studied based on two types of fracture tests:three-point bending (TPB) and wedge splitting (WS).In the tests,the values of CTODc were experimentally recorded using a novel technique,in which fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors were used,and two traditional techniques,in which strain gauges and clip gauges were deployed.The values of CTODc of tested concrete were also predicted using two existing analytical formulae proposed by JENQ & SHAH and XU,respectively.It is found that the values of CTODc obtained by both experimental measurements and analytical formulae exhibit a negligible variation as the compressive strength of concrete increases,and the test geometry adopted has little impact on the value of CTODc.Regarding the experimental measurement of CTODc,the clip gauge method generally leads to a larger value of CTODc and shows a more significant scatter as compared with the other two methods,while the strain gauge method leads to a slightly lower CTODc as compared with the FBG sensor method.The analytical formula proposed by JENQ and SHAH is found to generally lead to an overestimation,while the analytical formula proposed by XU shows a good accuracy.

含开孔与含裂缝的复合材料层压板拉伸剩余强度评估

为研究含开孔和裂缝的碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)层压板在拉伸载荷作用下的剩余强度,针对四种典型铺层、两类损伤形式、四种损伤尺寸的约200件试验件进行了试验研究。结果表明:对于具有相同铺层、相同宽度的复合材料层压板,开孔直径与裂缝长度相等时,两类层压板有相同的剩余强度;加载过程中,裂缝根部较早出现裂缝、分层,应力重新分配,降低了裂缝根部的应力集中。基于损伤区纤维断裂判据、经典层压板理论及复变函数理论的强度计算方法能较准确地计算出含开孔的复合材料层压板剩余强度;计算含裂缝复合材料层压板剩余强度时可将裂缝损伤等效为开孔损伤,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。

基于混凝土损伤塑性模型的弯曲损伤RC/PC桥梁动力学特性研究

基于混凝土损伤塑性模型,通过数值模拟研究了带有弯曲损伤的RC/PC桥梁动力学特性的退化情况.首先,提出了适用于RC/PC桥梁非线性振动分析的数值模型构建方法.其次,通过RC简支梁受弯破坏试验,将试验结果与数值模拟结果进行比较,验证了数值模型的准确性.最后,基于厦门快速公交系统中某一联三跨PC连续梁桥建立了三维有限元模型,研究其在不同弯曲损伤程度下前三阶频率和振型的变化情况.结果表明,带有弯曲损伤的RC/PC桥梁的动力学特性会随着损伤程度的增加而呈现不同程度的改变.带有混凝土裂缝的桥梁的微幅振动仍然是线性的,然而随着振幅的增大频率开始降低,使振动呈现出非线性.此外,当裂缝闭合时,前三阶自振频率与振型变化不明显,难以用于识别弯曲损伤;当裂缝张开时,前三阶自振频率与振型出现明显变化,可作为损伤检测指标来识别损伤.

一维六方准晶非周期平面内中心开口裂纹的平面热弹性问题

考虑裂纹内部介质的热传导率,研究了一维六方准晶非周期平面内含中心开口裂纹的平面热弹性问题.利用Fourier积分变换技术,得到了热应力、裂纹尖端处的热应力强度因子和应变能密度因子的封闭解.数值结果讨论了裂纹内部介质的热传导率、外载荷及声子场-相位子场耦合系数对热应力强度因子和应变能密度因子的影响.结果表明,声子场-相位子场耦合系数对裂纹扩展影响较大.当声子场载荷较小或热流密度较大时,裂纹不易扩展,热流密度在裂纹尖端处会出现集中热效应.随着裂纹内部介质热传导率的增大,热流密度逐渐增加而热应力强度因子逐渐减小.该文所得结果为准晶热力学性质的实际应用提供了理论依据,进而可用于优化准晶元器件的设计和制备.

露天矿边坡裂隙智能识别与信息解算

节理裂隙是影响露天矿边坡稳定性的重要因素之一,随着图像处理技术以及机器视觉技术的发展,采用智能算法进行识别已成为热点.为快速获取节理裂隙几何信息,通过ResNet系列算法对U-net的骨架构网络进行改进,提出了一种露天矿边坡裂隙识别及几何参数解译方法.利用无人机综合考虑视角、距离、重叠率以及飞行速度等因素对露天矿边坡裂隙航拍获取高清图像,使用全局阈值分割技术进行预处理,并运用随机旋转、随机亮度及对比度调整等方式进行数据增广形成裂隙图像数据集;采用残差网络(ResNet)对U-Net网络的骨架构网络进行改进,提出基于改进U-net网络的边坡裂隙识别模型,基于像素二分类问题采用准确率(Accuracy)、交并比(IoU)和F1分数(F1 Score)作为评价指标,结合裂隙图像数据集对提出模型进行训练和评估,输出裂隙二值图,并与传统裂隙识别方法识别结果进行对比;对裂隙二值图进行裂隙几何参数信息解算,获得裂隙长度、宽度统计分布规律和参数.结果表明:ResNet模型对U-net模型改进可以提高模型的评价指标,随着网络层数加深,评价指标有先增高,后趋于稳定的趋势,在网络层次达到101时评价指标达到最优,Res101-Unet模型的Accuracy、IoU、F1 Score分别为95.12%、60.13%、79.53%,对于简单和复杂裂隙的识别完整度都有提升;利用训练好的Res101-Unet模型对目标边坡上的裂隙进行识别,所得裂隙数量与现场测线方式所得结果一致,证明本模型识别结果与工程实际相符.

采用DIC技术的超高性能混凝土的断裂性能研究

为研究超高性能混凝土(UHPC)的Ⅱ型断裂性能,对不同初始缝高比(a/W)的UHPC双缺口立方体(DNC)试件进行了抗压试验。基于数字图像相关(DIC)技术分析了UHPC的DNC试件的失效特征和裂缝扩展过程,得到了UHPC的Ⅱ型断裂参数,并评估了不同a/W下UHPC的断裂性能。试验表明:试件的破坏模式为沿缺口尖端发生局部偏剪切破坏,其主裂缝包括斜裂缝和左、右垂直裂缝,试件的荷载-位移曲线呈现出双峰值现象,两个峰值荷载分别对应斜裂缝和垂直裂缝充分扩展的时刻;斜裂缝和垂直裂缝的张开位移(COD)和滑移位移(CSD)与韧带高度近似呈线性关系;随着a/W的增大,起裂荷载减小,断裂韧度和断裂能先增大后减小,斜裂缝的长度和起始角减小,斜裂缝缺口尖端处的COD减小,CSD基本不变。

基于有限元模拟材料缺陷对U71Mn钢表面主裂纹的影响

通过有限元法研究了U71Mn钢在弹塑性状态下,其材料缺陷(孔洞)对表面主裂纹尖端力学行为的影响.重点分析了裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)、表面张开位移(FSOD)、孔洞方位角β与孔洞半径r等相关变量对裂纹尖端J积分的影响.结果显示,裂纹面对应力有屏蔽作用,导致裂纹面附近的应力松弛,而裂纹尖端对应力有放大作用,随着外力增加将导致裂纹的扩展;孔洞位于主裂纹尖端约-75°<β<75°范围时,孔洞将促进裂纹尖端的变形,导致CTOD及J积分值增加,促进主裂纹的扩展;而孔洞位于75°<β<90°或-90°<β<-75°范围时,孔洞将阻碍裂纹尖端的变形,导致CTOD及J积分值均比无孔洞时要小,从而抑制主裂纹的扩展.

Failure mechanisms and destruction characteristics of cemented coal gangue backfill under compression effect of non-uniform load

Backfill mining is one of the most important technical means for controlling strata movement and reducing surface subsidence and environmental damage during exploitation of underground coal resources. Ensuring the stability of the backfill bodies is the primary prerequisite for maintaining the safety of the backfilling working face, and the loading characteristics of backfill are closely related to the deformation and subsidence of the roof. Elastic thin plate model was used to explore the non-uniform subsidence law of the roof, and then the non-uniform distribution characteristics of backfill bodies’ load were revealed. Through a self-developed non-uniform loading device combined with acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC) monitoring technology, the synergistic dynamic evolution law of the bearing capacity, apparent crack, and internal fracture of cemented coal gangue backfills (CCGBs) under loads with different degrees of non-uniformity was deeply explored. The results showed that: 1) The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of CCGB increased and then decreased with an increase in the degree of non-uniformity of load (DNL). About 40% of DNL was the inflection point of DNL-UCS curve and when DNL exceeded 40%, the strength decreased in a cliff-like manner;2) A positive correlation was observed between the AE ringing count and UCS during the loading process of the specimen, which was manifested by a higher AE ringing count of the high-strength specimen. 3) Shear cracks gradually increased and failure mode of specimens gradually changed from “X” type dominated by tension cracks to inverted “Y” type dominated by shear cracks with an increase in DNL, and the crack opening displacement at the peak stress decreased and then increased. The crack opening displacement at 40% of the DNL was the smallest. This was consistent with the judgment of crack size based on the AE b-value, i. e., it showed the typical characteristics of “small b-value-large crack and large b-value-small crack”. The research results are of significance for preventing the instability and failure of backfill.

波导谐振环微带阵列多裂纹检测传感器设计

针对飞行器机翼的大面积壁板等金属结构的多形态裂纹分布难以同时检测、检测精度低等问题,设计了一种互补开口波导谐振环微带阵列多裂纹检测传感器。该传感器群阵列中不同尺寸的互补开口波导谐振环微带传感器能够检测直裂纹、针孔、星型3种裂纹的特征参数。实验结果表明,传感器对3种裂纹的参数变化的最大检测灵敏度达到了150 MHz/mm,传感器可检测出的最小直裂纹尺寸为10 mm×1 mm×0.1 mm。该传感器结合了互补开口谐振环辐射能力强、易于表面共形和基片集成波导低损耗、品质因数高、尺寸小的特性,能够实现对金属材料上多形态裂纹的同时检测,具有灵敏度高、检测范围大等优点。

LCO高效加氢转化关键技术专用催化剂的开发与应用

面向解决催化裂化轻循环油(LCO)出路和富余柴油产能高值化利用的重大需求,以破解LCO加氢转化过程中芳环的加氢、环烷环的开环、烷基侧链的裂化和聚合结焦等关键反应对催化剂活性中心需求不一致的矛盾为切入点,通过创制新型催化材料、优化金属体系并改善制备方法等措施,开发了定向强化开环反应的柴油加氢改质催化剂RIC-3和兼具高开环与高断侧链性能的柴油加氢裂化专用催化剂RHC-100,构建了提高催化剂活性中心有效性、定向性和高效性的活性中心精细调控关键技术平台,形成了以RIC-3和RHC-100为核心、靶向调控多环芳烃加氢开环与裂化反应活性与选择性的催化剂族,可将劣质LCO转化为清洁柴油组分或高辛烷值汽油调合组分,为多环芳烃高效加氢转化技术的开发与应用提供技术支撑。

液氧致裂爆破技术在露天矿山的应用

液化氧气致裂岩体是当今发展的一种新兴爆破技术。采用现场试验的方法,对爆破振动测试数据以及致裂爆破效果进行对比分析,研究此技术在露天矿山应用的实际效果。结果表明:液氧致裂爆破技术在实施过程中无任何有害气体产生,对周边永久边帮振动破坏小。爆破后无明显飞石产生,最大限度地减少了对周边的硬性破坏。该技术适用于对爆破扰动控制要求高的特殊环境下的爆破,具有推广意义。

油罐车储罐裂纹应力强度因子影响因素研究

针对油罐车储罐的安全问题,裂纹破坏尤为常见,张开型裂纹是其主要破坏形式。此外,储罐长期受到油体腐蚀作用,会产生大小各异的腐蚀坑。文章研究了影响油罐车裂纹应力强度因子的因素,分析了裂纹尺寸和腐蚀坑对储罐裂纹应力强度系数的影响规律。基于有限元扩展法,对含裂纹的油罐进行三维建模;利用相互作用积分法,对储罐裂纹的应力强度因子进行了求解。在考虑了腐蚀坑洞效应的基础上,分析应力强度因子受腐蚀坑尺寸影响的规律。结果显示,张开型裂纹的应力强度因子随裂纹尺寸的增加而增加;此外,腐蚀坑对应力强度因子也有比较明显的影响,腐蚀坑的深度和半径越大,应力强度因子越大。

明挖隧道回填荷载裂缝特征及其控制技术

随着城市化进程的不断推进,隧道工程在现代交通建设中扮演着重要角色。然而,明挖隧道工程回填中荷载裂缝的产生和控制成为制约隧道施工质量和安全性的关键问题。通过对相关文献和实际案例的研究,详细探讨了明挖隧道荷载裂缝产生的机理,并提出了一些有效的控制技术。研究结果表明,合理的工程设计、地质勘察、支护措施和监测系统是有效控制明挖隧道荷载裂缝产生的关键。

TC4钛合金在3.5%NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀行为

采用楔形张开加载(WOL)试样开展应力腐蚀试验,研究TC4钛合金在3.5%NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀行为,分析应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)机理。结果表明,腐蚀24 h后,即可在试样表面观察到SCC裂纹。腐蚀30 d和75 d的试样,SCC裂纹长度接近,且都明显大于腐蚀15 d的试样,说明15~30 d内SCC扩展终止。试样的加载应力越大,裂纹长度越长,随着裂纹扩展,应力逐渐松弛,当残余KI值降低到38 MPa·m^(1/2)附近时,SCC扩展终止。SCC扩展是应力和腐蚀耦合作用的过程,在SCC起始阶段,应力主导裂纹快速扩展,断口呈韧窝形貌。SCC中后阶段,断口呈解理形貌和鳞片状花样,鳞片边缘存在钛氧化物,推测是由于应力松弛后的裂纹间歇性驻留和阳极溶解促进的裂纹继续扩展反复交替作用形成的。

明挖法超长节段现浇混凝土隧道早期开裂机制现场试验研究

为研究超长节段明挖隧道混凝土早期开裂机制,依托实际工程,根据隧道前期已浇筑节段开裂情况调查结果,在隧道侧墙和顶板结构的中心线处埋置温度、湿度、应变传感器,对混凝土早龄期的温度、湿度、应变进行连续监测,并结合温度应力理论和现场裂缝调查对隧道混凝土早期开裂机制进行分析。分析结果表明:1)隧道侧墙和顶板结构浇筑后产生的水化热温升可达40℃以上,隧道顶板结构应变的变化趋势主要与温度相关。2)结构温度下降引起的收缩变形在受到下部旧混凝土的约束作用后产生的拉应力是引起开裂的主要原因;长度方向上的应变差、里表温差产生的不均匀收缩和湿度下降产生的干燥收缩会进一步加大开裂风险。3)结构中心与外表面的最大温差高出与内表面的最大温差12℃以上,因而结构外表面更容易出现开裂。4)在连续式的外约束作用下,浇筑段中部开裂的可能性更大。5)结构表面与内部的裂缝会逐渐沿裂缝走向扩展导致风险较低的区域也出现开裂。

利用数字图像相关方法对功能梯度超高性能混凝土的裂纹扩展行为进行基础探究

本文采用数字图像相关法对功能梯度超高性能混凝土的力学性能和裂纹扩展进行了分析。改变纤维层厚度(0、25、50、75和100mm)以评估对功能梯度超高性能混凝土(FGUHPC)的影响。引入二次方程来评价FGUHPC的抗压强度。结果表明,当纤维层厚度为75mm时,纤维对弯曲强度的贡献最大,强度增强因子(ξ)为1.139。FGUHPC的裂纹扩展分析显示,随着纤维层厚度的增加,裂纹扩展呈增加的曲线趋势。建立了跨中竖向位移与裂缝张开位移呈线性关系,比例因子为0.549。