Open loop control of vortex-induced vibration of a circular cylinder

In this paper both numerical and experimental investigations have been carried out to suppress the vortex-induced vibration （VIV） of a circular cylinder in an electrically low-conducting fluid. The electromagnetic forces （Lorentz forces） in the azimuthal direction were generated through the mounted electrodes and magnets locally on the surface of the cylinder, which have been proved having an accelerating effect to the fluid on the surface of the cylinder. Results of computations are presented for synchronous vibration phenomenon of a cylinder at Re = 200, which are in good agreement with previous computational results. With the Lorentz forces loaded, the VIV of the cylinder has been suppressed successfully. Experimental results have also shown the same tendency and are in reasonable agreement with the numerical results.

Instability of cylinder wake under open-loop active control

Instability of a wake controlled by a streamwise Lorentz force is investigated through a Floquet stability analysis. The streamwise Lorentz force, which is a two-dimensional control input created by an electromagnetic actuator located on the cylinder surface,adjusts the base flow to affect the three-dimensional wake instability and achieve wake stabilization and transition delay. The instability mode at a Reynolds number Re = 300 can be transformed from B to A with N = 1.0, where N is an interaction number representing the strength of the Lorentz force relative to the inertial force in the fluid. The wake flow is Floquet stable when N increases to 1.3. The spanwise perturbation wavelengths are 3.926 D and 0.822 D in the modes A and B, respectively, where D is the cylinder diameter. In addition, the oscillating amplitudes of drag and lift are reduced with the increase in the interaction number. Particle tracing is used to explore the essential physical mechanism for mode transformation. The path lines show that suppression of flow separation hinders the fluid deformation and rotation, leading to the decrease in elliptic and hyperbolic instability regions, which is the material cause of mode transformation.All of the results indicate that wake stabilization and transition delay can be achieved under open-loop active control via the streamwise Lorentz force.

Open-plus-closed-loop control for chaotic motion of 3D rigid pendulum

An open-plus-closed-loop （OPCL） control problem for the chaotic motion of a 3D rigid pendulum subjected to a constant gravitationM force is studied. The 3D rigid pendulum is assumed to be consist of a rigid body supported by a fixed and frictionless pivot with three rotational degrees. In order to avoid the singular phenomenon of Euler＇s angular velocity equation, the quaternion kinematic equation is used to describe the motion of the 3D rigid pendulum. An OPCL controller for chaotic motion of a 3D rigid pendulum at equilibrium position is designed. This OPCL controller contains two parts： the open-loop part to construct an ideal trajectory and the closed-loop part to stabilize the 3D rigid pendulum. Simulation results show that the controller is effective and efficient.

Energy-Efficient Optimal Guaranteed Cost Intermittent-Switch Control of a Direct Expansion Air Conditioning System

To improve the energy efficiency of a direct expansion air conditioning(DX A/C) system while guaranteeing occupancy comfort, a hierarchical controller for a DX A/C system with uncertain parameters is proposed. The control strategy consists of an open loop optimization controller and a closed-loop guaranteed cost periodically intermittent-switch controller(GCPISC). The error dynamics system of the closed-loop control is modelled based on the GCPISC principle. The difference,compared to the previous DX A/C system control methods, is that the controller designed in this paper performs control at discrete times. For the ease of designing the controller, a series of matrix inequalities are derived to be the sufficient conditions of the lower-layer closed-loop GCPISC controller. In this way, the DX A/C system output is derived to follow the optimal references obtained through the upper-layer open loop controller in exponential time, and the energy efficiency of the system is improved. Moreover, a static optimization problem is addressed for obtaining an optimal GCPISC law to ensure a minimum upper bound on the DX A/C system performance considering energy efficiency and output tracking error. The advantages of the designed hierarchical controller for a DX A/C system with uncertain parameters are demonstrated through some simulation results.

Adaptive adjustment of iterative learning control gain matrix in harsh noise environment

For the robustness problem of open-loop P-type iterative learning control under the influence of measurement noise which is inevitable in actual systems, an adaptive adjustment algorithm of iterative learning nonlinear gain matrix based on error amplitude is proposed and two nonlinear gain functions are given. Then with the help of Bellman-Gronwall lemma, the robustness proof is derived. At last, an example is simulated and analyzed. The results show that when there exists measurement noise, the proposed learning law adjusts the learning gain matrix on line based on error amplitude, thus can make a compromise between learning convergence rate and convergence accuracy to some extent： the fast convergence rate is achieved with high gain in initial learning stage, the strong robustness and high convergence accuracy are achieved at the same time with small gain in the end learning stage, thus better learning results are obtained.

Controlling Chaotic Cscillations with Input-Output Linearization

In this paper, the nonlinear control of chaotic oscillations was investigated by using the input output linearization control method. The chaotic attitude of a kind of spacecraft was discussed. It is demonstrated that the input output linearization control law is the nonlinear version of the parametric open plus closed loop control law.

A Design of a PID Self-Tuning Controller Using LabVIEW

In this paper a trial has been made to design a simple self-tuning LabVIEW-based PID controller. The controller uses an open-loop relay test, calculates the tuned parameters in an open loop mode of operation before it updates controller parameters and runs the process as a closed-loop system. The controller reacts on a persistent offset error value as a result of load disturbance or a set point change. Practical results show that such a controller may be recommended to control a variety of industrial processes. A GUI was developed to facilitate control-mode selection, the setting of controller parameters, and the display of control system variables. GUI makes it possible to put the controller in manual or self-tuning mode.

兆瓦级高效紧凑型核动力系统运行特性研究

为研究兆瓦级高效紧凑型核动力系统的运行特性,使用自主开发的热管堆瞬态分析程序TAPIRS(Transient Analysis code for heat Pipe and AMTEC power conversion space Reactor power System)和超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环的瞬态分析程序SCTRAN/CO_(2)(Super Critical reactors Transient Analysis code/Carbon Dioxide)的耦合程序对其反应性、负荷、冷却水温度和流量等扰动进行了开环动态响应分析,并据此进行了控制系统设计。在此基础上,对线性变负荷、阶梯式变负荷以及甩负荷这三种变负荷运行工况进行了计算分析。结果表明:该核动力系统的转速对扰动的变化较为敏感,需要加以控制;低负荷下旁通会使压缩机流量上升,需对压缩机流量加以控制;系统在控制方案下能以6%FP(Full Power)·min^(−1)的速度实现0%~100%的负荷变动,且可以在任意负荷水平下运行;甩负荷下系统的波动时间变长,但是仍可达到新的稳态进行工作,且各参数处于安全范围内。本研究可为新型核动力系统的概念设计提供参考。

新能源经柔直送出系统的VSG控制及故障穿越策略

对于新能源经柔直送出系统,新能源控制器与柔直控制器参数匹配不佳会引起次/超同步振荡问题。为此,采用了基于VSG(虚拟同步发电机)控制的开环策略,取消了传统闭环控制方式下的内、外环及锁相环节,优化了柔直的阻抗特性,降低了与新能源的次/超同步振荡风险,同时适应孤岛与联网的运行方式。针对开环控制自身特性存在双极功率不平衡及故障后短路电流过高的问题,相应提出了双极功率平衡及故障穿越策略,并基于RTDS仿真验证了所提VSG控制及故障穿越策略的有效性。

Signal averaging for noise reduction in anesthesia monitoring and control with communication channels

This paper investigates impact of noise and signal averaging on patient control in anesthesia applications, especially in networked control system settings such as wireless connected systems, sensor networks, local area networks, or tele-medicine over a wide area network. Such systems involve communication channels which introduce noises due to quantization, channel noises, and have limited communication bandwidth resources. Usually signal averaging can be used effectively in reducing noise effects when remote monitoring and diagnosis are involved. However, when feedback is intended, we show that signal averaging will lose its utility substantially. To explain this phenomenon, we analyze stability margins under signal averaging and derive some optimal strategies for selecting window sizes. A typical case of anesthe-sia depth control problems is used in this development.

一种自适应恒定平均电压输出电路设计

在电子点火器应用中,为解决传统方案中LDO效率低、DC-DC需要外挂电容、电感的问题,提出了一种自适应恒定平均电压输出电路。电路输出为PWM波,当电源电压变化时,通过自动调整PWM波的占空比实现了恒定的平均电压输出。通过改变外接采样电阻的比值可以调整输出的平均电压大小。电路为开环控制,不需要考虑闭环稳定性问题,其控制简单可行,具有与DC-DC相比拟的高效率,但无外围电感、电容,便于集成和小型化应用。电路采用0.18μm BCD工艺设计,仿真和测试结果表明,在电源电压3.2~4.2 V下,实现了输出平均电压恒定,误差小于±1%;通过改变采样电阻比值,实现了输出平均电压在1.5~3.6 V之间连续可调。

应用于电力电子变压器的CLLC型高频隔离电路参数鲁棒性分析与优化设计

电力电子变压器(solid state transformer,SST)是实现配电网分布式能源、新型负荷/储能灵活接入的关键装备,针对应用于SST中高频隔离环节的CLLC型直流变压器开展了电路参数的鲁棒性分析与优化设计研究。CLLC型直流变压器可利用开环控制简化控制复杂度,实现宽范围下接近恒定的双向电压增益,并采用高频变压器的漏感作为谐振电感,降低电路设计难度。提出了一种用于CLLC直流变压器的参数设计方法,利用该方法,即使电感电容值出现设计偏差时,所设计的CLLC直流变压器也具有良好的电压调节能力与软开关特性。分析了高频隔离变压器与器件寄生参数对直流变压器轻载下电压增益的影响,最后开展了典型直流变压器设计,并在PSIM软件中进行了仿真验证。

有源电力滤波器补偿的PI解耦控制技术研究

电网中电压和电流波形的失真会产生谐波,导致电网功率因数降低,并影响电力系统的稳定性和可靠性。为了确保电力系统的正常工作,研究了基于有源电力滤波器补偿的比例积分(PI)解耦控制技术。设计了基于二极管钳位式的有源电力滤波器模型。结合基尔霍博电压法,降低控制谐波和解除部分变量耦合。针对设备非线性产生的谐波,分析有源电力滤波器的可逆性,获得输入雅可比矩阵,以实现滤波器旋转坐标的线性化。利用变换矩阵转换转动角速向量,输入谐波的幅度,输出电流取样延迟,完成无差PI解耦控制。试验结果表明,所提技术能够有效解耦滤波器的谐波电流成分,从而补偿电网中的失真电流。该技术可以减少谐波对电力系统的整体影响,保证设备的正常运行。

水下软体蛇三维转向机构设计及仿真

为了解决当前水下软体机器蛇实现三维转向的问题,设计一种水下软体机器蛇三维转向机构。通过ABAQUS有限元仿真软件进行验证,利用仿真数据标定了机构变形时,方位角与载荷压力比、弯曲角与基准压力和压力比之间的关系,从而建立了将载荷压力与弯曲角度和方向相关联的开环控制模型。利用控制算法控制三维转向机构,能够在空间内实现任意角度的转向。仿真结果证实,该设计在任意角度转向控制方面表现良好,0°~60°范围内的弯曲角最大误差仅为1.31071°,方位角最大误差仅为3.60489°。在控制仿真中,弯曲角和方位角的最大误差率分别为2.185%和1.001%。仿真结果证明了该设计的可发展性,为软体水蛇三维转向的实现提供了理论支撑。

基于CarSim的电动汽车转向灵活性仿真与探究

传统的电动助力转向系统由于是由一套齿轮齿条转向器拉动车轮实现转向的,这就限制了车轮转角使其无法实现真正的阿克曼转向,也限制了车轮的最大转向角度。在CarSim自带模型的基础上,利用Simulink修改其转向子系统,从而建立了一种可实现前轮独立转向的汽车模型。通过双移线仿真试验和方向盘角阶跃响应试验,验证了模型的正确性。通过开环控制和闭环控制试验,证明了模型相对于传统汽车模型有着更好的转向灵活性。研究可为后期的线控转向汽车的灵活性和操稳性研究做出铺垫,对于延长轮胎寿命,提升驾驶感受也具有重要的意义。

风电变桨用直流串励电机开环稳态控制方法研究

风电变桨用直流串励电机开环控制研究很少,涉及开环稳态控制的方法更是寥寥无几。本文就直流串励电机闭环控制模型搭建、在反馈丢失时如何进行开环控制建模及开环控制方法建立、稳态控制方法建立进行论述,对提升风电变桨用直流串励电机稳定可靠运行、降低变桨系统故障小时数、提高风机安全性和经济效益具有极大价值。

延时影响下智能软开关控制器硬件在环测试准确性分析

智能软开关作为一种实现配电网灵活调节作用的电力电子设备,通常采用控制器硬件在环技术以实现多样化的功能验证需求。控制器硬件在环中存在不可忽略的接口延时环节,影响暂态稳定性测试的功角动态准确性,造成试验结果与真实系统响应不一致。设计了智能软开关控制器硬件在环测试系统,建立了测试系统的时域数学模型,解析延时环节对测试准确性影响。基于暂态稳定等面积方法量化延时影响程度,综合考虑测试系统的准确性和规模,探究了延时环节参数的优化选择和设计。最后,基于RT-LAB实时仿真器的控制器硬件在环测试系统验证了理论分析的正确性。

考虑干扰的交通子区模糊迭代学习边界控制

针对固定增益迭代学习控制器跟踪交通子区内期望累计车辆数n^(*)的速度较慢,迭代次数过多的问题,并考虑到实际交通子区内存在的干扰对其运行状态的影响,建立了含有干扰项的交通流模型并对其进行离散化。采用开闭环比例微分(proportion differentiation,PD)型模糊迭代学习控制器,根据研究子区实际路网内的累计车辆数与期望累计车辆数n^(*)的误差及其变化率对开闭环PD型迭代学习控制器的迭代学习增益和反馈增益进行调整,使交通子区内的实际累计车辆数可以较快速地跟踪期望累计车辆数n^(*),并对开闭环PD型模糊迭代学习控制器的收敛性进行严格证明。通过对轻度和中度干扰影响下的交通子区进行仿真,结果显示,对比固定增益迭代学习控制器,开闭环PD型模糊迭代学习控制器的误差收敛速度分别提高24%和31%,平均排队长度分别减少24.52%和16.55%,平均延误分别减少21.63%和19.23%,平均停车次数分别减少23.68%和10.77%。