An Urban Open Space Extraction Method: Combining Spectral and Geometric Characteristics

This paper introduces an advanced method based on remote sensing and Geographic Information System for urban open space extraction combining spectral and geometric characteristics. From both semantic and remote sensing perspectives, a hybrid hierarchy structure and class organization of open space are issues and mapped from one to another. Based on per-pixel and segmentation mechanism separately, two classification approaches are performed. Owing to prior of spatial aggregation and spectral contribution, the segmentation-based classification exhibits its superiority over a pixel-based classification. Finally a GIS-based post procedure is hired to eliminate some unsuitable open space components in both spatial and numerical constraints on the one hand, and separate open space some fabrics from fused remote sensing classes by defining their Shape Index on the other hand. The case study of Beer Sheva based on ASTER data proves this method is a feasible way for open space extraction.

Open Space Planning and Design for the Old Campus of Southeast University

Open space is an important part of the campus landscape,and it is the material carrier which can implement the education idea of school.Through the transformation of the campus environment of Southeast University,the study analyzes of the concept and attributes of open space on campus,as well as the actual problems which should be noticed.

Evaluation and Promotion of the Service Capacity of Urban Public Open Spaces Based on Improving Accessibility:A Case Study of Shenyang City,China

The service capacity of urban public open spaces is an important indicator of the justness and soundness of the allocation of public space resources,such as parks and green spaces,in the process of urban development.Improving the service capacity of urban public open spaces is conductive to healthy,sustainable urban development.In this study,taking Shengyang City,China as a case study,a Gaussian-based two-step floating catchment area method(2 SFCA)is used to calculate an accessibility index and identify residential areas with a poor accessibility to urban public open spaces.Then,a particle swarm algorithm(PSA)is used to optimize the locations of new open space developments.Finally,the optimization results are verified using the analytic network process(ANP).The results show that the service capacity of public open spaces in the center of Shenyang City(covering six districts)is relatively low and exhibits an uneven spatial distribution.In the service scope of the existing urban public open spaces,the accessibility for 48.6%of the residential estates is moderately poor or poor.The layout is optimized when the number of optimization points is set to 8.These points are mainly located in old town areas such as the Tiexi,Huanggu,and Dadong districts.The optimization increases the green space area accessible by motor vehicles(60 min),bicycles(60 min),and walking(30 min)by 4.67%,5.38%,and 8.03%of the study area,respectively.Finally,green space planning recommendations are offered from two perspectives:spatial layout and transport system optimization.

Research on Age-friendly Open Spaces Design in Residential Areas of Small Towns

Taking the accelerating aging and newly promoted urbanization as backdrops, this paper, on one side, analyzed the demands for parks, squares, fi tness facilities, chairs, etc. of elders in small towns from perspectives of unique physical, psychological and social features of elders. On the other side, it also tackled the inadequacies of open spaces in small towns. Moreover, it proposed strategies such as creating social activity spaces, cultivating therapeutic green landscapes, constructing diversely secure fi tness spaces and building age integrated environments, etc. for designing age-friendly open spaces in small towns.

Improving Open Spaces for a Sustainable City

The feasibility of city living with nature as a way to restore the balance between human uses and natural processes is the focus of this paper about the city of Maringa in Southern Brazil. This urban form, a planned new town founded in 1947 upon a previous, comprehensive British land-development scheme, originally offered a friendly interaction between urban settlement and nature. Hence, this paper outlines how open spaces can be enhanced as an ecological structure, bringing parks, squares, gardens and urban farming into a productive system, both for nature＇s and for people＇s sakes. Following a morphological study, the proposed ecological structure will maintain ecological processes within the urban grid and help to preserve historical and social values, by linking a wide variety of natural and restored ecosystems and landscape features. The adoption of this kind of ecological planning will certainly result in an increase of the urban landscape quality, changing actual planning paradigm and preventing the city from environmental quality decrease.

Study of the Relationship between Building Arrangement and Visibility of Open Spaces Based on a Simplified Area Evaluation

This paper studies which building arrangement will provide the maximum visibility to an example of open space proposed in the Abu Dhabi 2030 Master Plan. The building forms, the distance between the buildings, the setback and the building heights would all affect visibility and were considered closely. Although this research methodology could be applied to any site in different situations, it remains simple and interesting. It can be applied in general, with a change of the variables （setback, distance between buildings, building height, building form）, to any site by both professionals and students who can simply use any CAD program for producing drawing in both the architectural or urban designs phases, hence the importance of this research. Two different building arrangements were proposed and studied： a linear and an L-shaped arrangement. After applying the simulations, it appears that the L-shape offers more visibility to the open space. The outcomes of this study were combined with another research project that studies the same building arrangements to test the possible climatic comfort provided in outdoor spaces in order to encourage the use of open spaces and walkability in the studied area.

Optimization Design of Open Spaces Based on Wind Tunnel and CFD Simulation： Case Study of a Street Canyon in Northern China

Airflow in open spaces can significantly affect spatial quality. Therefore, according to the type of building structures, the airflow also has different forms. Studies have been conducted on the relation between airflow and pedestrian comfort; however, only few of them have focused on comprehensive urban planning that considers different weather conditions and people＇s ability to adapt. This research focuses on the differences in wind conditions caused by different spatial forms in different seasons. On the basis of a field survey in both summer and winter in a public open space, evaluation standards developed from environmental meteorological data and public feedback were used to evaluate simulation results. Next, several assumptions about canyon orientation and building types were proposed. Wind tunnel and CFD （computational fluid dynamics） simulations were conducted to evaluate the assumptions. The results showed that the canyon orientation significantly affected overall wind conditions and different building structures affected airflow. This research also provides a method to evaluate urban areas that have complicated wind environments.

The Role of Open Space in Human Settlement Development in the Tamale Metropolis of Northern Ghana

Most parts of the world are rapidly urbanizing. In sub-Saharan Africa, towns are urbanizing at a faster pace than earlier predicted. Also, large portions of rural settings have been gradually moving towards urbanization. The Tamale Metropolis has been rated as the fastest-growing metropolis in Sub-Saharan Africa. City planning and concerns about the need for open-space creation have been a major challenge due to poor adherence to standards in the building codes. This study was conducted to assess the role of open space in human settlement development in the Tamale Metropolis. The study sampled the views of 157 residents who stay closed to community open spaces in five suburbs of the metropolis. Key informant interviews were also conducted with officials from the Town and Country Planning Department. The study revealed that most residents spend leisure by taking a walk in the neighborhood or idling in outdoor spaces. Also, the majority of the residents had poor knowledge of institutional and land administration. This often led to non-adherence to regulations and this affects open spaces in the metropolis. Common among residents is also a poor appreciation of the importance of open space and this results in encroachment. The Town and Country Planning Department should institute sanctions and stringent measures to deter offenders. Also, public seminars should be used to educate residents on the need to adhere to planning and building codes. Lastly, the study recommends strong collaboration between the various institutions engaged in land administration to facilitate effective provision and preservation of quality open spaces in the metropolis.

Urban Open Space as a Place for Social and Physical Well-being:Narratives from two Different Urban Settings of Kathmandu,Nepal

Increasing population and densification of the cities lead to increasing land value by the high demand of land for housing and other infrastructure developments are the reasons that tend to decreasing open spaces in Kathmandu Valley in general,and Kathmandu Metropolitan City(KMC)in particular.Urban open space has been considered as a place that is accessible to all residents and is important in the urban context as such space provides an opportunity as a place for social interaction,networking,recreation,and various physical health exercises.However,different social and economic contexts of the society reflect different patterns of its uses.Two different urban settings(core urban areas having indigenous dominant population and fringe urban areas having migrants’dominant population)have been taken as a basis for analysis in this paper to look at how different urban societies use open spaces differently.Open spaces are not only important for maintaining urban greenery and beauty for the city but are valued for accumulating social capital and enhancing physical well-being to urban communities.These issues are analyzed through the interpretative research methodology by collecting the data through in-depth interviews,key informants’interviews,informal conversational interviews,and nonparticipatory observation from two different urban settings of KMC.

Temperature Comfort, Recreation and Historical Features in Open Spaces;the Path of Remembrance and Comradeship (PATH) in Ljubljana, Slovenia

The built environment has a great impact on the quality of urban climate,a comfortable living environment,overheating,and detection of changes in Urban Heat Islands(UHI).Despite the effects that raised outdoor temperatures have on human well-being and health,being in open outdoor spaces is strongly encouraged.This article deals with open green urban areas.The study was focused on searching for the relationships between the various elements,such us outdoor thermal comfort,the urban heat island,green areas,and active leisure time.The well-being in open spaces has be studied on the case of The Path of Remembrance and Comradeship(PATH)in the city of Ljubljana,Slovenia.PATH is a circular recreation ground(almost 33 km long)and passes from the urban to the natural landscape area.PATH constitutes an important element of the urban space and confirms the identity and image of Ljubljana.It is most popular for walking and jogging.Overheating at the PATH was studied using multiple indicators,which were broken down into detail at five sites with different urban morphology,green areas,water,and paved areas.

Open Space Ratio的译名、概念辨析与适用价值

Open Space Ratio(OSR)是《1961纽约市区划决议案》中居住环境控制的核心概念与重要指标,自1990年代始国内的许多学者引进这个概念,并倡导作为规划控制指标,因此也催生了中文术语"空地率"。本文系统梳理国内有关"OSR"和"空地率"研究的30余年学术文献,基于《1961纽约市区划决议案》的法律文本,对OSR的译名及其概念作出全面的阐释,澄清了OSR指标的意义、应用目的及其范围,辨析了OSR与中文术语"空地率"本质性的概念差异,建议将OSR指标引入控制性详细规划的居住环境控制,调整和完善我国控制性详细规划的指标控制体系。

Open Space Implications in Urban Development: Reflections in Recent Urban Planning Practices in Nepal

Open space has various implications in urban development planning and has been integrated in recent urban planning approaches and practices in Nepal.The open spaces are not only important for(re)shaping the urban form but are also important for enhancing urban social life and disaster risk management,particularly for dense cities.As most of the cities in Nepal have been growing haphazardly,the cities lack sufficient open space.However,the value of open space in dense cities like Kathmandu has been recognized more after the Gorkha Earthquake 2015 as the open spaces were extensively used for risk relief,treatment,recovery,and rehabilitation during and after the earthquake.With this background,this paper presents the major planning initiatives in Nepal and discusses how recent urban plans have provisioned and initiated open spaces development by reviewing concurrent urban planning practices,particularly reviewing Periodic Plans,Integrated Urban Development Plan,Smart City Plan,and Land Development Plan.The development of open areas has not been given much attention in the earlier urban planning practice but recent urban development planning has emphasized with a special focus which is very important for sustainable and safer city development and is expected to address the current bulging urban issues of spatiality and sociability.Therefore,it is very important for integrating open space implications in city planning and such open space should be conceptualized according to the city’s geography,landscape as well as socio-cultural contexts.

Wide Open Spaces

AUSTRALIA is known as a country with plenty of space, and comparatively few people to populate it. When you think about the fact that there are six cities in China with a greater population than the whole of the 3.5 million-square-km area of the Great Southern Land, perspectives may change. It is one of the backdrops to the formation of the Australian character. Many cannot just go around the corner for their weekly groceries. Sometimes it may even be delivered by airplane. In some regions, it might be a few hours＇ drive to a neighbor＇s place.

Commodification of Traditional Open Spaces as a Commodity and the Consequent Damage of Environmental Ethics (Case Study in Ubud Village Bali Indonesia)

This paper aims to examine the phenomenon of commodification of traditional open space into commodities which results in the destruction of environmental ethics. Environmental ethics places restrictions on freedom in exercising ownership rights and pays more attention to ethical obligations to the environment. The anthropocentric approach should be avoided because it only sees the environment from its commercial angles to satisfy human interests. This research critically describes the reality of the utilization of traditional open spaces in Ubud to become an economic space. The rapid influence of global culture has implications for the practices of capitalist culture within the frame of the tourism industry, resulting in cultural industries, popular culture, hedonic lifestyles and consumerism. This study used a qualitative method. The data was obtained through observation, interviews, literature studies, and documents. The results of the study revealed how traditional open spaces were produced, distributed and consumed by the market. Traditional open spaces were commercialized, traded like goods and services. Traditional open spaces, such as paddy fields, cliffs, telajakan (front part of the house complex), city parks, domestic properties, backyards, cemeteries have been turned into economic spaces to satisfy the taste of tourists. Space is controlled and commodified by capital owners to feed their economic libido while disobeying environmental ethics.

A modelling method for large-scale open spaces orientated toward coordinated control of multiple air-terminal units

The temperature distribution is always assumed to be homogeneous in a traditional singleinput-single-output(SISO)air conditioning control strategy.However,the airflow inside is more complicated and unpredictable.This study proposes a zonal temperature control strategy with a thermal coupling effect integrated for air-conditioned large-scale open spaces.The target space was split into several subzones based on the minimum controllable air terminal units in the proposed method,and each zone can be controlled to its own set-point while considering the thermal coupling effect from its adjacent zones.A numerical method resorting to computational fluid dynamics was presented to obtain the heat transfer coefficients(HTCs)under different air supply scenarios.The relationship between heat transfer coefficient and zonal temperature difference was linearized.Thus,currently available zonal models in popular software can be used to simulate the dynamic response of temperatures in large-scale indoor open spaces.Case studies showed that the introduction of HTCs across the adjacent zones was capable of enhancing the precision of temperature control of large-scale open spaces.It could satisfy the temperature requirements of different zones,improve thermal comfort and at least 11%of energy saving can be achieved by comparing with the conventional control strategy.

Evaluation Index System of Green Public Open Space Based on Internet of Things and Mental Health

With the emergence of the loT era,wireless sensor networks will be more and more widely used.In addition to collecting,transmitting and processing simple data such as humidity,temperature and density of the dome,they can also provide multimedia information services such as video and images.It enables more comprehensive and accurate environmental monitoring.Therefore,MSDs have a huge demand in military,daily,forestry,biomedicine and other fields.The intensive city model has obvious advantages in meeting people's diverse needs and comfortable life.Most obviously,it speeds up the rhythm of life for residents,thereby increasing efficiency and saving time.Starting from this aspect,this paper conducts a research on the evaluation index system of public built on the following areas of open space loT and mental health.In this paper,the GRNN neural network model is constructed,the mean condition is calculated,the density function can be estimated,the network output,and the schematic diagram of the generalized regression neural network is improved.Using the established system,the index in 2018 is selected as the base year,and after transformation,the standardized values of the past years are formed,which are substituted into the cells to form different matrices.The value of each cell is counted to obtain the subsystem coordination degree,and the global coordination degree is obtained through calculation.The evaluation results of ecological civilization construction and development in 2018 and 2019,2020 and 2021 were compared.The experimental data shows that compared with 2018,economic development will change from 1 to 2.000,social harmony will change from 1 to 2.480,ecological health will decrease to 0.850,environmental friendliness will decrease to 0.750,and comprehensive evaluation will decrease to 0.513.This shows that while the economy is developing this year,the construction of ecological civilization has been gradually carried out,and good results have been achieved.This reflects the effectiveness of the system.The subject of the evaluation index system of green public open space based on the Internet of Things and mental health has been well completed.

基于CiteSpace知识图谱的近20年城市开放空间研究

在城市土地存量化利用背景下,如何盘活碎片化城市开放空间、营造高质量城市开放空间体系成为人居环境学科面临的困境。本文利用CiteSpace软件对城市开放空间近20年的文献进行图示化分析,整合不同视角的开放空间研究,总结开放空间研究现状与研究前沿。同时,从量化分析模型角度归纳总结基于不同角度开放空间量化评价方法。通过对开放空间理论研究与量化方法研究总结,探索开放空间研究的总体趋势与发展方向,为城市更新新阶段开放空间规划设计提供研究思路。

Healthy campus by open space design： Approaches and guidelines

This paper examines the architectural and Landscape design strategies and intentions for green, open spaces facilities targeting stress aLLeviation for learning environments such as those of university campuses in a compact urban setting. Literature reviews provide three prevailing perspectives for physical design pedagogical operatives： healing gardens where greenery and plants produce restorative effects; flexible spaces that accommodate functional needs of different activities; and green buildings that incorporate open space as a catalyst for integrated eco-system. Corresponding design approaches （Landscape design, spatial design and green design） are scrutinized by case study. A comparison of two university campuses with different urban contexts is conducted to identify challenges and opportunities for applying these design approaches. For a compact campus, high-dense surroundings may limit the size of an open space and may handicap circulation and accessibility; on the other side, a small open space may provide its users more intimate contact with natural restorative elements and also a more controllable microclimate for physical comfort. A healthy campus should encompass diverse open spaces to satisfy different purposes. Finally, a framework that integrates the three approaches is combined to produce a sustainable design rubric.

Public park behaviour in Da Nans:An investigation into how open space is used

The provision of open space is seen as a feasible solution in mitigating the challenges of urbanization,which accomm odates the daily leisure activities of residents and contributes to sustainable developm ent.This study aims at understanding how users perceive open space in 29-3 Park in Da Nang,Vietnam.This understanding may help to adopt a better approach to development and improvements.More specifically,it focuses on identifying roles and attributes of the space and determ ining those elements which affect how users of the space gather,based on their perspective.Residents,behaviour param eters were identified and classified based on activities that occurred in this space,and were collected using a behavioural mapping survey method.The analysis of 20 in-depth interviews,and 287 question naires,show existing problems that need to be improved and detail 11 physical factors that have potential to impact on users'satisfaction.These results may have the potential to play an im portant role in assisting designers and administrators to create successful open space in urban areas of Vietnam or other developing countries in the future.

Governance of Urban Green Open Space for Responding to Climate Change

In the global actions to address climate change, urban open green space is one of the main spatial objects that can be used to effectively mitigate greenhouse gases and to promote the implementation of climate adaptive policies. From a global perspective, this paper firstly analyzes the governance strategies and cooperation mechanisms of urban open green space as responding to climate change in European countries. Then, taking the Central City of Beijing as a case, the paper explores its urban thermal environment, distribution of urban open green space, and climate governance operation based on the specific conditions in China. Further, with the digital technologies of GIS and RS, it analyzes the nature and related governance demands of urban open green space and then divides the Central City of Beijing into four governance zones, following which this paper discusses the climate policy strategies and implementation approaches of each governance zone.