Bayesianism is a theory of probabilistic reasoning that attempts to capture the logic of confirming and disconfirming hypotheses. I first argue that Bayesianism reveals striking parallels between structures universall...Bayesianism is a theory of probabilistic reasoning that attempts to capture the logic of confirming and disconfirming hypotheses. I first argue that Bayesianism reveals striking parallels between structures universally held as paradigms of rational belief systems and structures typically considered clear examples of irrational belief systems. I next explain that the crucial difference between these two types of belief systems is found not inside the systems but outside them, in the dynamics, i.e., the attitudes, by which such systems are revised and maintained. The principal attitude that distinguishes these belief systems is ＂open-mindedness.＂ I conclude that rationality and irrationality are primarily properties of attitudes, and derivatively of persons （who exhibit such attitudes） and of beliefs （that are maintained by such attitudes）. It turns out then that, on the one hand, the Bayesian approach reveals important truths about the nature of rationality and irrationality, but, on the other hand, it is inadequate as a theory of rationality, since it leaves some aspects of rationality and irrationality unaccounted for. The Bayesian analysis on the basis of which these conclusions are reached arises from a careful examination of the Duhem problem, which is the problem of determining the disconfirmation impact on the plausibility of hypotheses collectively responsible for a false observational consequence.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to research the American social culture in detail from American cartoon movies. Since 1990s, a great number of excellent cartoon movies have been produced .For example the world famous Sh...The purpose of this study was to research the American social culture in detail from American cartoon movies. Since 1990s, a great number of excellent cartoon movies have been produced .For example the world famous Shrek, Garfield, and so on. Although the contents of these cartoon movies are different, these cartoon movies are one of the approaches for people to know American society and its citizens. Therefore, this study shows not only the background and the main works of American cartoon movies but also the different aspects of American social culture - politics, economy, education and values. In every aspect, some explanations of the affiliation between American society and its cartoon movies have been brought forward.展开更多
Religion makes individuals more social friendly as its teachings mainly focus on social responsibilities.So,it is clear that practical aspects of the religions are common and social friendly.Yet in the modern world,co...Religion makes individuals more social friendly as its teachings mainly focus on social responsibilities.So,it is clear that practical aspects of the religions are common and social friendly.Yet in the modern world,conflict among the devotees of different religions can be seen very commonly.Purpose of this research is to understand the Buddhist approach on other religious believes and believers.Documentary study on Pali Tipitaka is the method of data collecting and content analysis is used for data analysing in this research.Religion of a person can be defined as ones’point of view on self and the world.Buddhist teachings name these views as“Dhitthi”-viewpoints.Buddhist literature shows that Buddha and his disciples followed a unique approach on other religious believes and believers.This approach is having characteristics,such as:understanding how that believes occur,identifying the similarities and differences between other believes and Buddhist teachings,not to be emotional even being criticized,giving freedom to explain their point of view,encouraging to be open-minded,giving freedom to decide,and giving interpretations to the concepts other believer knows.Buddhist approach on other religious believes and believers is having a unique characteristics.It never discriminates the other religious believes and believers,and condemns them.It has a clear vision.That is helping individuals to overcome suffering.For that identity is not needed.展开更多
文摘Bayesianism is a theory of probabilistic reasoning that attempts to capture the logic of confirming and disconfirming hypotheses. I first argue that Bayesianism reveals striking parallels between structures universally held as paradigms of rational belief systems and structures typically considered clear examples of irrational belief systems. I next explain that the crucial difference between these two types of belief systems is found not inside the systems but outside them, in the dynamics, i.e., the attitudes, by which such systems are revised and maintained. The principal attitude that distinguishes these belief systems is ＂open-mindedness.＂ I conclude that rationality and irrationality are primarily properties of attitudes, and derivatively of persons （who exhibit such attitudes） and of beliefs （that are maintained by such attitudes）. It turns out then that, on the one hand, the Bayesian approach reveals important truths about the nature of rationality and irrationality, but, on the other hand, it is inadequate as a theory of rationality, since it leaves some aspects of rationality and irrationality unaccounted for. The Bayesian analysis on the basis of which these conclusions are reached arises from a careful examination of the Duhem problem, which is the problem of determining the disconfirmation impact on the plausibility of hypotheses collectively responsible for a false observational consequence.
文摘The purpose of this study was to research the American social culture in detail from American cartoon movies. Since 1990s, a great number of excellent cartoon movies have been produced .For example the world famous Shrek, Garfield, and so on. Although the contents of these cartoon movies are different, these cartoon movies are one of the approaches for people to know American society and its citizens. Therefore, this study shows not only the background and the main works of American cartoon movies but also the different aspects of American social culture - politics, economy, education and values. In every aspect, some explanations of the affiliation between American society and its cartoon movies have been brought forward.
文摘Religion makes individuals more social friendly as its teachings mainly focus on social responsibilities.So,it is clear that practical aspects of the religions are common and social friendly.Yet in the modern world,conflict among the devotees of different religions can be seen very commonly.Purpose of this research is to understand the Buddhist approach on other religious believes and believers.Documentary study on Pali Tipitaka is the method of data collecting and content analysis is used for data analysing in this research.Religion of a person can be defined as ones’point of view on self and the world.Buddhist teachings name these views as“Dhitthi”-viewpoints.Buddhist literature shows that Buddha and his disciples followed a unique approach on other religious believes and believers.This approach is having characteristics,such as:understanding how that believes occur,identifying the similarities and differences between other believes and Buddhist teachings,not to be emotional even being criticized,giving freedom to explain their point of view,encouraging to be open-minded,giving freedom to decide,and giving interpretations to the concepts other believer knows.Buddhist approach on other religious believes and believers is having a unique characteristics.It never discriminates the other religious believes and believers,and condemns them.It has a clear vision.That is helping individuals to overcome suffering.For that identity is not needed.
