Effect of Water Washing Pre-treatment on the Properties of Glass-ceramics from Incinerator Fly Ash Using Electronic Arc Furnace

Production of glass-ceramics by sintering the molten slag obtained from electric arc furnace treatment of fly ash was investigated. The effect of washing pretreatment prior to melting the fly ash on the microstructure and properties of the glass-ceramics was examined. The results show that washing pretreatment of fly ash can decrease alkali metal chloride and increase network former in fly ash, which results in the increase of peak crystallization temperature of parent glass and strengthening of properties of bending strength and chemical stability of the glass-ceramics. The optimal heat treatment temperature for parent glass of washed fly ash is 1 173 K, at which the crystalline phase of glass-ceramics is composed of gelignite （Ca2A12SiO7） and akermanite （Ca2MgSi207）. Glass-ceramics produced at optimal heat treatment temperature are excellent in term of the physical and chemical properties and leaching characteristics, indicating attractive potential as substitute of nature materials.

Surfactant-Enhanced Washing of Soils Contaminated with Wasted-Automotive Oils and the Quality of the Produced Wastewater

An old automotive industrial site located at Mexico City with many years of operation and contaminated with heavy oil hydrocarbons, particularly spent oils, was assessed for restoration using the surfactant enhanced soil washing (SESW) process. The main goal of this study was to characterize the contaminated soil in terms of TPHs, BTEX, PAHs, and metals contents as well as microbiologically (total heterotrophs and specific degrading microorganisms). We also aimed to determine the surfactant type and concentration to be used in the SESW process for the automotive waste oil contaminated soil. At the end, sixteen kg of contaminated soil were washed and the produced wastewater (approximately 40 L) was characterized in terms of COD, BOD;solids, and other physico-chemical parameters. The soil contained about 14,000 mg of TPH/kg soil (heavy fraction), 0.13 mg/kg of benzo (k) fluoranthene and 0.07 mg/kg of benzo (a) pyrene as well as traces of some metals. Metals concentrations were always under the maximum concentration levels suggested by Mexican regulations. 15 different surfactants were used to identify the one with the capability to achieve the highest TPH removal. Surfactants included 5 anionics, 2 zwitterionic, 5 nonionics and 3 natural gums. Sulfopon 30 at a concentration of 0.5% offered the best surfactant performance. The TPH removals employing the different surfactants were in the range from 38% to 68%, in comparison to the soil washing with water (10% of TPH removal). Once the surfactant was selected, 70 kg of soil were washed and the resulting water contained approximately 1300 mg/L of COD, 385 mg/L of BOD (BOD/COD = 0.29), 122 mg/L of MBAS, and 212 mg/L of oil and greases, among other contaminants.

Effect of Water Washing on Hydrocarbon Compositions of Petroleum Sandstone Reservoir Rocks in Tarim Basin, NW China

Gross compositions and distribution of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in Carboniferous sandstone reservoir rocks in oil and water zones for Tazhong\|10 well of the Zhongyang Uplift in the Tarim Basin were studied in detail by means of Rock\|Eval pyrolysis, thin\|chromatograph\|flame ionization detection (TLC\|FID), gas chromatography, gas chromatography\|mass spectrometry. The results suggest that the gross composition of reservoir hydrocarbons between the oil zone and the water zone show significant differences. Water washing has a dramatic effect on saturated hydrocarbon biomarkers, especially drimane series compounds. Drimane series compounds in the water zone have been depleted completely. However, the contents of tricyclic diterpanes and pentacyclic triterpanes tend to decrease slightly, but the water\|zone reservoir hydrocarbons contain a large amount of gammacerane. This suggests that gammacerane be more resistant to water washing than diterpanes and homohopanes. The contents of pregnane, homopregrane, diasteranes relatively decrease as a result of water washing. Water washing has a noticeable effect on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, especially aromatic sulfur compounds, and the contents of dibenzothiophene series compounds and benzonaphiothiophene decrease significantly as a result of water washing. However, the contents of bicyclic and tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbons decrease slightly and those of tetracyclic and pentacyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, especially benzofluoranthene and benzopyrenes, increase markedly owing to a decrease in light aromatic hydrocarbons as a result of water washing.

Slag-washing water of blast furnace power station with supercritical organic Rankine cycle

Organic Rankine cycle(ORC) power plant operating with supercritical parameters supplied by low temperature slag-washing water(SWW) of blast furnace was investigated.A schematic of such installation was presented with a description of its operation and the algorithm of calculations of a supercritical power plant.Two typical organic fluids with sufficiently low critical parameters were selected as candidate working fluids in the plant to study the efficiency of the system with different organic fluids.An analysis of the influence on the effectiveness of operation of a plant was carried out.With the same temperature of slag-washing water,the specific work in turbine of fluid R143a is 45% higher than that obtained for the fluid R125,however,the specific work in pump of fluid R143a is approximate equal into that one of the fluid R125.

Emission Behaviors of Submicron Particles(PM_(1))Generated by the Combustion of Sesame Stalk after Combined Water Washing and Carbonization Pretreatment

Pretreatment before biomass combustion is significant for its efficient utilization and that combined water washing and carbonization can be efficient.An agricultural processing residues sesame stalk was selected and carried out two pretreatments separately,i.e.,water washing-torrefaction(W-T)and torrefaction-water washing(T-W),to explore the effect on the fuel properties,combustion characteristics and particulate matter(PM)emission.The obtained biochar was also combusted under air and oxy50(CO_(2):O_(2)=50:50)conditions for the sake of investigating the effect of pretreatment and combustion atmosphere.The results indicate that,W-T and T-W both not only have great effect on the improvement of fuel properties but also reduce the content of water-soluble elements like K,Cl,etc.Due to the difference in hydrophobicity,the biochar obtained by W-T have the optimal fuel properties.At the same time,the pretreatment also hinder the combustion in a certain extent in which the comprehensive combustion characteristics(SN)show a downward trend.Furthermore,both two pretreatments have obvious benefit on the reduction of PM_(1)emission and W-T have the best effect related to the higher removal efficiency of inorganic elements(especially K+Na+Cl+S).Under oxy50 condition,the oxygen concentration and combustion temperature is higher,improving the sulfation of K and vaporization of Ca,P and Mg which result in weakening in the pretreatment reduction effect on PM_(1)emission.

Gas Turbine Performance Optimization Using Compressor Online Water Washing Technique

The ability to predict the behaviour of a gas turbine engine and optimize its performance is critical in eco-nomic, thermal and condition monitoring studies. Having identified fouling as one of the major sources of compressor and therefore gas turbine deterioration, a computer-based engine model was developed to optimize the performance of gas turbines. The paper thus presents an analysis of compressor hand cleaning, on and offline compressor washing to actualize the technique using a computer program in Visual Basic programming language with data collected over a period of fifteen weeks for 2 gas turbine plants GT1 and GT2. The results of the data collected, when collated, shows that after washing, the overall operational efficiency changed from 39.2% to 46.25%. To optimize the performance of gas turbine engines, it is therefore recommended that operators should perform a combination of compressor hand cleaning, offline and online washing simultaneously.

Clinical observation on TCM fumigation and washing for treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy by self-made water-washing footbath

消渴痹症即糖尿病周围神经病(DPN)是临床上常见的一种疾病,给患者带来极大不适,严重者影响生活,甚至会导致更严重的并发症。治疗方案若能在控制血糖的同时,及时改善双下肢症状,对提高患者生活质量、预防四肢并发症具有积极意义。现就针对自制滤水式洗脚盆用于中药熏洗在治疗消渴痹症中的具体应用做一个全面的研究与分析。本文纳入从2018年3月到2018年4月就诊于我科的DPN患者20例,分为两组,治疗组使用滤水式洗脚盆进行沐足,对照组采用常规木桶进行沐足,每组各10例。研究的结果显示采用自制滤水式熏洗脚盆中药熏洗双足较常规木桶沐足能改善消渴痹症的临床症状,为有双下肢麻木的患者提供一种可选择的外治的方法,可减轻患者痛苦,提高患者生活质量。

Freeze Concentration of Proteins in Antarctic Krill Wash Water

Water-washing removes fluoride from Antarctic krill but produces large volumes of wash water containing water-soluble proteins and fluoride. The freeze concentration method was tested to determine if it could be used to recover water-soluble proteins while leaving the fluoride in solution. After freezing and thawing the wash water, protein and fluoride contents of the thawed fractions were determined to explore the melting regularity of components in the wash water. The highest concentration factors of protein and fluoride were obtained after 80 min of thawing, such as 1.48 ± 0.06 and 1.35 ± 0.04 times, respectively. The free amino-nitrogen(FAN) content and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern results revealed that the highest concentrations of all ingredients were obtained after 80 min of the process. The degree of hydrolysis of all fractions from the thawing process fluctuated in a narrow range around 12% during the entire process, indicating that the thawing order did not change with various proteins or time during the entire thawing course. These results demonstrate that the freeze concentration method can be used to concentrate protein solutions, even those with fluoride. It was concluded that condensation was achieved and no ingredient could be separated, regardless of fluoride, amino acids, or different proteins in the water.

Treatment of tunnel wash waters-experiments with organic sorbent materials.PartⅠ:Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nonpolar oil

Tunnel wash waters characterize all waters that run off after washing procedures of tunnels are performed.These waters represent a wide spectrum of organic and inorganic pollutants,such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and toxic metals.Removal of such contaminants from water runoff was investigated using laboratory tests after washing procedure was performed on two road tunnels in eastern Norway(Hanekleiv and Bragernes).Due to diverse character of both,treatment media and treated wash waters, the wh...

Plasma-induced graft polymerization on the surface of aramid fabrics with improved omniphobicity and washing durability

Durable superomniphobic surfaces are desirable for their practical applications,including selfcleaning,non-fouling,protective clothing and the separation of liquids.The plasma-induced polymerization of environmentally friendly C6 from a perfluoralkyl methlacrylate copolymer emulsion,AG-E081,was performed and a durable omniphobic fabric was achieved.C6 is an ecological alternative to C8(eight CF2 groups)fluorinated compounds,and it was thereafter successfully incorporated into aramid fabric to achieve a durable superomniphobic surface.The fabric became water and oil repellent with an extremely high water contact angle of 180°.As tested by the water spray AATCC test and hydrocarbon resistance test,the as-prepared fabric gained 100°(ISO 5)and grade number 4 respectively.Furthermore,the fabrics also showed significantly improved washing durability after ten washing cycles.By scanning electron microscopy(SEM),Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)tests,it is indicated that the durable superomniphobicity can be attributed to the roughness and activation of the aramid surface by the plasma pre-treatment,which induces more adsorption and chemical graft of the C6 copolymer.

Treatment of tunnel wash waters-experiments with organic sorbent materials. PartⅡ: Removal of toxic metals

In the first part of the article, the column and the bag experiments concerning removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nonpolar oil (NPO) from tunnel wash waters using organic sorbent materials have been described. This part presents the results of removal of toxic metals. The metals of concern (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mo, Ni, and Zn) were selected based on the priority toxicant pollutants defined in surface water quality criteria. Concentrations of these metals in the collected effluent...

Economic Analysis of a Large UASB Reactor Producing Biogas from Baggase Wash Water

This paper concerns with the treatment of bagasse wash water, which is generated after washing the stored bagasse before its use in the paper manufacture. The bagasse wash water, treated earlier in open lagoons, is now treated by the anaerobic process using UASB reactor. This study, based upon an operating unit, shows that the UASB reactor reduces COD of wash water by 85% - 90%, and results in significant emission reductions. Economic analysis carried out by using financial indicators such as DSCR, Payback period and IRR reveals very attractive rate of returns and thus, greatly reduces the risks in financing such projects by the financial institutions.

钼焙砂焙烧过程中杂质的可溶性转化机理

钼焙砂中杂质的去除因酸洗的取消而成为企业面临的新挑战,在焙烧过程中杂质矿物能否转化为可溶离子对当前水洗除杂具有重要意义。采用激光粒度仪、X射线衍射(XRD)等传统方法对钼精矿的粒度、孔径、元素等进行了分析,结合矿物解离分析仪(MLA)和Factsage热力学软件研究了钼焙砂生产过程中杂质元素的赋存形态变化,探索了杂质矿物转变为可溶性离子的具体路径。结果表明,钼精矿和钼焙砂都存在纳米级孔隙,会阻碍水洗除杂。铝钾矿物作为主要的不可溶性杂质对高纯钼产品生产有较大影响,且多以较大分子量的碱性矿物形式存在。钼精矿在焙烧过程中,白云母、正长石等含K矿物可部分转化为K+、Al3+等可溶性离子,再经水洗去除。加湿提高了正长石在焙烧过程中向可溶性离子的转化程度,有利于洗涤过程中杂质的去除。

基于核磁共振技术储层物性变化规律

冀东油田经多年的注水开发已经进入特高含水阶段,出现注水压力增大,开发效果差等问题。针对此问题,利用目标岩心分析了黏土矿物含量和粒度分布,结合二维核磁共振技术开展高倍数水洗实验,研究储层物性变化规律及原因。实验结果表明:岩心8-2、岩心16-1分别定义为含中砂质细砂岩、含粉砂中砂质细砂岩,其黏土矿物含量分别为2.41%、2.57%;随着注水倍数的增加,核磁孔隙度表现为先降低后上升的变化规律;随着注水倍数的增加,渗透率(水)波动式变化,前期降低幅度较大,后期出现短暂的上升后持续降低;注水过程中损害主要发生在中、大孔隙且岩心8-2的损害程度要大于岩心16-1;岩心核磁二维谱中自由水的信号变化规律与核磁T_(2)谱中中、大孔隙信号强度变化规律一致。研究认为:注水过程中受到水的冲刷作用,微粒以及胶结物中的黏土矿物容易脱落运移至孔隙喉道处发生堵塞,对孔隙喉道产生一定损害导致渗透率(水)降低,所以注水井出现注水困难和注水压力增大等问题,从而影响油田的开发效果。

鲢鱼糜漂洗液中不同回收方式肌浆蛋白的结构和功能特性

以鲢鱼糜漂洗废液中的肌浆蛋白为对象,对比分析回收方式对肌浆蛋白的结构和功能特性的影响。结果表明:酸偏移和热处理对肌浆蛋白的巯基向二硫键转化程度、表面疏水性、色氨酸内源荧光光谱强度、溶解性、起泡性的影响较大;通过对肌浆蛋白二级结构分析发现,冷冻干燥和热处理法下β-折叠相对含量较大,等电点沉淀法、酸偏移法和酸偏移耦合壳聚糖絮凝法下无规则卷曲相对含量较大,壳聚糖絮凝法下β-转角相对含量较大,所有回收方式下α-螺旋相对含量均较小,总体上肌浆蛋白二级结构由有序向无序不同程度转化;此外,壳聚糖与肌浆蛋白结合,絮凝产生大分子复合物,而酸偏移导致部分蛋白解聚。不同回收方式下肌浆蛋白结构变化进而影响到功能性质,其中酸偏移耦合壳聚糖絮凝法制备的肌浆蛋白在pH值和壳聚糖双重作用下表面疏水性明显增加,促使乳化性降低;而经冷冻干燥、等电点沉淀法和壳聚糖絮凝回收得到肌浆蛋白的乳化性较大,特别是壳聚糖处理能有效改善肌浆蛋白的乳化性。

CHPPO工艺氧化液耦合除杂技术的研究与工业应用

异丙苯过氧化氢法(CHPPO)是生产环氧丙烷的绿色新工艺,然而如何从异丙苯氧化液中脱除有机酸和Na+等杂质一直是CHPPO工艺的关键问题。针对现有碱水洗单元洗涤塔设备投资高、占地面积大、传质效果不佳等问题,通过小试和中试实验,开发了基于静态混合和聚结分离的耦合除杂技术,并研究了一系列操作条件对耦合技术分离性能的影响,实现了异丙苯氧化液高效除杂。结果表明,在NaOH溶液浓度为1.5%,碱液用量为氧化液进料量的4%~5%、纯水用量3%~5%、自循环量10%~15%的条件下,处理后的氧化液总酸含量低于10 mg/L,Na+低于0.5 mg/L。此外,耦合除杂技术在某石化工业装置上实现了首次工业应用,处理后的氧化液有机酸含量为33 mg/L、Na^(+)含量为0.4 mg/L,满足环氧化工段对前处理的技术要求,同时减少了5%的碱、水用量,显著增加了装置的绿色属性。该技术为解决氧化液深度净化问题和促进环氧丙烷合成工艺的发展提供了一种极具前景的选择。

原油中有机氯盐的分析与脱除

针对某炼油厂电脱盐后原油含盐超标的问题,对原油样品进行了蒸馏切割,分析了各馏分段的有机氯和无机氯含量,并对柴油馏分的含氯化合物形态进行了分析;采用GC-MS和GC-NCD方法分析了溶于水中的含氯化合物和反萃取相中的极性含氮化合物,从而确定了柴油馏分段的含氯化合物的主要成分为喹啉盐酸盐,并推断其为原油中难脱除氯盐。通过向原油中加入喹啉盐酸盐进行蒸馏切割实验和脱盐实验,证实了喹啉盐酸盐可以进入柴油馏分,并导致脱盐实验的脱后油含盐升高。采用有机胺类化合物研制了脱盐剂C,并对实际原油进行了脱盐实验,结果表明,与未加入脱盐剂C(原油中总氯和盐质量分数分别为18 mg/kg和10 mgNaCl/kg)相比,脱盐剂C加入质量分数高于50 mg/kg时,脱后原油总氯和盐质量分数分别低于7.9 mg/kg和3.1 mgNaCl/kg。

餐饮废油生物柴油中甘油和硫含量的同步优化

为提高餐饮废油生物柴油的品质,降低其甘油和硫含量,分析了离心、静置、水洗-旋蒸3种方法的脱甘油效果,以及氧化、吸附(活性炭作吸附剂)2种方法的脱硫效果,并对甘油和硫含量进行同步优化研究。结果表明:在3种脱甘油方法中,水洗-旋蒸的脱甘油效果最好;氧化脱硫在将硫化物脱除的同时会导致生物柴油的损失,并降低生物柴油的氧化稳定性,与静置和超声氧化脱硫相比,搅拌氧化脱硫的效果较好,脱硫率和生物柴油损失率分别为28.5%和2.0%;在活性炭用量为2%时,脱硫率较高,为23.8%;水洗-旋蒸可以有效地对生物柴油中甘油和硫同时脱除,脱除后的硫、甘油单酯、游离甘油、总甘油含量分别为9.31 mg/kg、0.182%、0.008%、0.054%,脱除率分别达到11.9%、64.3%、78.9%和68.4%,符合GB 25199—2017附录C中BD100生物柴油标准要求。因此,实际生产中可以采用水洗-旋蒸的方法对生物柴油中的甘油和硫进行同步脱除。

合成氨装置低温甲醇洗系统贫甲醇含水量升高的原因分析及对策

针对中国石油吉林石化公司30万t/a合成氨装置在新增合成气净化系统的工艺改造后,低温甲醇洗系统贫甲醇含水量(质量分数,下同)异常升高(高达2.6%)并超过设计指标值(1.5%),不得不降负荷运行的情况,排查了相关影响因素,分析了导致甲醇/水分离塔塔板筛孔堵塞的原因,并实施了相应的工艺优化措施。结果表明:工艺优化措施实施后,大幅改善了甲醇/水分离塔的分离效果,不仅使该装置低温甲醇洗系统负荷率由82%提升至100%,还使贫甲醇含水量降低至0.4%。