Comparison of operative link for gastritis assessment, operative link on gastric intestinal metaplasia assessment, and TAIM stagings among men with atrophic gastritis

BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is the world’s third most lethal malignancy. Most gastric cancers develop through precancerous states of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. Two staging systems, operative link for gastritis assessment(OLGA)and operative link on gastric intestinal metaplasia assessment(OLGIM), have been developed to detect high gastric cancer risk. European guidelines recommend surveillance for high-risk OLGA/OLGIM patients(stages Ⅲ–Ⅳ),and for those with advanced stage of atrophic gastritis in the whole stomach mucosa. We hypothesize, that by combining atrophy and intestinal metaplasia into one staging named TAIM, more patients with increased gastric cancer risk could be detected.AIM To evaluate the clinical value of the OLGA, OLGIM, and novel TAIM stagings as prognostic indicators for gastric cancer.METHODS In the Helsinki Gastritis Study, 22346 elderly male smokers from southwestern Finland were screened for serum pepsinogen I(PGI). Between the years 1989 and1993, men with low PGI values(PGI < 25 μg/L), were invited to undergo an oesophagogastroduodenoscopy. In this retrospective cohort study, 1147 men that underwent gastroscopy were followed for gastric cancer for a median of 13.7 years, and a maximum of 27.3 years. We developed a new staging system, TAIM,by combining the topography with the severity of atrophy or intestinal metaplasia in gastric biopsies. In TAIM staging, the gastric cancer risk is classified as low or high.RESULTS Twenty-eight gastric cancers were diagnosed during the follow-up, and the incidence rate was 1.72 per 1000 patient-years. The cancer risk associated positively with TAIM [Hazard ratio(HR) 2.70, 95%CI: 1.09–6.69, P = 0.03]. The risk increased through OLGIM stages 0-Ⅳ(0 vs Ⅳ: HR 5.72, 95%CI: 1.03–31.77, P for trend = 0.004), but not through OLGA stages 0–Ⅳ(0 vs Ⅳ: HR 5.77, 95%CI:0.67–49.77, P for trend = 0.10). The sensitivities of OLGA and OLGIM stages Ⅲ–Ⅳ were low, 21% and 32%, respectively, whereas that of TAIM high-risk was good, 79%. On the contrary, OLGA and OLGIM had high specificity, 85% and81%, respectively, but TAIM showed low specificity, 42%. In all three staging systems, the high-risk men had three-to four-times higher gastric cancer risk compared to the general male population of the same age.CONCLUSION OLGIM and TAIM stagings show prognostic value in assessing gastric cancer risk in elderly male smokers with atrophic gastritis.

Operative link for gastritis assessment vs operative link on intestinal metaplasia assessment

AIM:To compare the reliability of gastritis staging sys-tems in ranking gastritis-associated cancer risk in a large series of consecutive patients.METHODS:Gastric mucosal atrophy is the precancer-ous condition in which intestinal-type gastric cancer(GC)most frequently develops.The operative link for gas-tritis assessment(OLGA)staging system ranks the GC risk according to both the topography and the severity of gastric atrophy(as assessed histologically on the ba-sis of the Sydney protocol for gastric mucosal biopsy).Both cross-sectional and long-term follow-up trials have consistently associated OLGA stages Ⅲ-Ⅳ with a higher risk of GC.A recently-proposed modification of the OLGA staging system(OLGIM)basically incorporates the OLGA frame,but replaces the atrophy score with an assessment of intestinal metaplasia(IM)alone.A series of 4552 consecutive biopsy sets(2007-2009)was re-trieved and reassessed according to both the OLGA and the OLGIM staging systems.A set of at least 5 biopsy samples was available for all the cases considered.RESULTS:In 4460 of 4552 cases(98.0%),both the high-risk stages(Ⅲ + Ⅳ)and the low-risk stages(0 +Ⅰ + Ⅱ)were assessed applying the OLGA and OL-GIM criteria.Among the 243 OLGA high-risk stages,14(5.8%)were down-staged to a low risk using OLGIM.The 67(1.5%)incidentally-found neoplastic lesions(intraepithelial or invasive)were consistently associated with high-risk stages,as assessed by both OLGA and OLGIM(P < 0.001 for both).Two of 34 intestinal-type GCs coexisting with a high-risk OLGA stage(stage Ⅲ)were associated with a low-risk OLGIM stage(stage Ⅱ).CONCLUSION:Gastritis staging systems(both OLGA and OLGIM)convey prognostically important informa-tion on the gastritis-associated cancer risk.Because of its clinical impact,the stage of gastritis should be included as a conclusive message in the gastritis histol-ogy report.Since it focuses on IM alone,OLGIM staging is less sensitive than OLGA staging in the identif ication of patients at high risk of gastric cancer.

Operative link on gastritis assessment stage is an appropriate predictor of early gastric cancer

AIM: To assess the predictive value of Operative Link on Gastritis Assessment(OLGA) and Operative Link on Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Assessment(OLGIM) stages in gastric cancer.METHODS: A prospective study was conducted with 71 patients with early gastric cancer(EGC) and 156 patients with non-EGC. All patients underwent endoscopic examination and systematic biopsy. Outcome measures were assessed and compared, including the Japanese endoscopic gastric atrophy(EGA) classification method and the modified OLGA method as well as the modified OLGIM method. Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) status was determined for all study participants. Stepwise logistic regression modeling was performed to analyze correlations between EGC and the EGA, OLGA and OLGIM methods.RESULTS: For patients with EGC and patients with non-EGC, the proportions of moderate-to-severe EGA cases were 64.8% and 44.9%, respectively(P = 0.005), the proportions of OLGA stages Ⅲ-Ⅳ cases were 52.1% and 22.4%, respectively(P < 0.001), and the proportions of OLGIM stages Ⅲ-Ⅳ cases were42.3% and 19.9%, respectively(P < 0.001). OLGA stage and OLGIM stage were significantly related to EGA classification; specifically, logistic regression modeling showed significant correlations between EGC and moderate-to-severe EGA(OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.06-3.58, P = 0.031) and OLGA stages Ⅲ-Ⅳ(OR = 3.14, 95%CI: 1.71-5.81, P < 0.001), but no significant correlation between EGC and OLGIM stages Ⅲ-Ⅳ(P = 0.781). H. pylori infection rate was significantly higher in patients with moderate-to-severe EGA(75.0% vs 54.1%, P = 0.001) or OLGA/OLGIM stages Ⅲ-Ⅳ(OLGA: 83.6% vs 55.8%, P < 0.001; OLGIM: 83.6% vs 57.8%, P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: OLGA classification is optimal for EGC screening. A surveillance program including OLGA stage and H. pylori infection status may facilitate early detection of gastric cancer.

Lamb’s tripe extract and vitamin B12 capsule plus celecoxib reverses intestinal metaplasia and atrophy:A retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND Chronic atrophic gastritis(AG)with intestinal metaplasia(IM)significantly increases the risk of gastric cancer.Some medicines have showed definite therapeutic effects in AG and IM regression.AIM To validate the efficacy of Lamb’s tripe extract and vitamin B12 capsule(LTEVB12)initial therapy and celecoxib rescue therapy for IM and AG.METHODS A total of 255 patients were included to receive LTEVB12 initial therapy(2 capsules each time,three times daily for 6 mo)in hospital in this study.The patients with failure of IM regression continued to receive celecoxib rescue therapy(200 mg,once daily for 6 mo).After each therapy finished,the patients underwent endoscopy and biopsy examination.The regression efficiency was assessed by the operative link on gastritis assessment(OLGA)and the operative link on the gastric intestinal metaplasia assessment(OLGIM)staging system.Logistic regression analysis was applied to identify factors associated with the curative effect.RESULTS For LTEVB12 initial therapy,the reversal rates of IM and AG were 52.95%and 48.24%,respectively.Analogously,for celecoxib rescue therapy,the effective rates for IM and AG were 56.25%and 51.56%,respectively.The IM regression rate of complete therapy was up to 85.03%.In different OLGA and OLGIM stages of IM patients,therapeutic efficiency showed a significant difference in each group(P<0.05).For both therapies,patients with high stages(III or IV)of both the OLGA and OLGIM evaluation systems showed a higher IM or AG regression rate than those with low stages(I or II).Among patients with high stages(OLGIM III and IV),the IM regression rate was above 70%for each therapy.Eating habits,fresh vegetable intake,and high-salt diet were identified as independent factors for the IM reversal effect of LTEVB12 therapy,especially high-salt diet(odds ratio=1.852,P<0.05).CONCLUSION Monotherapy could reverse IM and AG.LTEVB12 initial therapy and celecoxib rescue therapy significantly increase the regression effect.IM may not be the point of no return among gastric precancerous lesions.

Chronic active and atrophic gastritis as significant contributing factor to the development of gastric cystica profunda

Gastric cystica profunda(GCP)is an uncommon but underestimated gastric lesion.Its precancerous potential determines its significance.In addition to previous mucosa injury due to operations,biopsy or polypectomy,chronic active and atrophic gastritis may also lead to the development of GCPs.By carefully examining the stomach and taking biopsy samples from the susceptible regions,the stage of atrophy can be determined.Chronic atrophic gastritis is a risk factor for cancer evolvement and it can also contribute to GCPs formation.GCPs frequently occur close to early gastric cancers(EGCs)or EGC can arise from the cystic glands.Endoscopic resection is an effective and minimally invasive treat-ment in GCP.

Association of serum pepsinogen with degree of gastric mucosal atrophy in an asymptomatic population

BACKGROUND Atrophic gastritis is a precancerous lesion of the stomach.It has been reported that pepsinogen(PG)can reflect the morphology and function of the gastric mucosa,and it is therefore used as a marker for the early diagnosis of atrophic gastritis.AIM To evaluate the diagnostic value of serum PG for degree of gastric mucosal atrophy in asymptomatic Chinese upon physical examination.METHODS Medical data were collected from subjects who underwent transnasal gastroscopy between October 2016 and October 2018.For each study subject,serum PG levels and presence of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection were investigated.Pathology was evaluated using the Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment(OLGA)classification and Operative Link on Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Assessment(OLGIM)systems.All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS statistical software.RESULTS A total of 2256 subjects were enrolled and 1922 cases were finally included in the study.Based on the OLGA grading system,the levels of PGI were slightly decreased,while those of PGII were slightly increased.The PGI/PGII ratio(PGR)was reduced with increasing atrophy.The association between PG and OLGA grading was higher compared with that between PG and the OLGIM grading system.Compared with the OLGA-0 group,a statistically significant difference was observed in the mean age of OLGA-Ⅰ,Ⅲ,and Ⅳ groups(P<0.05).In the H.pylori-positive subjects,the PGR levels were notably lower in the OLGA-Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ groups compared with the OLGA-0 group(P<0.05).H.pylori-positive subjects exhibited significantly higher PGI and PGII serum levels and a significantly lower PGR compared with H.pylori-negative patients in different OLGA groups(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Serum PG levels may represent a non-invasive screening marker for gastric mucosal atrophy in asymptomatic subjects.

不同OLGIM分期胃炎患者PGⅠ、PGR水平变化及HP感染状况分析

目的 研究不同可操作的与胃癌风险联系的肠化生评估(OLGIM)分期胃炎患者胃蛋白酶原Ⅰ(PGⅠ)、胃蛋白酶原比值(PGR)水平及幽门螺杆菌(HP)感染状况。方法 回顾性选取2019年1月至2021年1月西安高新医院消化内科收治的120例胃炎患者纳入观察组,同期选择在我院体检的110例健康人群作为对照组。比较两组受检者的血清PGI水平、PGR及HP感染状况,并比较不同OLGIM分期胃炎患者的血清PGⅠ水平、PGR及HP感染状况,采用Pearson相关性分析法分析血清PGI水平、PGR及HP感染阳性率与OLGIM分期的相关性。结果 观察组患者的血清PGⅠ水平、PGR分别为(74.89±3.71) ng/mL、5.16±1.01,明显低于对照组的(95.40±5.85) ng/m L、7.43±1.60,Hp感染阳性率为66.67%,明显高于对照组的13.64%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);四组OLGIM分期患者的血清PGⅠ水平、PGR水平均逐渐降低,HP感染阳性率逐渐升高,其中Ⅳ期组胃炎患者的血清PGⅠ水平、PGR水平均明显低于Ⅲ期组、Ⅱ期组和Ⅰ期组,HP感染阳性率明显高于Ⅲ期组、Ⅱ期组和Ⅰ期组,Ⅲ期组胃炎患者的血清PGⅠ水平、PGR水平均明显低于Ⅱ期组和Ⅰ期组,HP感染阳性率明显高于Ⅱ期组和Ⅰ期组,Ⅱ期组胃炎患者的血清PGⅠ水平、PGR水平均明显低于Ⅰ期组,HP感染阳性率明显高于Ⅰ期组,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);经Pearson相关分析结果显示,PGⅠ、PGR与OLGIM分期均呈负相关(r=-0.607、-0.528,P<0.05),HP感染阳性率与OLGIM分期呈正相关(r=0.720,P<0.05)。结论 血清PGⅠ水平、PGR在Ⅳ期胃炎患者中的表达水平明显降低,HP感染阳性率有明显升高,血清PGⅠ水平、PGR及HP感染状况与OLGIM分期进展程度有明显相关性。

血清幽门螺杆菌抗体联合胃蛋白酶原检测与OLGA/OLGIM胃炎评价标准在胃癌前病变风险评估中的相关性研究

背景:血清胃蛋白酶原(PGs)作为评估胃黏膜萎缩的指标,可反映胃黏膜功能和形态学状态。OLGA/OLGIM是一种结合胃黏膜萎缩/肠化生程度和范围的胃炎分类方法,已逐步被接受并应用于胃癌筛查。目的:分析血清幽门螺杆菌(Hp)抗体联合PGs检测(ABC法)与组织学OLGA/OLGIM胃炎评价标准的相关性,评价PGs检测在胃癌前病变风险评估中的价值。方法:纳入2017年1月—2018年1月因上消化道症状在嘉兴市第一医院行胃镜检查的患者331例,分别采用血清学ABC法和组织学OLGA/OLGIM胃炎评价标准进行分组,比较不同OLGA/OLGIM组间Hp感染率、PGⅠ、PGⅡ水平和PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值(PGR)的差异,分析OLGA/OLGIM胃炎评价标准与ABC法的相关性。结果:OLGA/OLGIM分组中,stage-0组Hp感染率明显低于其他四组,stage-Ⅳ组则明显高于其他四组(P<0.05),PGR随分组等级升高逐渐降低(P<0.05);OLGA分组中,PGⅠ亦随分组等级的升高呈降低趋势(P<0.05)。Gamma系数分析显示OLGA/OLGIM胃炎评价标准与ABC法之间存在较强的相关性(G=0.589,P<0.05;G=0.440,P<0.05)。结论:血清学ABC法与组织学OLGA/OLGIM胃炎评价标准在胃癌前病变风险评估方面存在密切联系。血清PGs检测在我国可用于胃癌前病变筛查,为后续是否需作胃镜精查提供依据。

慢性胃炎患者OLGA及OLGIM分期与胃癌的相关性研究

目的新疆地区慢性胃炎患者OLGA(可操作的与胃癌风险联系的萎缩评估)及OLGIM(可操作的与胃癌风险联系的肠化生评估)分期与胃癌的关系,并进一步探讨OLGA及OLGIM分期与胃癌病变部位的关系。方法回顾性收集2018年1月至2021年4月新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院住院行胃镜并取五块活检的211例胃癌患者的临床及病理资料,通过年龄与性别匹配211例非胃癌对照组。根据OLGA分期和OLGIM分期系统进行分期,通过Logistic回归分析,明确OLGA及OLGIM分期与胃癌的相关性;分析OLGA及OLGIM分期与胃癌病变部位的关系。结果单因素分析中,H.pylori感染,吸烟,饮酒,家族史,OLGA分期、OLGIM分期与胃癌相关(P<0.05);进一步多因素回归分析中,H.pylori感染(OR 0.276,95%CI:0.132-0.575,P=0.001)、吸烟(OR 0.523,95%CI:0.340-0.803,P=0.003)、饮酒(OR 0.412,95%CI:0.266-0.673,P<0.001)、家族史(OR 0.255,95%CI:0.114-0.572,P<0.001)及OLGIM分期Ⅰ期(OR 1.847,95%CI:1.105-3.087,P=0.019)、Ⅱ期(OR 2.004,95%CI:1.087-3.694,P=0.026)、Ⅲ期(OR 7.691,95%CI:2.710-21.828,P<0.001)为胃癌的危险因素。另根据Sperman相关性分析发现OLGA及OLGIM分期与胃癌病变部位无显著相关性(P>0.05)。结论OLGIM分期与胃癌相关,随着OLGIM分期越高,发生胃癌风险增加,而OLGA分期与胃癌无明显相关性。另OLGA及OLGIM分期与胃癌病变部位无显著相关性。

Hp感染及胃黏膜TFF1/GKN2表达与慢性胃炎OLGA/OLGIM分期的关系

目的 分析幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染及胃黏膜三叶草因子1/胃动蛋白2(TFF1/GKN2)表达与慢性胃炎可操作的与胃癌风险联系的胃炎评估/可操作的与胃癌风险联系的肠化生评估(OLGA/OLGIM)分期的关系.方法 收集2020年1月-2021年9月海南西部中心医院收治的156例慢性胃炎患者的临床资料,根据OLGA/OLGIM分期及病变严重程度,将患者分为高分期组(Ⅲ~Ⅳ期组,74例)与低分期组(0~Ⅱ期组,82例),比较两组Hp感染及胃黏膜TFF1、GKN2表达情况,分析高分期组Hp感染与TFF1、GKN2表达的一致性,并记录两组Hp细胞毒素相关基因A(CagA)及TFF1、GKN2表达量,分析OLGA/OLGIM分期与Hp CagA、TFF1、GKN2表达量的相关性;对随访时间≥12个月的Hp感染阳性者作进一步分析,比较其随访期间Hp感染及TFF1、GKN2表达、OLGA/OLGIM分期变化.结果 高分期组Hp感染阳性率高于低分期组(P<0.05),胃黏膜TFF1及GKN2表达阳性率均低于低分期组(P<0.05);高分期组患者Hp感染阳性与胃黏膜TFF1、GKN2表达阴性具有较高一致性,Kappa系数分别为0.774、0.570;高分期组胃黏膜Hp CagA mRNA相对表达量高于低分期组(P<0.05),TFF1及GKN2 mRNA相对表达量均低于低分期组(P<0.05);Spearman秩相关分析显示,OLGA分期及OLGIM分期均与胃黏膜Hp CagA mRNA相对表达量呈正相关(r=0.439、0.425),与TFF1及GKN2 mRNA相对表达量呈负相关(r=-0.712、-0.694、-0.705、-0.687);111例Hp感染阳性者有32例获得12个月的随访,随访12个月时,患者Hp感染阳性率及OLGA分期、OLGIM分期降低(P<0.05),TFF1及GKN2表达阳性率升高(P<0.05).结论 Hp感染可增加慢性胃炎病情进展,该作用机制可能与下调胃黏膜TFF1、GKN2的表达有关,可为慢性胃炎的治疗提供新靶点.

胃炎评价系统及基于肠化的胃炎评价系统对慢性萎缩性胃炎癌变风险的预测价值

目的探讨胃炎评价(operative link on gastritis assessment,OLGA)系统及基于肠化的胃炎评价(operative link on gastritis assessment based on intestinal metaplasia,OLGIM)系统对慢性萎缩性胃炎患者发生癌变的风险预测价值,以及可能的其他胃癌相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析2016年7月-2018年11月在南方医科大学深圳医院经内镜结合病理确诊慢性萎缩性胃炎或肠化的643例患者资料。标准胃镜检查评估有无萎缩及其范围,病理证实并评估萎缩、肠化严重程度,以及有无上皮内瘤变。采用OLGA及OLGIM系统进行萎缩和肠化分期,比较OLGA和OLGIM低分级与高分级患者高级别上皮内瘤变(high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia,HGIN)检出率。结果 OLGA高分级患者HGIN检出率(13.89%,10/72)显著高于低分级患者(3.85%,22/571,χ2=13.618,P<0.001);OLGIM高分级患者HGIN检出率(13.41%,11/82)显著高于低分级患者(3.74%,21/561,χ2=14.150,P<0.001);OLGA与OLGIM均为高分级患者,HGIN检出率进一步升高[21.21%(7/33)比4.10%(25/610),χ2=19.389,P<0.001]。Logistic回归分析显示,OLGA、OLGIM高分级患者发生HGIN的危险度是低分级患者的2.640倍(95%CI:1.083~6.439,P=0.033)及2.747倍(95%CI:1.156~6.528,P=0.022),OLGA与OLGIM均为高分级患者,比值比为6.300(95%CI:2.497~15.897,P<0.001)。结论 OLGA与OLGIM系统对慢性萎缩性胃炎有较好的癌变风险预测价值,是患者进行胃镜精查和制定随访策略的重要参考依据。

基于OLGIM分期的慢性萎缩性胃炎证素特征分析

目的:比较不同可操作的与胃癌风险联系的肠上皮化生评价(operative link for gastric intestinal metaplasia assessment,OLGIM)分期的慢性萎缩性胃炎(chronic atrophic gastritis,CAG)患者中医证素分布特征,探索影响CAG患者病情进展的中医证素。方法:对CAG患者进行问卷调查,采用证素辨证方法,分析其证素分布特征,探讨不同OLGIM证素分布特征与差异。结果:共纳入640例CAG患者,其中OLGIM低危组367例,OLGIM高危组273例。获得中医病位证素5个:胃、脾、肝、心(神)、肾;病性证素8个:气滞、湿阻、气虚、血瘀、热郁、阳虚、食积、阴虚。OLGIM低危组与高危组之间中医病位证素分布差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);OLGIM高危组气虚、血瘀、阳虚证素占比较高,与低危组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。OLGIM高危组患者复合证素比例显著高于OLGIM低危组(P<0.05)。结论:CAG的病位主要在胃,与脾、肝、心(神)、肾密切相关;病性上总体呈现“虚实夹杂”的复合证候特点;随着CAG病情加重,虚、瘀的证素占比增加,可能在CAG患者胃癌风险增高中起了推动作用。