A new C_(27)-steroidal glycoside from Ophiopogon japonicus

A new C27-steroidal glycoside with three known compounds were isolated from the tuber of Ophiopogonjaponicus （Thunb.） Ker-Gawl. Based on the spectral analysis, including HRMS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, 1H-1H COSY, HMQC and HMBC, their chemical structures were determined as pennogenin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→ 2）-β-D-xylopyranosyl-（1→ 4）-13-D-gluco- pyranoside （1）, pennogenin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→ 2）-β-D-glucopyranoside （2）, ophiopojaponin C （3） and ophiopogonin D （4）. 2007 Jian Zhong Wang. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

Two new steroidal glucosides from Ophiopogon japonicus (L.f.) Ker-Gawl

Two new steroidal glucosides, 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl （25S）-furost-5-ene-1β,3β,22α,26-tetraol l-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl- （1 → 3）-[α-h-rhamnopyranosyl-（1 → 2）]-[β-D-fueopyranoside and （25R） spirost-5-ene-3β,14α-diol-3-β-O-β-L-rhanmopyranosyl- （1 → 2）-[β-D-xylopyranosyl（1 → 4）]-[-β-D-glucopyranoside, were isolated from the Ophiopogon japonicus （L.f.） Ker-Gaw. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods.

Recognition System for Leaf Diseases of Ophiopogon japonicus Based on PCA-SVM

Taking leaf black spot,anthracnose and leaf blight of Ophiopogon japonicus as the research objects,lesions were separated by K-Means clustering segmentation technology.PCA(principal component analysis)was carried out on the 46-dimensional eigenvectors composed of color,shape and texture features,and then the multi-level classifier designed by SVM(support vector machine)was used to identify lesions.The recognition rate of the developed leaf disease recognition system of O.japonicus achieved 93.3%.The results indicates that the system is of great significance to the prevention and control of O.japonicus diseases and the modernization of O.japonicus industry.

A New Furospirostanol Saponin,Ophiofurospiside B from Ophiopogon japonicus(Thunb.) Ker-Gawl

Introduction The tuber of Ophiopogon japonicus （ L. f） Ker- Gawl, which is a Chinese traditional medicine named ＂maidong＂ have been recorded to have various medical functions for curing cardiovascular diseases and bacterial infections, especially heart diseases. Phytochemical studies on this plant were reported previously. In search of new and bioactive components from Chinese traditional medicines, the tubers of Ophiopogon japonicus have been investigated in this study. The present paper article covers the isolation and structure elucidation of a new furospirostanol saponin, namely, Ophiofurospiside B （compound 1 ） and two known steroidal saponins （ compounds 2 and 3）.

Two new steroidal glycosides from Ophiopogon japonicus

Two new C27-steroidal glycosides were isolated from the fibrous roots of Ophiopogon japonicus. The spectral analysis and chemical evidence revealed their chemical structures to be （25R）-spirost-5,14-dien-3β-yl-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1 → 2）-β-D- xylopyranosyl-（1 → 4）-β-D-glucopyranoside （1） and ophiogenin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （2）.

Application of Multivariate Analysis Method in Evaluation of Quality and Traits of Sichuan Ophiopogon japonicus

[Objectives] To study the relationship between the yield and total saponin content of Sichuan Ophiopogon japonicus. [Methods]The multi-indicator function model of Sichuan O. japonicus was established by using the multivariate analysis method and taking the yield of and total saponin content of Sichuan O. japonicus as indicators. [Results] In the multivariate non-linear fitting,the Pearson correlation test was used to reduce the dimension of the model,and the significant correlated variables were rejected,leaving three independent variables: the total fresh weight of the plant( x_1),the fresh weight of the aboveground part(x_2) and the fresh weight of fibrous roots(x_3),established the total saponin( y) function model for Sichuan O. japonicus: y = a_1+a_2x_2+ a_3x_3+ a_4x_1x_2+ a_5x_1x_3+ a_6x_2x_3+ a_7x_1~2+ a_8x_2~2+ a_9x_3~2.[Conclusions]When the total fresh weight of plant,fresh weight of aboveground part and fresh weight of fibrous roots were known in Sichuan O. japonicus root tuber,the total saponin content could be estimated by polynomial of these three variables. The establishment of this functional model system is expected to provide a scientific basis for the scientific prediction of the yield and total saponin content of Sichuan O. japonicus.

Experimental Study on Content of Aqueous Extract and Total Flavonoids in Different Parts of Sichuan Ophiopogon japonicus 1

[Objectives]To study the differences in the content of aqueous extract and total flavonoids in different parts of Sichuan Ophiopogon japonicus 1,and provide a scientific basis for the comprehensive utilization of O. japonicus resources. [Methods] According to Volume I of 2015 Chinese Pharmacopoeia,and with reference to literature methods,taking water as extraction solvent,hot dip method was used to determine the content of aqueous extract; taking ethanol as extraction solvent,the content of total flavonoids was determined using hot dip method,Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry. [Results]The content of aqueous extract and total flavonoids in the root tubers of Sichuan O. japonicus1 was higher than that of traditional O. japonicas; the content of aqueous extract in the root tubers of Sichuan O. japonicus 1 was higher than that in the leaves of Sichuan O. japonicus 1; the content of total flavonoids in leaves of Sichuan O. japonicus 1 was higher than that in the root tubers; the content of aqueous extract and total flavonoids in Sichuan O. japonicus 1 in the second year was higher than that in the first year.[Conclusions]The quality of new cultivar of Sichuan O. japonicas 1 was significantly higher than the traditional O. japonicus. Nowadays,the main part of drug use in O. japonicas is root,but as to the content of total flavonoids,fibrous roots and leaves are more dominant,it is feasible to develop and utilize the resources of flavonoids in the fibrous roots and leaves. The content of aqueous extract and total flavonoids from the second year O. japonicus was higher than that in the first year O. japonicus,but its increased amount did not meet the requirements of economic benefits.

Recognition of Ophiopogon japonicus Disease Based on Image Feature Fusion

The images of three diseases of black spot,anthracnose and leaf blight in Sichuan Ophiopogon japonicus leaves were taken the research object,and the bimodal method,Otsu threshold segmentation method and K-means clustering segmentation algorithm were compared and analyzed on the images of O.japonicus.The segmentation effect showed that the K-means clustering algorithm combined with the mathematical morphology processing method could meet the segmentation requirements.Then,the color,shape,and texture information of the lesion image were extracted and fused into a feature vector.Next,the variance analysis and principal component analysis method were applied to eliminate the feature parameters with poor disease characterization ability and reduce the eigenvector dimension to 10 dimensions.Finally,the classifiers for disease identification were designed by the support vector machine,and the recognition rate reached 90%after testing.The method has the advantages of low cost,simple algorithm and high efficiency,and basically meets the requirements of practical applications.

Two New Steroidal Glycosides from Ophiopogon japonicus

Two new C-27 steroidal: glycosides, named ophiopojaponin A(1)and B(2), were isolated from the tubers of famous traditional Chinese herb-Ophiopogon japonicus. The spectroscopic and chemical evidences revealed their structures to be Pennogenin 3-O-[2'-O-acetyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->2)]-beta-D-xylopyranosyl (1-->3)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1) and 26-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(22 xi, 25R)-3 beta, 14 alpha, 22 xi, 26-tetrahydroxyfurost-5-ene 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2), respectively.

Characterization and Antioxidant Properties of OJP2, a Polysaccharide Isolated from <i>Ophiopogon japonicus</i>

A water-soluble polysaccharide (OJP2) obtained from the roots of Ophiopogon japonicas, was precipitated with 95% ethanol and purified by DEAE-52 cellulose anion-exchange and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography. The characteristics of OJP2 were determined by chemical analysis, high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the average molecular weight (Mw) of OJP2 was 35.2 kDa, and five kinds of monosaccharides including rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, glucose and galactose in a molar ratio of 0.5:5:4:1:10. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of OJP2 was evaluated in H2O2-treated HaCaT cells and glucose-treated LO2 cells. The results show that OJP2 can increase the activity of SOD and NO production, and decrease the level of MDA in these two kinds of injury cells. OJP2 should be explored as a novel and potential natural antioxidant agent for use in functional foods or medicine.

麦冬(Ophiopogon japonicus(L.f.)Ker-Gawl)的胚胎学研究——大、小孢子发生,雌、雄配子体形成过程及多糖物质动态

麦冬花药壁层发育为单子叶型,绒毡层细胞消解介于分泌型与变形型间,小孢子母细胞减数分裂时,胞质分裂为连续型,四个小孢子在四分体中排列为左右对称式。成熟花粉粒为二细胞的,具单萌发沟。麦冬为倒生胚珠,双珠被、厚珠心,具珠柄珠孔塞,大孢子母细胞减数分裂后形成线形四分体。胚囊发育为蓼型。成熟阶段,助细胞珠孔端壁上具帚状分枝的丝状器。大、小孢子发生及雌、雄配子体形成中,多糖物质的积累与消失是有规律的。

Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Tillering Ability of Ophiopogon japonicus cv

[Objectives]This study was conducted to discuss the effects of tillering law and its controlling factors on the growth of Ophiopogon japonicus cv.[Methods]With O.japonicus cv as an experimental material,its average number of tillers,proliferation coefficient,total number of tillers,death number,germination index,germination rate,fresh root weight,root volume and survival rate were determined.[Results] The reproductive ability of the NAA treatments was significantly higher than that of the 6-BA treatments,and the average tillering capacity of the 5 mg/L NAA treatment was significantly higher,90% higher than that of the CK.The proliferation coefficient of O.japonicus cv was significantly better in the NAA treatments than in the 6-BA treatments,and the 5 mg/L-NAA treatment was more significant.The NAA treatments showed total numbers of tillers significantly higher than those of the 6-BA treatments,and exhibited significantly reduced deaths.The 1 mg/L NAA and 10 mg/L 6-BA experimental groups had the strongest germination-promoting effects on O.japonicus cv,which were significantly different from those of other experimental groups,and were 92% and 95% higher than that of the CK,respectively.As to the germination rate indicator of O.japonicus cv,the 1 mg/L NAA and 10 mg/L 6-BA experimental groups exhibited the highest values,which increased by 48% and 43%,respectively,compared with the CK.The 6-BA treatments significantly improved the root growth of O.japonicus cv compared with the NAA treatments,and they significantly promoted root volume of O.japonicus cv.The survival rate of O.japonicus cv treated with hormone NAA was 23.3% higher than that of the 6-BA treatment group.[Conclusions] This study provide a theoretical basis for improving the reproductive ability of O.japonicus cv and expanding its commercial production.

Effects of Biological Fertilizer and Paclobutrazol on Total Flavonoids in Ophiopogon japonicus

[Objectives] The research aimed to study the effects of applying biofertilizer instead of paclobutrazol on the content of flavonoids in Ophiopogon japonicas and determine its quality characteristics,in order to provide the scientific basis for the quality control of GAP and the comprehensive utilization of resources. [Methods] O. japonicas collected in Lingxing Town and Huayuan Town of Sichuan Province was divided into three groups: blank control group,paclobutrazol group and biofertilizer group. Root tuber of O. japonicas was obtained,and the enzyme was killed by the microwave,and then it was dried in 60℃. The content of flavonoids in root tuber of O. japonicus was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Then,SPSS19. 0 was used to analyze the results. [Results]The average contents of flavonoids in different treatments were as follows: 0. 184%-0. 198% in control group; 0. 283%-0. 330% in the paclobutrazol group; 0. 404%-0. 428% in the biofertilizer group. Biological bacterial fertilizer had a significant role in promoting the synthetic accumulation of homoisoflavonoids in O. japonicus( P <0. 001**). [Conclusions]The application of biological fertilizer can not only significantly improve the content of homoisoflavonoids in root ruber of O. japonicus,but also significantly optimize the micro ecological environment of soil. Therefore,biofertilizer should be widely used to gradually replace paclobutrazol in the main production areas of O. japonicas.

The Influences of Mg^(2+), Ca^(2+) and Mg ^(2+)/Ca ~ (2+) Ratio in Mixed Seawater on the Emergence Rate of Penaeus japonicus Postlarva

This paper reports the approprite ranges of Mg 2+, Ca 2+ and their ratio Mg 2+/Ca 2+ in mixed seawater for rearing of Penaeus japonicus larvae. The ranges for the above three indices are 1150-1450 mg/L, 360-440 mg/L and 2.8-3.4, respectively. The proper salinity range of mixed seawater is 22.1-33.8 obtained by mixing estuarine water and concentrated seawater.

唐山市刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)养殖情况和主要病害防治

刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)是唐山市重要的水产养殖品种,2022年养殖面积已超过5100 hm2,年产量超过7700 t。本文基于唐山地区多年的刺参苗种繁育和成参养殖的实践经验,总结了几种唐山地区常见的高温、细菌性疾病、霉菌病、寄生虫病的预防和治疗措施。

Styrax japonicus functional genomics:an efficient virus induced gene silencing(VIGS)system

VIGS(Virus-induced gene silencing),a method for posttranscriptional gene silencing,is an effective technique for investigating the activities of genes in plants.Since there is no report for available VIGS system in Styrax japonicus,the application of a VIGS approach that results in a gene knockdown to study gene function is limited.In this study,we compared the characteristics that could affect the viability of VIGS in S.japonicus,including the acetosyringone(AS)concentration,the Agrobacterium’s optical density and the inoculation method.The stable reference genes of S.japonicus were selected to validate the gene’s knockdown by quantitative PCR.As a result,we successfully constructed 2 VIGS systems based on TRV virus:vacuum with AS concentration of 200μmol·L^(-1)and OD600of 0.5,and friction-osmosis with AS concentration of 200μmol·L^(-1)and OD600of 1.0,which silencing efficiency was 83.33%and 74.19%,respectively.The successfully applied VIGS method provides a rapid and effective reverse gene functional analysis approach in S.japonicus to identify unknown gene functions.

Influence of ultrafiltration membrane on ophiopogonins and homoisoflavonoids in Ophiopogon japonicus as measured by ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Ultrafiltration is one of the most fascinating technologies, which makes it possible to improve the quality of traditional medicines for application in the pharmaceutical industry. However, researchers have paid little attention to the effect of ultrafiltration membrane on traditional medicines chemical constituents. In this work, Ophiopogon japonicus(L.f) Ker-Gawl. was used as an example to illuminate the influence of ultrafiltration with different material and molecular weight cut-off(MWCO) membrane on natural chemical constituents as measured by ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UFLC-IT-TOF/MS). Our results indicated that ultrafiltration membrane significantly impacted homoisoflavonoids, especially homoisoflavonoids that were almost completely retained on the polyethersulfone(PES) membrane. We also found that the larger number of aglycone hydroxy and sugar moiety in steroid saponins, the higher the transmittance. Furthermore, the passage rate(%) of ophiogenin type saponins was higher than that of others. The possible adsorptive mechanisms were hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and benzene ring interaction by π-π stacking. In conclusion, it is crucial to choose appropriate ultrafiltration membrane based on the characteristics of produce products for application of ultrafiltration technique.

绵阳麦冬~1H-NMR主成分分析暨质量控制研究

目的对产于绵阳麦冬进行氢核磁共振—主成分分析—模式识别的鉴别研究。方法以1H-NMR测定,SIMCA-P软件分析进行主成分模式识别。结果该方法能有效地区别产于绵阳的不同麦冬样本。结论氢核磁共振-主成分模式识别法可以对麦冬主要化学成分的1H-NMR信息分析识别,可以作为控制绵产道地麦冬质量的有效手段之一。

绵阳道地麦冬~1H-NMR指纹图谱研究

目的:建立绵产道地中药麦冬1H-NMR指纹图谱。方法:采用1H-NMR建立绵产道地麦冬甲醇提取物的指纹图谱。结果:麦冬1H-NMR指纹图谱能较为全面反应其所含有的主要化学成分,反应绵阳产麦冬的内在品质质量而区别于其他产地麦冬。结论:麦冬的1H-NMR指纹图谱可作为检验道地绵阳产麦冬的标准。

仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)肠道源乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis)的分离鉴定及其益生特性分析

利用MRS固体培养基从南移仿刺参肠道中分离得到1株优势乳酸菌,命名为AJC-XP-15,其最适生长温度为30℃,最适生长pH为6.5;其表面疏水性和自聚率分别为34.56%和35.61%,经16S RNA基因序列分析,并结合形态学和生理生化特性将其鉴定为乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis)。拮抗实验结果显示,菌株AJC-XP-15及其发酵上清液对塔氏弧菌(Vibriotubiashii)、哈维氏弧菌(V.harveyi)、副溶血弧菌(V.parahaemolyticus,VP)和嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)等病原菌具有很好的抑制作用;体外益生实验表明,菌株AJC-XP-15对人工胃肠液的耐受性很好,在pH3.0的模拟人工胃液处理3 h后的存活率为71.43%,在pH 6.8的模拟人工肠液处理3 h后的存活率为92.1%;抗氧化能力结果显示,菌株AJC-XP-15的无细胞提取物对DPPH自由基和羟自由基的清除能力最强,分别为(82.67±6.92)%和(15.36±2.95)%,其发酵上清液对超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力最强,为(26.36±2.58)%;药物敏感性分析结果显示,菌株AJC-XP-15对四环素、恩诺沙星、盐酸多西环素等抗生素敏感,对氟苯尼考、复方新诺明、庆大霉素等抗生素不敏感。研究结果可为仿刺参肠道源乳酸菌的分离鉴定和候选益生菌种筛选提供参考依据。