Establishing an experimental model of photodynamic induced anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

BACKGROUND： Scholars have supposed to establish animal models of optic neuropathy by pressing and partially amputating optic nerve, increasing intraocular pressure and injecting vasoconstrictor, etc., but the models are greatly different from anterior ischemia optic neuropathy. Therefore, a more ideal method is needed to establish animal model of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy （AION）. OBJECTIVE ： To establish AION models in rats, observe the functional changes of fundus, fundus fluorescein angiography （FFA）, optical coherence tomography （OCT）, flash visual evoked potential （F-VEP）, and histopathologically confirm its reliability. DESIGN： A randomized control tria SETTINGS ： Department of Ophthalmology, Xi＇an Fourth Hospital; Xi＇an Institute of Ocular Fundus Diseases MATERIALS ： The experiments were carried out in the research room of Xi＇an Institute of Ocular Fundus Diseases from February 2005 to May 2006. Thirty healthy male SD rats of 4-5 weeks old, weighing 140-160 g, were provided by the animal experimental center of the Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA [SCXK （Military）2002-005], and those without eye disease examined by slit lamp and direct ophthalmoscope after mydriasis were enrolled. The conditions for feeding mice without special pathogen were strictly followed. The rats were randomly divided into blank control group （n =5）, laser group （n =5）, hematoporphyrin derivative （HPD） group and AION group （n =15）, each group was numbered randomly. For each rat, the right eye was taken as the experimental eye, and the left one as the control one. METHODS： In the AION group, the rats were injected with HPD （10 mg/kg） via caudal vein, and then the optic discs were exposed to krypton red （647 nm, 80 mV） for 120 s, and the rats were in avoidance of light for 2 weeks postoperatively. Rats in the laser group were only exposed to krypton red （647 rim, 80 mV） for 120 s, and in avoidance of light for 2 weeks postoperatively; Those in the HPD group were only injected with HPD （10 mg/kg） via caudal vein; Those in the blank control group were untouched. （1） Visual electrophysiological test： The F-VEP was used to evaluate the function of visual nerve. （2） FFA： After mydriasis and anesthesia as describe above, the fluorescein sodium parenteral solution （1 mL/kg） was injected v/a caudal vein and finished within about 3 s, the time of FFA was recorded from the beginning of injection, the video sight aimed at the optic disc and the surrounding area. （3） After mydriasis and anesthesia as describe above, the rats were examined with OCT. （4） Histological observation： After hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining, the optic disc and surrounding blood vessels of retina were observed under light microscope at high power field. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The results of fundus, FFA, visual electrophysiological test and OCT detection within 90 days after model establishment were observed. RESULTS： Of the 30 rats, 1 died after anesthesia in the laser group and 2 died in the AION group respectively, and finally 27 rats were involved in the analysis of results. （1） Changes in fundus： In the AION group, there was edema in upper optic disc and unclear boundary at 1 day after establishment, edema still could be observed at 6 days, and upper optic disc atrophied and appeared as pale at 90 days. （2） FFA results： In the AION group, early ＂low fluorescence＂, middle and late ＂high fluorescence＂ were observed in upper optic disc 1 day after model establishment, and there was ＂low fluorescence＂ at 6 days, and the low fluorescence could be observed all the time at 23 days. （3） Visual electrophysiological changes： In the AION group as compared with the control eyes, the experimental ones had prolonged F-VEP P100 latency [（71.65±8.81）, （57.58±8.38） ms, t =3.148, P =0.012], and decreased wave amplitude [（4.77±1.90）, （10.06±3.66） μV, t =4.082, P =0.003], and these changes lasted to 35 days after model establishment. （4） OCT results： In the AION group, the reflection surface of part nerve fiber layer was higher than the retina plane, the surface was rough and the thickness was increased at 6 days after model establishment. （5） Histopathological results： At 1 day after model establishment, part optic discs had highly edema, edema of nerve fibers, and loose tissue, also accompanied by the displacement of surrounding retina; At 23 days, the optic disc and surrounding nerve fiber layers became thinner, and the numbers of ganglion nuclei in the retina tissue sections were obviously decreased. These changes were not observed in the laser group, HPD group and blank control group. CONCLUSION ： The changes of fundus, FFA, OCT, visual electrophysiology and histopathology confirmed that the krypton red laser irradiation （647 nm） at 2 hours after HPD was injected via caudal vein can establish more ideal animal models of AION.

Evaluation of gases'molecular abundance ratio by fiber-optic laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with a metal-assisted method

A metal-assisted method is proposed for the evaluation of gases’molecular abundance ratio in fiber-optic laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(FO-LIBS).This method can reduce the laser ablation energy and make gas composition identification possible.The principle comes from the collision between the detected gases and the plasma produced by the laser ablation of the metal substrate.The interparticle collision in the plasma plume leads to gas molecules dissociating and sparking,which can be used to determine the gas composition.The quantitative relationship between spectral line intensity and molecular abundance ratio was developed over a large molecular abundance ratio range.The influence of laser ablation energy and substrate material on gas quantitative calibration measurement is also analyzed.The proposed metal-assisted method makes the measurement of gases’molecular abundance ratios possible with an FO-LIBS system.

Construction and manipulation of origami-inspired tubular structures with controlled mechanical buckling for collection and transportation of microspheres based on optically induced electrokinetics

The development of microengineered hydrogels has opened up unlimited possibilities for designing complex structures at the microscale. In this study, we constructed an origami-inspired tubular structure with controlled mechanical buckling based on optically induced electrokinetics(OEK). By inducing a stress gradient in the thickness, a tubular structure can be formed from a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate(PEGDA) hydrogel film of various shapes that have been custom fabricated. To achieve an ideal three-dimensional(3D) structure, the amplitude of the tubular structure can be controlled by adjusting the aspect ratios or polymerization time. Furthermore, the tubular structure can be manipulated for the collection and transportation of microspheres.In summary, we provide an effective method for designing 3D structures at the micro-nano scale. This forming method holds great potential for achieving various functions in tissue engineering, drug packaging, and transportation in the future.

Radiation damping optical enhancement in cold atoms

The typically tiny effect of radiation damping on a moving body can be amplified to a favorable extent by exploiting the sharp reflectivity slope at one edge of an optically induced stop-band in atoms loaded into an optical lattice.In this paper,this phenomenon is demonstrated for the periodically trapped and coherently driven cold 87Rb atoms,where radiation damping might be much larger than that anticipated in previous proposals and become comparable with radiation pressure.Such an enhancement could be observed even at speeds of only a few meters per second with less than 1.0%absorption,making radiation damping experimentally accessible.

Optical super-resolution effect induced by nonlinear characteristics of graphene oxide films

In this work, we focus on the optical super-resolution effect induced by strong nonlinear saturation absorption(NSA) of graphene oxide(GO) membranes. The third-order optical nonlinearities are characterized by the canonical Z-scan technique under femtosecond laser(wavelength: 800 nm, pulse width: 100 fs) excitation. Through controlling the applied femtosecond laser energy, NSA of the GO films can be tuned continuously. The GO film is placed at the focal plane as a unique amplitude filter to improve the resolution of the focused field. A multi-layer system model is proposed to present the generation of a deep sub-wavelength spot associated with the nonlinearity of GO films. Moreover, the parameter conditions to achieve the best resolution(~λ/6) are determined entirely. The demonstrated results here are useful for high density optical recoding and storage, nanolithography, and super-resolution optical imaging.

Controlling Airy-Bessel Light Bullets in an Optically Induced Potential

We investigate numerically the curious evolution of self-decelerating Airy-Bessel light bullets carrying different topological charges(TC), launched in the three-dimensional(3 D) Schr?dinger equation with an induced parabolic potential. We present their spatiotemporal profile during propagation. In our paper, the number of TC, the modulation depth, and the induced potential are considered simultaneously. The propagation properties of light bullets result from a combination of these effects. Our scheme is distinctly different from the linear light bullets in free space, in which the localized wave packets propagate in a self-consistent trapping potential.

A review of optically induced rotation

The optical rotation technique arose in the 1990 s.Optical tweezer brought an ideal platform for research on the angular momentum of laser beams.For decades,the optical rotation technique has been widely applied in laboratory optical manipulation and the fields of biology and optofluidics.Recently,it has attracted much attention for its potential in the classical and quantum regimes.In this work,we review the progress of experiments and applications of optically induced rotation.First,we introduce the basic exploration of angular momentum.Then,we cover the development and application of optical rotation induced by orbital angular momentum,and the spin angular momentum is presented.Finally,we elaborate on recent applications of the optical rotation technique in high vacuum.As precise optical manipulation in a liquid medium enters its maturity,optical tweezers in high vacuum open a new path for the high-speed micro-rotor.

Dynamic Analysis and Simulation of an Optically Levitated Rotating Ellipsoid Rotor in Liquid Medium

Optical trap,a circularly polarized laser beam can levitate and control the rotation of microspheres in liquid medium with high stiffness.Trapping force performs as confinement while the trapped particle can be analog to a liquid floated gyroscope with three degree-of-ffeedom.In this work,we analyzed the feasibility of applying optically levitated rotor in the system.We presented the dynamic analysis and simulation of an ellipsoid micron particle.The precession motion and nutation motion of a rotating ellipsoid probe particle in optical tweezers were performed.We also analyzed the attitude changes of an optically levitated ellipsoid when there was variation of the external torque caused by deviation of the incident light that was provided.Furthermore,the trail path of the rotational axis vertex and the stabilization process of a particle of different ellipticities were simulated.We compared the movement tendencies of particles of different shapes and analyzed the selection criteria of ellipsoid rotor.These analytical formulae and simulation results are applicable to the analysis of the rotational motion of particles in optical tweezers,especially to the future research of the gyroscope effect.

High resolution scanning optical imaging of a frozen planar polymer light-emitting electrochemical cell： an experimental and modelling study

Light-emitting electrochemical cells(LECs) are organic photonic devices based on a mixed electronic and ionic conductor.The active layer of a polymer-based LEC consists of a luminescent polymer,an ion-solvating/transport polymer,and a compatible salt.The LEC p-n or p-i-n junction is ultimately responsible for the LEC performance.The LEC junction,however,is still poorly understood due to the difficulties of characterizing a dynamic-junction LEC.In this paper,we present an experimental and modeling study of the LEC junction using scanning optical imaging techniques.Planar LECs with an interelectrode spacing of 560μm have been fabricated,activated,frozen and scanned using a focused laser beam.The optical-beam-induced-current(OBIC)and photoluminescence(PL) data have been recorded as a function of beam location.The OBIC profile has been simulated in COMSOL that allowed for the determination of the doping concentration and the depletion width of the LEC junction.

Optically induced atomic lattice with tunable near-field and far-field diffraction patterns

Conventional periodic structures usually have nontunable refractive indices and thus lead to immutable photonic bandgaps. A periodic structure created in an ultracold atoms ensemble by externally controlled light can overcome this disadvantage and enable lots of promising applications. Here, two novel types of optically induced square lattices, i.e., the amplitude and phase lattices, are proposed in an ultracold atoms ensemble by interfering four ordinary plane waves under different parameter conditions. We demonstrate that in the far-field regime, the atomic amplitude lattice with high transmissivity behaves similarly to an ideal pure sinusoidal amplitude lattice, whereas the atomic phase lattices capable of producing phase excursion across a weak probe beam along with high transmissivity remains equally ideal. Moreover, we identify that the quality of Talbot imaging about a phase lattice is greatly improved when compared with an amplitude lattice. Such an atomic lattice could find applications in alloptical switching at the few photons level and paves the way for imaging ultracold atoms or molecules both in the near-field and in the far-field with a nondestructive and lensless approach.