Arabic Optical Character Recognition:A Review

This study aims to review the latest contributions in Arabic Optical Character Recognition(OCR)during the last decade,which helps interested researchers know the existing techniques and extend or adapt them accordingly.The study describes the characteristics of the Arabic language,different types of OCR systems,different stages of the Arabic OCR system,the researcher’s contributions in each step,and the evaluationmetrics for OCR.The study reviews the existing datasets for the Arabic OCR and their characteristics.Additionally,this study implemented some preprocessing and segmentation stages of Arabic OCR.The study compares the performance of the existing methods in terms of recognition accuracy.In addition to researchers’OCRmethods,commercial and open-source systems are used in the comparison.The Arabic language is morphologically rich and written cursive with dots and diacritics above and under the characters.Most of the existing approaches in the literature were evaluated on isolated characters or isolated words under a controlled environment,and few approaches were tested on pagelevel scripts.Some comparative studies show that the accuracy of the existing Arabic OCR commercial systems is low,under 75%for printed text,and further improvement is needed.Moreover,most of the current approaches are offline OCR systems,and there is no remarkable contribution to online OCR systems.

Review of Optical Character Recognition for Power System Image Based on Artificial Intelligence Algorithm

Optical Character Recognition(OCR)refers to a technology that uses image processing technology and character recognition algorithms to identify characters on an image.This paper is a deep study on the recognition effect of OCR based on Artificial Intelligence(AI)algorithms,in which the different AI algorithms for OCR analysis are classified and reviewed.Firstly,the mechanisms and characteristics of artificial neural network-based OCR are summarized.Secondly,this paper explores machine learning-based OCR,and draws the conclusion that the algorithms available for this form of OCR are still in their infancy,with low generalization and fixed recognition errors,albeit with better recognition effect and higher recognition accuracy.Finally,this paper explores several of the latest algorithms such as deep learning and pattern recognition algorithms.This paper concludes that OCR requires algorithms with higher recognition accuracy.

An Evanescent Coupling Approach for Optical Characterization of ZnO Nanowires

Using a nanoscale silica fiber taper,light can be efficiently coupled into a single ZnO nanowire by means of evanescent coupling. The method is valid for launching light into a single nanowire in the ultraviolet to infrared range with a coupling efficiency of 25%, Low-loss optical guiding of ZnO nanowires is demonstrated, and the photoluminescence of a single ZnO nanowire is also observed. Compared to conventional approaches in which a lensfocused laser beam is used to excite nanowires at specific wavelengths,this evanescent coupling approach has advantages such as high coupling efficiency and broad-band validity, and it is promising for the optical characterization of semiconductor nanowires or nanoribbons.

OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TiO_2 THIN FILM ON SILICON SUBSTRATE DEPOSITED BY DC REACTIVE MAGNETRON SPUTTERING

TiO2 thin film has attracted considerable attention in recent years, due to its different refractive index and transparency with amorphous and different crysta ls in the visible and near-infrared wavelength region, high dielectric constant, wide band gap, high wear resistance and stability, etc, for which make it being used in many fields. This paper aims to investigate the optical characterizatio n of thin film TiO2 on silicon wafer. The TiO2 thin films were prepared by DC re active magnetron sputtering process from Ti target. The reflectivity of the film s was measured by UV-3101PC, and the index of refraction (n) and extinction coef ficient (k) were measured by n & k Analyzer 1200.

Optical Character Recognition Functionality Introduction in Mobile Application for Car Diary

The purpose of the paper is to develop a mobile Android application--＂Car Log＂ that gives to users the ability to track all the costs for a vehicle and the ability to add fuel cost data by taking a photo of the cash receipt from the respective gas station where the charging was performed. OCR （optical character recognition） is the conversion of images of typed, handwritten or printed text into machine-encoded text. Once we have the text machine-encoded we can further use it in machine processes, like translation, or extracted, meaning text-to-speech transformed, helping people in simple everyday tasks. Users of the application will be able to enter other completely different costs grouped into categories and other charges. Car Log application quickly and easily can visualize, edit and add different costs for a ear. It also supports the ability to add multiple profiles, by entering data for all ears in a single family, for example, or a small business. The test results are positive thus we intend to further develop a cloud ready application.

Instance Segmentation of Characters Recognized in Palmyrene Aramaic Inscriptions

This study presents a single-class and multi-class instance segmentation approach applied to ancient Palmyrene inscriptions,employing two state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms,namely YOLOv8 and Roboflow 3.0.The goal is to contribute to the preservation and understanding of historical texts,showcasing the potential of modern deep learning methods in archaeological research.Our research culminates in several key findings and scientific contributions.We comprehensively compare the performance of YOLOv8 and Roboflow 3.0 in the context of Palmyrene character segmentation—this comparative analysis mainly focuses on the strengths and weaknesses of each algorithm in this context.We also created and annotated an extensive dataset of Palmyrene inscriptions,a crucial resource for further research in the field.The dataset serves for training and evaluating the segmentation models.We employ comparative evaluation metrics to quantitatively assess the segmentation results,ensuring the reliability and reproducibility of our findings and we present custom visualization tools for predicted segmentation masks.Our study advances the state of the art in semi-automatic reading of Palmyrene inscriptions and establishes a benchmark for future research.The availability of the Palmyrene dataset and the insights into algorithm performance contribute to the broader understanding of historical text analysis.

Optimised CNN Architectures for Handwritten Arabic Character Recognition

Handwritten character recognition is considered challenging compared with machine-printed characters due to the different human writing styles.Arabic is morphologically rich,and its characters have a high similarity.The Arabic language includes 28 characters.Each character has up to four shapes according to its location in the word(at the beginning,middle,end,and isolated).This paper proposed 12 CNN architectures for recognizing handwritten Arabic characters.The proposed architectures were derived from the popular CNN architectures,such as VGG,ResNet,and Inception,to make them applicable to recognizing character-size images.The experimental results on three well-known datasets showed that the proposed architectures significantly enhanced the recognition rate compared to the baseline models.The experiments showed that data augmentation improved the models’accuracies on all tested datasets.The proposed model outperformed most of the existing approaches.The best achieved results were 93.05%,98.30%,and 96.88%on the HIJJA,AHCD,and AIA9K datasets.

Nonlinear optical characterization of single β-barium-borate nanocrystals using second-harmonic confocal microscopy

The confocal microscopy technique was applied for nonlinear optical characterization of single β-barium-borate（β-BBO） nanocrystals. The experimental setup allows measurements of the laser polarization-selective secondharmonic（SH） generation, and the results can be used to determine the nanocrystals＇ c-axis orientation, as well as to obtain information about their second-order susceptibility χ^（2）. The dependence of the SH signal on the laser polarization allowed the discrimination of individual particles from aggregates. The data were fitted using a model that takes into account the BBO properties and the experimental setup characteristics considering（i） the electrostatic approximation,（ii） the effects of the microscope objective used to focus the light on the sample in an epi-geometry configuration, and（iii） the symmetry of χ^（2） for the β-BBO nanocrystals. A signal at the third-harmonic frequency was also detected, but it was too weak to be studied in detail.

Green Method, Optical and Structural Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Leaves Extract of M. oleifera

ZnO nanoparticles(ZnO-NP)present innovative optical,electrical,and magnetic properties that depend on spe-cific characteristics,e.g.,size,distribution,and morphology.Thus,these properties are essential to address various applications in areas such as electronics,medicine,energy,and others.In addition,the performance of this ZnO-NP depends of their preparation which can be done by chemical,physical,and biological methods.Meanwhile,nowadays,the main interest in developing ZnO-NP synthesis through biological methods bases on the decrease of use of toxic chemicals or energy applied to the procedures,making the process more cost-effective and environ-mentally friendly.However,the large-scale production of nanoparticles by green synthesis remains a big challenge due to the complexity of the biological extracts used in chemical reactions.That being the case,the preparation of ZnO-NP using Moringa oleifera extract as an alternative biological agent for capping and reduction in synthesis was evaluated in this work.Then,the results based on the analysis of the optical and structural characterization of the ZnO-NP obtained by employing UV-Vis,DLS,zeta potential,XRD,ATR-FTIR,and FE-SEM indicate mostly the presence of spherical nanosized material with a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 47.2 nm measured by DLS and a mean size diameter of 25 nm observed with FE-SEM technique.Furthermore,in FE-SEM images a homo-geneous dispersion and distribution is observed in the absence of agglutination,agglomeration,or generation of significant lumps of the ZnO-NP.The XRD analysis showed that heat annealing induced the crystallite size favor-ing their monocrystallinity.Those obtained data confirm the synthesis of ZnO-NP and the absence of impurities associated with organic compounds in the annealed samples.Finally,those results and low-cost production pre-sent to the synthesized ZnO-NP by this biological method as a useful material in several applications.

A Development of a Knowledge Management System for Water Situation Reports in Thailand

The development of a knowledge management system for the National Hydro Data Center of Thailand was described in this paper. The system was created after the major flood event in 2011 to improve water resource management. It addresses the need for easy access to water situation reports, which are crucial for informed decision-making on water usage, allocation, and reservoir management. The system utilizes Optical Character Recognition technique to convert scanned water situation reports into searchable text. It applied FastText and ElasticSearch for advanced search functionalities. FastText identified the documents related to the search query, even with typos or misspelled words. ElasticSearch allows for efficient searching of text data based on relevance. The system also integrates Google Search for additional information access. Therefore, this knowledge management system provides an efficient way to access and analyze water situation data in Thailand.

Automated Extraction and Analysis of CBC Test from Scanned Images

Health care is an important part of human life and is a right for everyone. One of the most basic human rights is to receive health care whenever they need it. However, this is simply not an option for everyone due to the social conditions in which some communities live and not everyone has access to it. This paper aims to serve as a reference point and guide for users who are interested in monitoring their health, particularly their blood analysis to be aware of their health condition in an easy way. This study introduces an algorithmic approach for extracting and analyzing Complete Blood Count (CBC) parameters from scanned images. The algorithm employs Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology to process images containing tabular data, specifically targeting CBC parameter tables. Upon image processing, the algorithm extracts data and identifies CBC parameters and their corresponding values. It evaluates the status (High, Low, or Normal) of each parameter and subsequently presents evaluations, and any potential diagnoses. The primary objective is to automate the extraction and evaluation of CBC parameters, aiding healthcare professionals in swiftly assessing blood analysis results. The algorithmic framework aims to streamline the interpretation of CBC tests, potentially improving efficiency and accuracy in clinical diagnostics.

Support Vector Machine Based Handwritten Hindi Character Recognition and Summarization

In today’s digital era,the text may be in form of images.This research aims to deal with the problem by recognizing such text and utilizing the support vector machine(SVM).A lot of work has been done on the English language for handwritten character recognition but very less work on the under-resourced Hindi language.A method is developed for identifying Hindi language characters that use morphology,edge detection,histograms of oriented gradients(HOG),and SVM classes for summary creation.SVM rank employs the summary to extract essential phrases based on paragraph position,phrase position,numerical data,inverted comma,sentence length,and keywords features.The primary goal of the SVM optimization function is to reduce the number of features by eliminating unnecessary and redundant features.The second goal is to maintain or improve the classification system’s performance.The experiment included news articles from various genres,such as Bollywood,politics,and sports.The proposed method’s accuracy for Hindi character recognition is 96.97%,which is good compared with baseline approaches,and system-generated summaries are compared to human summaries.The evaluated results show a precision of 72%at a compression ratio of 50%and a precision of 60%at a compression ratio of 25%,in comparison to state-of-the-art methods,this is a decent result.

CHARACTER DETECTION AND RECOGNITION SYSTEM OF BEER BOTTLES

An optical imaging system and a configuration characteristic algorithm are presented to reduce the difficulties in extracting intact characters image with weak contrast, in recognizing characters on fast moving beer bottles. The system consists of a hardware subsystem, including a rotating device, CCD, 16 mm focus lens, a frame grabber card, a penetrating lighting and a computer, and a software subsystem. The software subsystem performs pretreatment, character segmentation and character recognition. In the pretreatment, the original image is filtered with preset threshold to remove isolated spots. Then the horizontal projection and the vertical projection are used respectively to retrieve the character segmentation. Subsequently, the configuration characteristic algorithm is applied to recognize the characters. The experimental results demonstrate that this system can recognize the characters on beer bottles accurately and effectively; the algorithm is proven fast, stable and robust, making it suitable in the industrial environment.

Annealing behaviour of structure and morphology and its effects on the optical gain of Er^3＋/yb^3＋ co-doped Al2O3 planar waveguide amplifier

Using transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and x-ray diffraction analysis, we have studied the structural and morphological evolution of highly Er/Yb co-doped A1203 films in the temperature range from 600℃-900℃. By comparison with TEM observation, the annealing behaviours of photoluminescence （PL） emission and optical loss were found to have relation to the structure and morphology. The increase of PL intensity and optical loss above 800℃ might result from the crystallization of amorphous Al2O3 films. Based on the study on the structure and morphology, a rate equation propagation model of a multilevel system was used to calculate the optical gains of Er-doped Al2O3 planar waveguide amplifiers involving the variation of PL efficiency and optical loss with annealing temperature. It was found that the amplifiers had an optimized optical gain at the temperature corresponding to the minimum of optical loss, rather than at the temperature corresponding to the maximum of PL efficiency, suggesting that the optical loss is a key factor for determining the optical gain of an Er-doped Al2O3 planar waveguide amplifier.

Visual News Ticker Surveillance Approach from Arabic Broadcast Streams

The news ticker is a common feature of many different news networks that display headlines and other information.News ticker recognition applications are highly valuable in e-business and news surveillance for media regulatory authorities.In this paper,we focus on the automatic Arabic Ticker Recognition system for the Al-Ekhbariya news channel.The primary emphasis of this research is on ticker recognition methods and storage schemes.To that end,the research is aimed at character-wise explicit segmentation using a semantic segmentation technique and words identification method.The proposed learning architecture considers the grouping of homogeneousshaped classes.This incorporates linguistic taxonomy in a unified manner to address the imbalance in data distribution which leads to individual biases.Furthermore,experiments with a novel ArabicNews Ticker(Al-ENT)dataset that provides accurate character-level and character components-level labeling to evaluate the effectiveness of the suggested approach.The proposed method attains 96.5%,outperforming the current state-of-the-art technique by 8.5%.The study reveals that our strategy improves the performance of lowrepresentation correlated character classes.

Baseline Isolated Printed Text Image Database for Pashto Script Recognition

The optical character recognition for the right to left and cursive languages such as Arabic is challenging and received little attention from researchers in the past compared to the other Latin languages.Moreover,the absence of a standard publicly available dataset for several low-resource lan-guages,including the Pashto language remained a hurdle in the advancement of language processing.Realizing that,a clean dataset is the fundamental and core requirement of character recognition,this research begins with dataset generation and aims at a system capable of complete language understanding.Keeping in view the complete and full autonomous recognition of the cursive Pashto script.The first achievement of this research is a clean and standard dataset for the isolated characters of the Pashto script.In this paper,a database of isolated Pashto characters for forty four alphabets using various font styles has been introduced.In order to overcome the font style shortage,the graphical software Inkscape has been used to generate sufficient image data samples for each character.The dataset has been pre-processed and reduced in dimensions to 32×32 pixels,and further converted into the binary format with a black background and white text so that it resembles the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology(MNIST)database.The benchmark database is publicly available for further research on the standard GitHub and Kaggle database servers both in pixel and Comma Separated Values(CSV)formats.

Vehicle Density Prediction in Low Quality Videos with Transformer Timeseries Prediction Model(TTPM)

Recent advancement in low-cost cameras has facilitated surveillance in various developing towns in India.The video obtained from such surveillance are of low quality.Still counting vehicles from such videos are necessity to avoid traf-fic congestion and allows drivers to plan their routes more precisely.On the other hand,detecting vehicles from such low quality videos are highly challenging with vision based methodologies.In this research a meticulous attempt is made to access low-quality videos to describe traffic in Salem town in India,which is mostly an un-attempted entity by most available sources.In this work profound Detection Transformer(DETR)model is used for object(vehicle)detection.Here vehicles are anticipated in a rush-hour traffic video using a set of loss functions that carry out bipartite coordinating among estimated and information acquired on real attributes.Every frame in the traffic footage has its date and time which is detected and retrieved using Tesseract Optical Character Recognition.The date and time extricated and perceived from the input image are incorporated with the length of the recognized objects acquired from the DETR model.This furnishes the vehicles report with timestamp.Transformer Timeseries Prediction Model(TTPM)is proposed to predict the density of the vehicle for future prediction,here the regular NLP layers have been removed and the encoding temporal layer has been modified.The proposed TTPM error rate outperforms the existing models with RMSE of 4.313 and MAE of 3.812.

智能移动终端涉密信息监测系统

网络高度发达的信息时代,防止涉密信息被泄露是一件非常重要的任务,尤其是对于政府、军队、公安等重点单位。传统的涉密信息监测系统往往是安装在主机等终端中,无法对于通过手机等智能移动终端偷拍涉密图片或者通过聊天软件上传涉密图片的行为无法进行有效的制止。针对这个问题,设计了一种将CTPN文本检测算法、光学字符识别技术(optical character recognition,OCR)与场景识别、图片传输监控相结合的智能移动终端涉密信息监测系统,可广泛应用于Android移动平台中。该系统通过全局扫描,实时相机监察,社交管控三防一体对失泄密行为进行监控监察,有效防止失泄密事故案件的发生。测试结果显示,该系统不仅可以准确识别涉密图片、监测涉密行为并且处理速度快、占用内存空间小,可以满足涉密单位的基本需求。

A sustainable development OCR system in CADAL application

This paper briefly introduces the main ideas of a sustainable development OCR system based on open architecture techniques and then describes the construction of an optical character recognition (OCR) center built on computer clusters, for the purpose of dynamically improving the recognition precision of the digitized texts of a million volumes of books produced by the China-US Million Books Digital Library (CADAL) Project. The practice of this center will provide helpful reference for other digital library projects.

Denoising Letter Images from Scanned Invoices Using Stacked Autoencoders

Invoice document digitization is crucial for efficient management in industries.The scanned invoice image is often noisy due to various reasons.This affects the OCR(optical character recognition)detection accuracy.In this paper,letter data obtained from images of invoices are denoised using a modified autoencoder based deep learning method.A stacked denoising autoencoder(SDAE)is implemented with two hidden layers each in encoder network and decoder network.In order to capture the most salient features of training samples,a undercomplete autoencoder is designed with non-linear encoder and decoder function.This autoencoder is regularized for denoising application using a combined loss function which considers both mean square error and binary cross entropy.A dataset consisting of 59,119 letter images,which contains both English alphabets(upper and lower case)and numbers(0 to 9)is prepared from many scanned invoices images and windows true type(.ttf)files,are used for training the neural network.Performance is analyzed in terms of Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR),Peak Signal to Noise Ratio(PSNR),Structural Similarity Index(SSIM)and Universal Image Quality Index(UQI)and compared with other filtering techniques like Nonlocal Means filter,Anisotropic diffusion filter,Gaussian filters and Mean filters.Denoising performance of proposed SDAE is compared with existing SDAE with single loss function in terms of SNR and PSNR values.Results show the superior performance of proposed SDAE method.