Performance Analysis of Curved Track G2T-FSO(Ground-to-Train Free Space Optical)Model under Various Weather Conditions

The demand for broadband data services on high-speed trains is rapidly growing as more people commute between their homes and workplaces.However,current radio frequency(RF)technology cannot adequately meet this demand.In order to address the bandwidth constraint,a technique known as free space optics(FSO)has been proposed.This paper presents a mathematical derivation and formulation of curve track G2T-FSO(Ground-to-train Free Space Optical)model,where the track radius characteristics is 2667 m,divergence angle track is 1.5°for train velocity at V=250 km/h.Multiple transmitter configurations are proposed to maximize coverage range and enhance curve track G2T-FSO link performance under varying weather conditions.The curved track G2T-FSO model was evaluated in terms of received power,signal-to-noise ratio(SNR),bit error rate(BER),and eye diagrams.The results showed maximum coverage lengths of 618,505,365,and 240 m for 4Tx/1Rx,3Tx/1Rx,2Tx/1Rx,and 1Tx/1Rx configurations,respectively.The analyzed results demonstrate that the G2T-FSO link can be effectively implemented under various weather conditions.

Determination of liquid viscosity based on dual-frequency-bandparticle tracking

An optical-tweezers-based dual-frequency-band particle tracking system was designed and fabricated for liquid viscositydetection. On the basis of the liquid viscosity dependent model of the particle’s restricted Brownian motion with theFax´en correction taken into account, the liquid viscosity and optical trap stiffness were determined by fitting the theoreticalprediction with the measured power spectral densities of the particle’s displacement and velocity that were derived from thedual-frequency-band particle tracking data. When the SiO2 beads were employed as probe particles in the measurements ofdifferent kinds of liquids, the measurement results exhibit a good agreement with the reported results, as well as a detectionuncertainty better than 4.6%. This kind of noninvasive economical technique can be applied in diverse environments forboth in situ and ex situ viscosity detection of liquids.

Comparative Alpha Tracks Counting Using an Optical Microscope and a Spark Counter

In the metrology of radon, an environmental lung carcinogen, the integrated measurements necessary for epidemiological studies are made very often using the tracks detector LR 115 type 2. For dosimetric analysis, the etched tracks from radon alpha particles on this detector are usually counted by means of an optical microscope or a spark counter. An optimal reading of the track densities which must be converted into radon concentrations, can’t be done without a good mastery of the mode of operation and use of these devices. Furthermore, investigations to know as to whether or not each of those can be used to determine radon concentration are necessary. These are the objectives of the present work in which LR 115 samples exposed to radon for at least 3 months, were chemically developed under standard conditions and read. The track densities obtained with the microscope are very much higher than those of the counter for each sample. These results are consistent with those published by other authors. However, each of these devices can be used interchangeably for alpha tracks counting, as both provide radon concentrations with a very good linear correlation coefficient of 0.95 taking into account their respective calibration factors for the reading of this detector. In addition, the saturation phenomenon for the spark counter reading of LR 115 detector occurs beyond 11,000 tr/cm2, a density never reached during our environmental radon measurements.

OPTICALLY TRACKING THE MOTION OF MICROBEADS TO STUDY PHYSICAL BEHAVIORS OF THE LIVING CELL IN RESPONSE TO TRANSIENT STRETCH OR COMPRESSION

Optical magnetic twisting cytometry and traction force microscopy are two advanced cell mechanics research tools that employ optical methods to track the motion of microbeads that are either bound to the surface or embedded in the substrate underneath the cell.The former measures rheological properties of the cell such as cell stiffness,and the latter measures cell traction force dynamics.Here we describe the principles of these two cell mechanics research tools and an example of using them to study physical behaviors of the living cell in response to transient stretch or compression.We demonstrate that,when subjected to a stretch
unstretch manipulation,both the stiffness and traction force of adherent cells promptly reduced,and then gradually recover up to the level prior to the stretch.Immunofluorescent staining and Western blotting results indicate that the actin cytoskeleton of the cells underwent a corresponding disruption and reassembly process almost in step with the changes of cell mechanics.Interestingly,when subjected to compression,the cells did not show such particular behaviors.Taken together,we conclude that adherent cells are very sensitive to the transient stretch but not transient compression,and the stretch-induced cell response is due to the dynamics of actin polymerization.

Research on Airborne Electro-Optical Tracking and Sighting System Based on Fuzzy PID and H_∞ Control

Airborne electro-optical tracking and sighting system is a three-degree-of-freedom angular position servo system which is influenced by multi-disturbance,and its control system consists of stabilizing and tracking components.Stabilizing control is applied to track angular velocity order and control multi-disturbance under airborne condition,and its robustness should be very good;tracking control is applied to compensate tracking error of angular position.A mathematical model is established by taking the control of yaw loop as example.H∞ stabilizing controller is designed by taking the advantage of H∞ control robustness and combining with Kalman filter.A fuzzy control is introduced in general PID control to design a decoupled fuzzy Smith estimating PID controller for tracking control.Simulation research shows that the control effect of airborne electro-optical tracking and sighting system based on fuzzy PID and H∞ control is good,especially when the model parameters change and the multi-disturbance exists,the system capability has little fall,but this system still can effectively track a target.

Review on strategies of space-based optical space situational awareness

Space-based optical(SBO)space surveillance has attracted widespread interest in the last two decades due to its considerable value in space situation awareness(SSA).SBO observation strategy,which is related to the performance of space surveillance,is the top-level design in SSA missions reviewed.The recognized real programs about SBO SAA proposed by the institutions in the U.S.,Canada,Europe,etc.,are summarized firstly,from which an insight of the development trend of SBO SAA can be obtained.According to the aim of the SBO SSA,the missions can be divided into general surveillance and space object tracking.Thus,there are two major categories for SBO SSA strategies.Existing general surveillance strategies for observing low earth orbit(LEO)objects and beyond-LEO objects are summarized and compared in terms of coverage rate,revisit time,visibility period,and image processing.Then,the SBO space object tracking strategies,which has experienced from tracking an object with a single satellite to tracking an object with multiple satellites cooperatively,are also summarized.Finally,this paper looks into the development trend in the future and points out several problems that challenges the SBO SSA.

A novel particle tracking velocimetry method for complex granular flow field

Particle tracking velocimetry(PTV)is one of the most commonly applied granular flow velocity measurement methods.However,traditional PTV methods may have issues such as high mismatching rates and a narrow measurement range when measuring granular flows with large bulk density and high-speed contrast.In this study,a novel PTV method is introduced to solve these problems using an optical flow matching algorithm with two further processing steps.The first step involves displacement correction,which is used to solve the mismatching problem in the case of high stacking density.The other step is trajectory splicing,which is used to solve the problem of a measurement range reduction in the case of high-speed contrast The hopper flow experimental results demonstrate superior performance of this proposed method in controlling the number of mismatched particles and better measuring efficiency in comparison with the traditional PTV method.

Optical Surface Monitoring系统跟踪运动靶区的位置精度和剂量精度验证

目的:评估Optical Surface Monitoring System(OSMS)测量靶区运动的几何精度和使用OSMS跟踪运动靶区放疗时的剂量精度。方法:①分别使用OSMS与锥形束CT监测腹部模体的位置,通过移动治疗床使模体产生位移和旋转,对比二者对模体位置的测量结果;②用呼吸运动平台搭载MatriXX二维电离室阵列,测量不同跟踪阈值时模体内相对剂量,分别与计划剂量分布对比,分析不同跟踪阈值时计划验证的gamma通过率。结果:OSMS和锥形束CT系统对模体平移和旋转预设偏移的测量结果差异很小,使用OSMS门控技术时OSMS的阈值越小gamma通过率越高,相对剂量分布与计划剂量的一致性也越好。结论:OSMS系统对模体表面位置监测精度高,可以应用到实际放射治疗的辅助摆位。使用OSMS门控技术跟踪运动靶区可以提高靶区的剂量精度,而且对患者不附加任何电离辐射,适合应用于分次间的辅助摆位和分次内的靶区跟踪。

Semi-physical simulation of AUV pipeline tracking

Before the task of autonomous underwater vehicle(AUV) was implemented actually,its semi-physical simulation system of pipeline tracking had been designed.This semi-physical simulation system was used to test the software logic,hardware architecture,data interface and reliability of the control system.To implement this system,the whole system plan,including interface computer and the methods of pipeline tracking,was described.Compared to numerical simulation,the semi-physical simulation was used to test the real software and hardware more veritably.In the semi-physical simulation system,tracking experiments of both straight lines and polygonal lines were carried out,considering the influence of ocean current and the situation of buried pipeline.The experimental results indicate that the AUV can do pipeline tracking task,when angles of pipeline are 15°,30°,45° and 60°.In the ocean current of 2 knots,AUV could track buried pipeline.

Optical SDMA for applying compressive sensing in WSN

In order to apply compressive sensing in wireless sensor network, inside the nodes cluster classified by the spatial correlation, we propose that a cluster head adopts free space optical communication with space division multiple access, and a sensor node uses a modulating retro-reflector for communication. Thus while a random sampling matrix is used to guide the establishment of links between head cluster and sensor nodes, the random linear projection is accomplished. To establish multiple links at the same time, an optical space division multiple access antenna is designed. It works in fixed beams switching mode and consists of optic lens with a large field of view（FOV）, fiber array on the focal plane which is used to realize virtual channels segmentation, direction of arrival sensor, optical matrix switch and controller. Based on the angles of nodes＇ laser beams, by dynamically changing the route, optical matrix switch actualizes the multi-beam full duplex tracking receiving and transmission. Due to the structure of fiber array, there will be several fade zones both in the focal plane and in lens＇ FOV. In order to lower the impact of fade zones and harmonize multibeam, a fiber array adjustment is designed. By theoretical, simulated and experimental study, the antenna＇s qualitative feasibility is validated.

Complete Solution of Sun Tracking for Heliostat

A general solution of sun tracking for an arbitrarily oriented heliostat towards an arbitrarily located target on the earth is published. With the most general form of solar tracking formulae, it is seen that the used azimuthelevation, spinning-elevation tracking formulae etc. are the special cases of it. The possibilities of utilizing the general solution and its significance in solar energy engineering are discussed.

Short-Range Optical Wireless Communications for Indoor and Interconnects Applications

Optical wireless communications have been widely studied during the past decade in short-range applications, such as indoor highspeed wireless networks and interconnects in data centers and high-performance computing. In this paper, recent developments in high-speed short-range optical wireless communications are reviewed, including visible light communications （VLCs）, infrared indoor communication systems, and reconfigurable optical interconnects. The general architecture of indoor high-speed optical wireless communications is described, and the advantages and limitations of both visible and infrared based solutions are discussed. The concept of reconfigurable optical interconnects is presented, and key results are summarized. In addition, the challenges and potential future directions of short-range optical wireless communications are discussed.

Adaptive Tracking Control for Diffractive Film Based on Nonlinear Sliding Mode

A nonlinear sliding mode adaptive controller for a thin-film diffractive imaging system is designed to achieve accurate pointing direction over the attitude of subarrays in large-diameter mirror arrays.The kinematics and dynamics equations based on error quaternion and angular velocity are derived,and a diffractive thin-film sub-mirror array controller is designed to point precisely.Moreover,the global stability of the controller is proved by the Lyapunov method.Since the controller can adaptively identify the inertia matrix of each sub-mirror system,it is robust to bounded disturbances and changes in inertia parameters.At the same time,the continuous arctangent function is introduced,which is effectively anti-chattering.The simulation results show that the designed controller can ensure the accurate tracking of the diffractive film in each sub-mirror in the presence of rotational inertia matrix uncertainty and various disturbances.

Point Selection for Triangular 2-D Mesh Design Using Adaptive Forward Tracking Algorithm

Two-dimensional mesh-based motion tracking preserves neighboring relations (through connectivity of the mesh) and also allows warping transformations between pairs of frames;thus, it effectively eliminates blocking artifacts that are common in motion compensation by block matching. However, available uniform 2-D mesh model enforces connec-tivity everywhere within a frame, which is clearly not suitable across occlusion boundaries. To overcome this limitation, BTBC (background to be covered) detection and MF (model failure) detection algorithms are being used. In this algorithm, connectivity of the mesh elements (patches) across covered and uncovered region boundaries are broken. This is achieved by allowing no node points within the background to be covered and refining the mesh structure within the model failure region at each frame. We modify the occlusion-adaptive, content-based mesh design and forward tracking algorithm used by Yucel Altunbasak for selection of points for triangular 2-D mesh design. Then, we propose a new triangulation procedure for mesh structure and also a new algorithm to justify connectivity of mesh structure after motion vector estimation of the mesh points. The modified content-based mesh is adaptive which eliminates the necessity of transmission of all node locations at each frame.

基于结构光的飞机蒙皮对缝自主测量跟踪技术

针对飞机蒙皮对缝间隙和阶差的自动化测量问题,以线结构光视觉检测技术为基础,研究了蒙皮对缝自主测量跟踪方法。将传统的基于图像形态学的处理方法和光流法结合,实现了对蒙皮对缝特征的实时跟踪,从而确定间隙和阶差的测量位置。通过实测数据对手眼标定参数进行修正,提高了对缝跟踪的精度。结果表明,当跟踪速度为7 mm/s时,对缝跟踪的位置精度大于0.500 mm,对缝跟踪的姿态精度大于0.5°,跟踪系统具有较好的准确性和稳定性,能够满足飞机蒙皮对缝跟踪的要求。

基于视频的振动测量技术研究进展

振动测量是保障结构安全和良好状态的基本手段。高精度的振动测量可为结构设计、安装调试、健康管理等振动试验提供精确的输入与响应测试。相较于传统的振动测量手段,基于视频的振动测量技术将相机的全部像素转化为高精度振动传感器,利用视频图像方式让人们肉眼可视结构在物理世界的真实振动形态,具有非接触、全视场、高空间分辨率、灵活方便等优点,近年来受到业界的广泛关注。该文主要介绍了视频振动测量技术的系统构成与测量过程、当前主要方法和相关技术最新进展,并总结了视频振动测量技术与其他技术相比存在的优势。通过分析与对比,肯定了视频方法是解决振动测量问题的有效手段和对传统测量方法的有力补充,随着相关技术和硬件设备的发展,视频振动测量方法将具有越来越大的研究意义和应用价值。

面向无人驾驶车避障的光跳频激光雷达探测目标智能主动跟踪方法

无人驾驶车避障主动跟踪方法在与激光雷达目标融合的过程中,受激光雷达光跳频信号散射作用的影响,信号回波接收精度出现严重偏差,导致避障跟踪稳定性及其精准度均出现不同程度降低,严重威胁无人驾驶车辆行驶安全。为解决此问题,从激光雷达目标跟踪技术入手,首先建立雷达目标跟踪模型,确定优化目标系数;接着对光跳频激光雷达探测信号进行扰动优化,修正扰动偏差数据及其参量;最后通过避障目标的主动跟踪数据对优化数据进行合成,整理收尾数据输出效果。对提出方法进行仿真测试,结果表明其各项性能均符合设计预期设定标准,满足实际应用与推广的相关要求,具有广阔的发展前景。

基于压缩态光场的量子增强型光学相位追踪

量子增强型光学相位追踪作为高精度跟踪和测量光学相位的量子光学技术,在目标定位、量子测距以及相控阵雷达和唢呐等领域中有着重要应用.本文提出一种基于压缩态光场的量子增强型光学相位追踪协议.采用中心波长为1064 nm的连续固体激光光源,结合光学参量振荡器以及Pound-Drever-Hall(PDH)锁定技术,制备得到初始压缩度为(8.0±0.2)dB的相位压缩态光场.通过信号调制及解调技术,实现对压缩态光场相位的控制,从而实现对光学相位0-2π范围内的量子增强型追踪.与经典协议相比,这一协议可以将相位追踪的噪声起伏抑制至散粒噪声基准以下至少6.27 dB,实现了相位追踪精度至少76.4%的量子增强.由于到达角估计、相控阵雷达、相控阵唢呐等应用领域对相位测量精度要求极高,这一协议有望将相位估计的精度提高至突破散粒噪声极限,为相关领域提供压缩光源,也为更高精度的空间定位及量子测距技术提供理论和实验基础.

光电跟踪系统非均匀受力摩擦补偿研究

为了解决光电跟踪系统中摩擦扰动问题、进一步提高视轴稳定精度,采用了LuGre模型和终端滑模观测器(TSMO)融合的补偿方法(LuGre-TSMO),即在LuGre模型的基础上设计一种基于新型趋近率的终端滑模观测器,实现对系统摩擦的2次补偿。结果表明,相比于未补偿情况,LuGre-TSMO方法的速度跟踪均方根误差平均下降了65.38%,有效提高了实验平台视轴稳定精度;相比于LuGre模型方法和终端滑模观测器方法,LuGre-TSMO方法摩擦补偿效果最好。该方法在光电跟踪系统中是可行且有效的。