EFFECTS OF SPUTTERING CONDITIONS OF Tb Fe Co MAGNETO OPTICAL FILM ON KERRR OTATION

In the practical magneto opticaldisk productionline,alloysputteringtargetisalwaysusedtosputter recording film , whileinlaid targetisrarely used .In ourlaboratory,a seriesof al loy targets forsputtering magneto- optical recording film were prepared and theeffect ofcomposition andsputtering parameterson magneto opticalpropertiesarestudied . Thesputter ing rateof Al,Siand Tb Fe Co( Mo) undertheconditionsof differentsputtering powerandN2 Argasflux weredetermined and baseontheresults,a variablecomposition andthickness of SiNcan beobtained by meansof regulating sputtering power and gasflux, kindsof Mosputtering filmsareobtained under differentsputtering power and gasflux, and Kerrloop lineofthese magneto opticalfilmsare measuredto acquiretheir propertiessuch as Kerrrota tion,then ,theeffectofsputteringtechnology on Kerrrotationisdiscussed .

Optical coherence tomography in optic disc drusen

Optic disc drusen (ODD) are hyaline deposits in the optic nerve head, occurring in approximately 2% of the population. ODD may be superficial and visible, or buried and either invisible or seen only as elevation of the optic disc, mimicking optic disc edema. Advanced optic nerve imaging, including optical coherence tomography (OCT) can be used to diagnose and characterize ODD with very high resolution. Enhanced depth imaging (EDI-OCT) in particular has emerged as the optimal modality to directly visualize ODD. This modality has led to a greater ability to differentiate ODD from optic disc edema and prevent misdiagnosis or invasive testing. We review the characteristic findings of ODD on OCT, their distinguishing features, and the use of OCT as a biomarker in the neuro-ophthalmic assessment of ODD.

Multiple-State Storage Capability of Stacked Chalcogenide Films （Si16Sb33Te51/Si4Sb45Te51/Si11Sb39Te50） for Phase Change Memory

The multiple-state storage capability of phase change memory （PCM） is confirmed by using stacked chalcogenide films as the storage medium. The current-voltage characteristics and the resistance-current characteristics of the PCM clearly indicate that four states can be stored in this stacked film structure. Qualitative analysis indicates that the multiple-state storage capability of this stacked film structure is due to successive crystallizations in different Si-Sb-Te layers triggered by different amplitude currents.

Super-Resolution Recording by an Organic Photochromic Mask Layer

By using the super-resolution near-field structure （super-RENS） method, the super-resolution recording marks are obtained practically by an organic photochromic diarylethene mask layer, under much lower recording laser power of 0.45roW. The size of recording marks is decreased by 60% （from 1.6μm to 0.7μm） for a diarylethene （photo-mode） recording layer by the optical detection method （limited by optical diffraction）, or decreased by 97% （from 160Onto to 5Onto） for a heptaoxyl copper phthalocyanine （thermo-optical） recording layer, the latter is much smaller than the limitation of optical diffraction. In order to obtain a desirable result, a proper extent of photochemistry reaction in the mask layer is needed. Thus, the super-resolution recording marks can be obtained by adjusting the concentration of diarylethene in the mask layer, the recording laser power, and the moving speed of the sample disc.

Enhanced Detection of Glaucoma on Ensemble Convolutional Neural Network for Clinical Informatics

Irretrievable loss of vision is the predominant result of Glaucoma in the retina.Recently,multiple approaches have paid attention to the automatic detection of glaucoma on fundus images.Due to the interlace of blood vessels and the herculean task involved in glaucoma detection,the exactly affected site of the optic disc of whether small or big size cup,is deemed challenging.Spatially Based Ellipse Fitting Curve Model(SBEFCM)classification is suggested based on the Ensemble for a reliable diagnosis of Glaucomain theOptic Cup(OC)and Optic Disc(OD)boundary correspondingly.This research deploys the Ensemble Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)classification for classifying Glaucoma or Diabetes Retinopathy(DR).The detection of the boundary between the OC and the OD is performed by the SBEFCM,which is the latest weighted ellipse fitting model.The SBEFCM that enhances and widens the multi-ellipse fitting technique is proposed here.There is a preprocessing of input fundus image besides segmentation of blood vessels to avoid interlacing surrounding tissues and blood vessels.The ascertaining of OCandODboundary,which characterizedmany output factors for glaucoma detection,has been developed by EnsembleCNNclassification,which includes detecting sensitivity,specificity,precision,andArea Under the receiver operating characteristic Curve(AUC)values accurately by an innovative SBEFCM.In terms of contrast,the proposed Ensemble CNNsignificantly outperformed the current methods.

Classification of Diabetic Macular Edema and Its Stages Using Color Fundus Image

Diabetic macular edema （DME） is a retinal thickening involving the center of the macula. It is one of the serious eye diseases which affects the central vision and can lead to partial or even complete visual loss. The only cure is timely diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the disease. This paper presents an automated system for the diagnosis and classification of DME using color fundus image. In the proposed technique, first the optic disc is removed by applying some preprocessing steps. The preprocessed image is then passed through a classifier for segmentation of the image to detect exudates. The classifier uses dynamic thresholding technique by using some input parameters of the image. The stage classification is done on the basis of anearly treatment diabetic retinopathy study （ETDRS） given criteria to assess the severity of disease. The proposed technique gives a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 98.27%, 96.58%, and 96.54%, respectively on publically available database.

Classifiers fusion for improved vessel recognition with application in quantification of generalized arteriolar narrowing

This paper attempts to estimate diagnostically relevant measure,i.e.,Arteriovenous Ratio with an improved retinal vessel classification using feature ranking strategies and multiple classifiers decision-combination scheme.The features exploited for retinal vessel characterization are based on statistical measures of histogram,different filter responses of images and local gradient in-formation.The feature selection process is based on two feature ranking approaches(Pearson Correlation Coefficient technique and Relief-F method)to rank the features followed by use of maximum classification accuracy of three supervised classifiers(κ-Nearest Neighbor,Support Vector Machine and Naïve Bayes)as a threshold for feature subset selection.Retinal vessels are labeled using the selected feature subset and proposed hybrid classification scheme,i.e.,decision fusion of multiple classifiers.The comparative analysis shows an increase in vessel classification accuracy as well as Arteriovenous Ratio calculation performance.The system is tested on three databases,a local dataset of 44 images and two publically available databases,INSPIRE-AVR containing 40 images and VICAVR containing 58 images.The local database also contains images with pathologically diseased structures.The performance of the proposed system is assessed by comparing the experimental results with the gold standard estimations as well as with the results of previous methodologies.Overall,an accuracy of 90.45%,93.90%and 87.82%is achieved in retinal blood vessel separation with 0.0565,0.0650 and 0.0849 mean error in Arte-riovenous Ratio calculation for Local,INSPIRE-AVR and VICAVR dataset,respectively.

Pediatric neuro-ophthalmology:not simply neuro-ophthalmology for small adults

Pediatric neuro-ophthalmology is a subspecialty within neuro-ophthalmology.Pediatric neuro-ophthalmic diseases must be considered separate from their adult counterparts,due to the distinctive nature of the examination,clinical presentations,and management choices.This manuscript will highlight four common pediatric neuro-ophthalmic disorders by describing common clinical presentations,recommended management,and highlighting recent developments.Diseases discussed include pediatric idiopathic intracranial hypertension(IIH),pseudopapilledema,optic neuritis(ON)and optic pathway gliomas(OPG).The demographics,diagnosis and management of common pediatric neuro-ophthalmic disease require a working knowledge of the current research presented herein.Special attention should be placed on the differences between pediatric and adult entities such that children can be appropriately diagnosed and treated.

Fabrication of ordered micro- and nano-scale patterns based on optical discs and nanoimprint

A simple method to fabricate one-dimensional(1-D) and two-dimensional(2-D) ordered micro- and nano-scale patterns is developed based on the original masters from optical discs, using nanoimprint technology and soft stamps. Polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) was used to replicate the negative image of the 1-D grating pattern on the masters of CD-R, DVD-R and BD-R optical discs, respectively, and then the 1-D pattern on one of the PDMS stamps was transferred to a blank polycarbonate(PC) substrate by nanoimprint. The 2-D ordered patterns were fabricated by the second imprinting using another PDMS stamp. Different 2-D periodic patterns were obtained depending on the PDMS stamps and the angle between the two times of imprints. This method may provide a way for the fabrication of complex 2-D patterns using simple 1-D masters.

Simulation of an apodizer's effect for high-density optical storage

The effect of an apodizer with two parallel taper refractive surfaces is theoretically investigated for highdensity optical storage. The apodizer may modulate an incident Gaussian beam into an annular beam. Simulation shows that with the increasing inner radius of the modulated beam, the focal spot shrinks obviously. The depolarization effect gets strong simultaneously, which induces the circular symmetry loss of the focal spot. In this process, pattern density of the orthogonal and longitudinal diffractive fields increases remarkably.

Optical design in high density and high capacity multi-layer data storage system

Fundamental requirements for optical system design for volume recording system is identified. Anastigmatic objective lens design is required for conventional page-based system, whereas for multi-layer volume recording systems, an Aplanatic and zoom optical design is needed with an afocal sub-optical system including a high numerical aperture （NA） objective element. An NA 0.4 and four element design is feasible by only using off- the-shelf components. Recording depth ranges of 0.4 mm for wavelength 532 nm and 0.2 mm for 405 nm. The design demonstrates sufficiently small as-built wavefront error, less than 0.1 waves while implementing focusing and tracking capabilities to the design.