Simple and universal method in designs of high-efficiency diffractive optical elements for spectrum separation and beam concentration

Diffractive optical elements（DOEs） with spectrum separation and beam concentration（SSBC） functions have important applications in solar cell systems. With the SSBC DOEs, the sunlight radiation is divided into several wave bands so as to be effectively absorbed by photovoltaic materials with different band gaps. A new method is proposed for designing high-efficiency SSBC DOEs, which is physically simple, numerically fast, and universally applicable. The SSBC DOEs are designed by the new design method, and their performances are analyzed by the Fresnel diffraction integral method.The new design method takes two advantages over the previous design method. Firstly, the optical focusing efficiency is heightened by up to 10%. Secondly, focal positions of all the designed wavelengths can be designated arbitrarily and independently. It is believed that the designed SSBC DOEs should have practical applications to solar cell systems.

A single diffractive optical element implementing spectrum-splitting and beam-concentration functions simultaneously with high diffraction efficiency

In this paper,a novel method is proposed and employed to design a single diffractive optical element（DOE） for implementing spectrum-splitting and beam-concentration（SSBC） functions simultaneously.We develop an optimization algorithm,through which the SSBC DOE can be optimized within an arbitrary thickness range according to the limitations of modern photolithography technology.Theoretical simulation results reveal that the designed SSBC DOE has a high optical focusing efficiency.It is expected that the designed SSBC DOE should have practical applications in high-efficiency solar cell systems.

Realizing high photovoltaic efficiency with parallel multijunction solar cells based on spectrum-splitting and-concentrating diffractive optical element

Based on the facts that multijunction solar cells can increase the efficiency and concentration can reduce the cost dramatically, a special design of parallel multijunction solar cells was presented. The design employed a diffractive optical element （DOE） to split and concentrate the sunlight. A rainbow region and a zero-order diffraction region were generated on the output plane where solar cells with corresponding band gaps were placed. An analytical expression of the light intensity distribution on the output plane of the special DOE was deduced, and the limiting photovoltaic efficiency of such parallel multijunction solar ceils was obtained based on Shockley-Queisser＇s theory. An efficiency exceeding the Shockley--Queisser limit （33%） can be expected using multijunction solar cells consisting of separately fabricated subcells. The results provide an important alternative approach to realize high photovoltaic efficiency without the need for expensive epitaxial technology widely used in tandem solar cells, thus stimulating the research and application of high efficiency and low cost solar cells.

Simple experimental scheme of teleporting a two-qubit state via linear optical elements

We propose a simple experimental scheme in which an unknown two-qubit state is faithfully and deterministically teleported from Alice to Bob. The scheme is constructed with four photons from parametric down conversion, linear optical elements, and conventional photon detectors, all of which are available in current technology. It is shown that the probability of successful teleportation ideally reaches 100% based on single-photon two-qubit-assisted Bell-state measurement, which can distinguish all four Bell-states simultaneously via conventional photon detectors. By generalizing the scheme, the teleportation of an unknown multi-qubit system can also be realized.

Spectrum-Splitting Diffractive Optical Element of High Concentration Factor and High Optical Efficiency for Three-Junction Photovoltaics

A spectrum-splitting and beam-concentrating （SSBC） diffractive optical element （DOE） for three-junction pho- tovoltaics （PV） system is designed and fabricated by five-circ/e micro-fabrication. The incident solar light is efficiently split into three sub-spectrum ranges and strongly concentrated on the focal plane, which can be di- rectly utilized by suitable spectrum-matching solar cells. The system concentration factor reaches 12x. Moreover, the designed wavelengths （450nm, 550nm and 65Onto） are spatially distributed on the focal plane, in good agree- ment with the theoretical results. The average optical effic/ency of all the cells over the three designed wavelengths is 60.07%. The SSBC DOE with a high concentration factor and a high optical efficiency provides a cost-effective approach to achieve higher PV conversion efficieneies.

Design optimization of highly efficient spectrum-splitting and beam-concentrating diffractive optical element for lateral multijunction solar cells

Two improved algorithms are proposed to extend a diffractive optical element （DOE） to work under the broad spec- trum of sunlight. An optimum design has been found for the DOE, with a weighted average optical efficiency of about 6.8% better than that of the previous design. The optimization of designing high optical efficiency DOEs will pave the way for future designs of high-efficiency, low-cost lateral multijunction solar cells based on such a DOE.

Subwavelength Diffractive Optical Elements

1 Introduction 1.1 Advantages of DOE 1)High diffraction efficiency; 2)Dispersive; 3)More selectivity of designing parameters; 4)More selectivity of primary materials; 5)Can make components miniature,forming array and integration. 1.2 1.3 megapixel triplet plastic mobile

Diffractive optical elements 75 years on:from micro-optics to metasurfaces

Diffractive optical elements(DOEs)are intricately designed devices with the purpose of manipulating light fields by precisely modifying their wavefronts.The concept of DOEs has its origins dating back to 1948 when D.Gabor first introduced holography.Subsequently,researchers introduced binary optical elements(BOEs),including computer-generated holograms(CGHs),as a distinct category within the realm of DOEs.This was the first revolution in optical devices.The next major breakthrough in light field manipulation occurred during the early 21st century,marked by the advent of metamaterials and metasurfaces.Metasurfaces are particularly appealing due to their ultra-thin,ultra-compact properties and their capacity to exert precise control over virtually every aspect of light fields,including amplitude,phase,polarization,wavelength/frequency,angular momentum,etc.The advancement of light field manipulation with micro/nano-structures has also enabled various applications in fields such as information acquisition,transmission,storage,processing,and display.In this review,we cover the fundamental science,cutting-edge technologies,and wide-ranging applications associated with micro/nano-scale optical devices for regulating light fields.We also delve into the prevailing challenges in the pursuit of developing viable technology for real-world applications.Furthermore,we offer insights into potential future research trends and directions within the realm of light field manipulation.

An Effective On-line Surface Particles Inspection Instrument for Large Aperture Optical Element

Surface particles growing in large aperture optical element （LAOE） have significant impact on LAOE＇s stable operation. It is a challenge for the online system to inspect the particles with long working distance, enough precision and high efficiency because of the system constraints. In this paper, an effective and portable inspection instrument is designed based on dark-field imaging principle. A Nikon lens and an industrial high definition （HD） camera are selected to construct the vision system to inspect particles of microns size spreading over hundreds of millimeters. Using two motors and other mechanical structure, the system can realize auto-focus and image rectification functions. The line light sources are installed on both sides of the LAOE in a sealed box while the vision system is portable and working outside the box. An adaptive binarization method is proposed to process the captured dark-field image. The distribution of particles on the LAOE＇s surface is investigated. Because of the high resolution of the captured image, the SSE2 instructions optimization method is used to reduce the time cost of the algorithm. Experiments show that the instrument can inspect LAOE effectively and accurately.

Design of refractive/diffractive hybrid optical elements for beam shaping with large diffraction pattern

Diffractive optics is an important technique for beam shaping with high light efficiency and strong diffraction pattern flexibility. Since the diffraction angle is limited by the unit size of the diffractive optical element （DOE）, the size of the required diffraction pattern is always rather small. In this Letter, refractive/diffractive hybrid optical elements （RDHOEs） consisting of a DOE and a lens are used to realize beam shaping for a large diffraction pattern. The lens, as the component of the RDHOEs, can not only be concave but also convex, and the double sampling Fresnel diffraction algorithm is developed for the design of these two types of RDHOEs. The simulation and experimental results provide solid evidence to demonstrate the proposed method with the pure phase spatial light modulator.

Laser beam characteristic for laser resonators with diffraction optical elements

The matrix eigenvalue method is used to analyze a laser resonator composed of diffraction optical elements. The results show that this type of resonator can separate fundamental mode and high order modes effectively. The output beams can be designed for different requests.

Holographic augmented reality display with conical holographic optical element for wide viewing zone

In this study, we propose a holographic augmented reality (AR) display with a wide viewing zone realized by using a special-designed reflective optical element. A conical holographic optical element (HOE) is used as such a reflective optical element. This conical HOE was implemented to reconstruct a diverging spherical wave with a wide spread angle. It has a sharp wavelength selectivity by recording it as a volume hologram, enabling augmented reality (AR) representation of real and virtual 3D objects. The quality of the generated spherical wave and the spectral reflectivity of the fabricated conical HOE were investigated. An optical superimposition between real and virtual 3D objects was demonstrated, thereby enhancing the validity of our proposed method. A horizontal viewing zone of 140° and a vertical viewing zone of 30° were experimentally confirmed. The fabrication procedure for the conical HOE is presented, and the calculation method of the computer-generated hologram (CGH) based on Fermat’s principle is explained in detail.

End-to-end optimization of a diffractive optical element and aberration correction for integral imaging

In the integral imaging light field display, the introduction of a diffractive optical element (DOE) can solve the problem of limited depth of field of the traditional lens. However, the strong aberration of the DOE significantly reduces the final display quality. Thus, herein, an end-to-end joint optimization method for optimizing DOE and aberration correction is proposed. The DOE model is established using thickness as the variable, and a deep learning network is built to preprocess the composite image loaded on the display panel. The simulation results show that the peak signal to noise ratio value of the optimized image increases by 8 dB, which confirms that the end-to-end joint optimization method can effectively reduce the aberration problem.

Diffractive Optical Elements for Dynamic Optical Coupling

Diffractive optical elements such as the complementary Dammann gratings are incorporated for dynamic optical fiber splitting and combining. Experimental results of 1×8 dynamic optical couplings are presented.

Correction of dispersion distortion of femtosecond pulses by using the non-planar surface of diffractive optical elements

Peculiarities of propagation of femtosecond pulses through a focusing diffractive optical element (DOE) are considered. It is shown that the time delay between the pulse and phase wavefronts can be decreased by fabricating the DOE on the optimal curvilinear surface.

A qualitative approach to aberrations of optical elements

A qualitative method to analyze wavefront aberrations is presented.Aberrations of the primary type,expressed in their matrix forms,are used to write the generalized ray transfer matrix of an optical component.The aberrations were treated collectively by examining the pseudospectra of an augmented matrix constructed from the aberration matrices.Results show that aberrations can be distinguished and relative strengths pronounced using this qualitative method.

The determination of 52 elements in marine geological samples by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with a high-pressure closed digestion method

An improved analytical method to determine the content of 52 major, minor and trace elements in marine geological samples, using a HF-HCl-HNO_3 acid system with a high-pressure closed digestion method（HPCD）, is studied by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry（ICP-OES） and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS）. The operating parameters of the instruments are optimized, and the optimal analytical parameters are determined. The influences of optical spectrum and mass spectrum interferences, digestion methods and acid systems on the analytical results are investigated. The optimal spectral lines and isotopes are chosen, and internal standard element of rhodium is selected to compensate for matrix effects and analytical signals drifting. Compared with the methods of an electric heating plate digestion and a microwave digestion, a high-pressure closed digestion method is optimized with less acid, complete digestion,less damage for digestion process. The marine geological samples are dissolved completely by a HF-HCl-HNO_3 system, the relative error（RE） for the analytical results are all less than 6.0%. The method detection limits are 2–40μg/g by the ICP-OES, and 6–80 ng/g by ICP-MS. The methods are used to determine the marine sediment reference materials（GBW07309, GBW07311, GBW07313）, rock reference materials（GBW07103, GBW07104,GBW07105）, and cobalt-rich crust reference materials（GBW07337, GBW07338, GBW07339）, the obtained analytical results are in agreement with the certified values, and both of the relative standard deviation（RSD） and the relative error（RE） are less than 6.0%. The analytical method meets the requirements for determining 52 elements contents of bulk marine geological samples.

High throughput direct writing of a mesoscale binary optical element by femtosecond long focal depth beams

Bessel beams have multiple applications owing to their propagation-invariant properties,including particle trapping,optical coherence tomography,and material processing.However,traditional Bessel-beam shaping techniques require bulky components,which limits the development of miniaturized optical systems for integration with other devices.Here,we report a novel femtosecond laser direct writing strategy for fabricating mesoscale(from submicrometer to subcentimeter)binary optical elements with microscale resolution.This strategy utilizes femtosecond beams with a long focal depth to increase throughput while reducing the constraints on critical sample positioning.As a demonstration,we manufactured and characterized a 2.2 mm diameter binary axicon.The experimentally measured quasi-Bessel beam intensity distribution and the numerical results were remarkably consistent,demonstrating a suitable tradeoff between the overall size,efficiency,and structural fidelity.Furthermore,a compact Bessel lens containing binary axicons was constructed and successfully used for femtosecond laser mask-less ablation of periodic grating-type surface plasmon polariton excitation units.The demonstrated approach shows significant potential for fabricating customizable integrated optical components.

Linear optical implementation of optimal unambiguous discrimination among quantum states

In this paper, we present a linear optical scheme for optimal unambiguous discrimination among nonorthogonal quantum states in terms of the multiple-rail and polarization representation of a single photon. In our scheme, discriminated quantum states are expressed by using the spatial degree of freedom of a single photon while the polarization degree of freedom of the single photon is used to act as an auxiliary qubit. The optical components used in our scheme are only passive linear optical elements such as polarizing beam splitters, wave plates, polarizers, single photon detectors, and single photon source.

Performance Improving of a Concentrating Photovoltaic System by Using a New Optical Adhesive

The objective of this present study is to manufacture a new silicone-based adhesive which is used for gluing and bonding the second optical elements (SOE) with Concentrating Photovoltaic solar cell (CPV) in order to guarantee a thickness that can provide a good silicone adherence to obtain long term stability and keeping a good solar transmittance performance, too. This new adhesive is made up of a mixture of silicone and transparent glass balls. The experimental part consists of the choice of the best size of glass balls with the suitable proportion of the glass balls weight in the mixture. For this purpose, ten samples were manufactured for every category of glass balls and weight ratio. Glass ball sizes between 100 and 1100 μm, and weight ratios between 1 and 10% were analyzed. For each category of glass balls, four proportions were mixed with the silicone. The thicknesses and transmittance of every sample were measured with appropriate instruments. The experimental results illustrate that the mixture containing balls with sizes inferior to 106 μm, is the best mixture which assures adhesive minimum thickness value necessary for an efficient mechanical bond and preserves also a good transmittance of solar irradiance.