Using Optical Tweezers to Study the Friction of the Red Blood Cells

In the last two decades the study of red blood cell elasticity using optical tweezers has known a rise appearing in the scientific research with regard to the various works carried out. Despite the various work done, no study has been done so far to study the influence of friction on the red blood cell indentation response using optical tweezers. In this study, we have developed a new approach to determine the coefficient of friction as well as the frictional forces of the red blood cell. This approach therefore allowed us to simultaneously carry out the indentation and traction test, which allowed us to extract the interfacial properties of the microbead red blood cell couple, among other things, the friction coefficient. This property would be extremely important to investigate the survival and mechanical features of cells, which will be of great physiological and pathological significance. But taking into account the hypothesis of friction as defined by the isotropic Coulomb law. The experiment performed for this purpose is the Brinell Hardness Test (DB).

Human Eosinophil Cell Manipulation by Optical Tweezers

In this work, lateral deformation of human eosinophil cell during the lateral indentation by an optically trapped microbead of diameter 4.5 µm is studied. The images were captured using a CCD camera and the Boltzmann statistics method was used for force calibration. Using the Hertz model, we calculated and compared the elastic moduli resulting from the lateral force, showing that the differences are important and the force should be considered. Besides the lateral component, the setup also allows us to examine the lateral cell-bead interaction. The mean values of the properties obtained, in particular the elastic stiffness and the shear stiffness, were Eh = (37.76 ± 2.85) µN/m and Gh = (12.57 ± 0.32) µN/m. These results show that the lateral indentation can therefore be used as a routine method for cell study, because it enabled us to manipulate the cell without contact with the laser.

Theoretical study of the trapping efficiency of an optical tweezers array system

Optical tweezers have been a valuable research tool since their invention in the 1980s. One of the most important developments in optical tweezers in recent years is the creation of two-dimensional arrays of optical traps. In this paper, a method based on interference is discussed to form gradient laser fields, which may cause the spatial modulation of particle concentration. The parameters related to the optical tweezers array are discussed in detail and simulated by the Matlab software to show the influence of important parameters on the distribution of particle concentration. The spatial redistribution of particles in a laser interference field can also be predicted according to the theoretical analysis.

A novel approach to study the interactions between polymeric stabilized micron-sized oil droplets by optical tweezers

The well understanding of interaction forces between single dispersed droplets is crucial to the understanding of emulsion stabilization mechanism.Recently,many studies have reported the direct quantitative measurements of interaction forces between 20-200μm single droplet coated polymers by atomic force microscope(AFM).These studies have revealed many important results about the relationship of the interaction forces and the droplet deformation.However,these studies of the quantitative relationship between the measured interaction forces and the separation distance of the front end of the droplet have rarely been reported.Optical tweezer instrument can make it possible to establish the quantitative relationship between the measured force and the separation distance of the front end of the droplet,which will make better understanding of the interaction mechanisms between droplets.Due to the differences of the measuring mechanism between atomic force microscopy(AFM)and optical tweezers,the theory model of AFM measurements cannot be fitted with the force measurement by optical tweezers.We have made an exhaustive comparison of the measuring differences between AFM and optical tweezer instrument in this work.Moreover,we built a numerical model to derive the repulsive pressure through the measured force curve in order to quantify the measured force of two micron-sized oil droplet coated polymers by optical tweezers.Furthermore,the novel method can be extended to other micron-sized emulsion systems,and these findings will be a vital progress on quantitative force measurements between micron-sized droplets.

Systematical study of the trapping forces of optical tweezers formed by different types of optical ring beams

The technique of optical tweezers has been improved a lot since its invention, which extends the application fields of optical tweezers. Besides the conventionally used Gaussian beams, different types of ring beams have also been used to form optical tweezers for different purposes. The two typical kinds of ring beams used in optical tweezers are the hollow Gaussian beam and Laguerre-Gaussian （LG） beam. Both theoretical computation and experiments have shown that the axial trapping force is improved for the ring beams compared with the Gaussian beam, and hence the trapping stability is improved, although the transverse trapping forces of ring beams are smaller than that of Gaussian beam. However, no systematic study on the trapping forces of ring beam has ever been discussed. In this article, we will investigate the axial and transverse trapping forces of different types of ring beams with different parameters systematically, by numerical computation in which the ray optics model is adopted. The spherical aberration caused by the refractive index mismatch between oil and water is also considered in the article. The trapping forces for different objectives that obey the sine condition and tangent condition are also compared with each other. The result of systematical calculation will be useful for the applications of optical tweezers formed by different types of ring beams.

Robust and high-speed rotation control in optical tweezers by using polarization synthesis based on heterodyne interference

The rotation control of particles in optical tweezers is often subject to the spin or orbit angular momentum induced optical torque,which is susceptible to the mechanical and morphological properties of individual particle.Here we report on a robust and high-speed rotation control in optical tweezers by using a novel linear polarization synthesis based on optical heterodyne interference between two circularly polarized lights with opposite handedness.The synthesized linear polarization can be rotated in a hopping-free scheme at arbitrary speed determined electronically by the heterodyne frequency between two laser fields.The experimental demonstration of a trapped vaterite particle in water shows that the precisely controlled rotation frequency of 300 Hz can be achieved.The proposed method will find promising applications in optically driven micro-gears,fluidic pumps and rotational micro-rheology.

3D dynamic motion of a dielectric micro-sphere within optical tweezers

Known as laser trapping,optical tweezers,with nanometer accuracy and pico-newton precision,plays a pivotal role in single bio-molecule measurements and controllable motions of micro-machines.In order to advance the flourishing applications for those achievements,it is necessary to make clear the three-dimensional dynamic process of micro-particles stepping into an optical field.In this paper,we utilize the ray optics method to calculate the optical force and optical torque of a micro-sphere in optical tweezers.With the influence of viscosity force and torque taken into account,we numerically solve and analyze the dynamic process of a dielectric micro-sphere in optical tweezers on the basis of Newton mechanical equations under various conditions of initial positions and velocity vectors of the particle.The particle trajectory over time can demonstrate whether the particle can be successfully trapped into the optical tweezers center and reveal the subtle details of this trapping process.Even in a simple pair of optical tweezers,the dielectric micro-sphere exhibits abundant phases of mechanical motions including acceleration,deceleration,and turning.These studies will be of great help to understand the particle-laser trap interaction in various situations and promote exciting possibilities for exploring novel ways to control the mechanical dynamics of microscale particles.

Simultaneous, hybrid single-molecule method by optical tweezers and fluorescence

As studies on life sciences progress toward the single-molecule level,new experiments have put forward more requirements for simultaneously displaying the mechanical properties and conformational changes of biomolecules.Optical tweezers and fluorescence microscopy have been combined to solve this problem.The combination of instruments forms a new generation of hybrid single-molecule technology that breaks through the limitations of traditional biochemical analysis.Powerfulmanipulation and fluorescence visualization have beenwidely used,and these techniques provide new possibilities for studying complex biochemical reactions at the singlemolecule level.This paper explains the features of this combined technique,including the application characteristics of single-trap and dual-traps,the anti-bleaching method,and optical tweezers combined with epifluorescence,confocal fluorescence,total internal reflection fluorescence,and other fluorescence methods.Using typical experiments,we analyze technical solutions and explain the factors and principles that instrument designers should consider.This review aims to give an introduction to this novel fusion technology process and describe important biological results.

In situ calibrating optical tweezers with sinusoidal-wave drag force method

We introduce a corrected sinusoidal-wave drag force method （SDFM） into optical tweezers to calibrate the trapping stiffness of the optical trap and conversion factor （CF） of photodetectors. First, the theoretical analysis and experimental result demonstrate that the correction of SDFM is necessary, especially the error of no correction is up to 11.25% for a bead of 5μm in diameter. Second, the simulation results demonstrate that the SDFM has a better performance in the calibration of optical tweezers than the triangular-wave drag force method （TDFM） and power spectrum density method （PSDM） at the same signal-to-noise ratio or trapping stiffness. Third, in experiments, the experimental standard deviations of calibration of trapping stiffness and CF with the SDFM are about less than 50% of TDFM and PSDM especially at low laser power. Finally, the experiments of stretching DNA verify that the in situ calibration with the SDFM improves the measurement stability and accuracy.

Influence of viscous force on the dynamic process of micro-sphere in optical tweezers

With the advantages of noncontact,high accuracy,and high flexibility,optical tweezers hold huge potential for micro-manipulation and force measurement.However,the majority of previous research focused on the state of the motion of particles in the optical trap,but paid little attention to the early dynamic process between the initial state of the particles and the optical trap.Note that the viscous forces can greatly affect the motion of micro-spheres.In this paper,based on the equations of Newtonian mechanics,we investigate the dynamics of laser-trapped micro-spheres in the surrounding environment with different viscosity coefficients.Through the calculations,over time the particle trajectory clearly reveals the subtle details of the optical capture process,including acceleration,deceleration,turning,and reciprocating oscillation.The time to equilibrium mainly depends on the corresponding damping coefficient of the surrounding environment and the oscillation frequency of the optical tweezers.These studies are essential for understanding various mechanisms to engineer the mechanical motion behavior of molecules or microparticles in liquid or air.

Mechanobiology of the cell surface:Probing its remodeling dynamics using membrane tether pulling assays with optical tweezers

Mammalian cell surfaces consist of the plasma membrane supported by an underneath cortical cytoskeleton.Together,these structures can control not only the shape of cells but also a series of cellular functions ranging from migration and division to exocytosis,endocytosis and differentiation.Furthermore,the cell surface is capable of exerting and reacting to mechanical forces.Its viscoelastic properties,especially membrane tension and bending modulus,are fundamental parameters involved in these responses.This viewpoint summarizes our current knowledge on how to measure the viscoelastic properties of cell surfaces employing optical tweezers-based tether assays,paving the way for a better understanding of how cells react to external mechanical forces,with a glance on their remodeling dynamics and possible consequences on downstream cellular processes.

Improvements for Manipulating DNA with Optical Tweezers

Recently, numerous biological macromolecular experiments have been conducted with optical tweezers. For the single molecular stretching experiment with optical tweezers, three ways to determine the initial adhesion point of DNA on the coverslip are described in this work. In addition, a new method through analyzing the displacement variance of the trapped particle to obtain the trap height is introduced. Using our proposed methods, the obtained force-extension curve for the operated dsDNA agrees well with the worm-like chain model. These improved methods are also applicable to other related biological macromolecular experiments requiring high precision.

Optical tweezers technique and its applications

Since their advent in the 1980s,optical tweezers have attracted more and more attention due to their unique non-contact and non-invasion characteristics and their wide applications in physics,biology,chemistry,medical science and nanoscience.In this paper,we introduce the basic principle,the history and typical applications of optical tweezers and review our recent experimental works on the development and application of optical tweezers technique.We will discuss in detail several technological issues,including high precision displacement and force measurement in single-trap and dual-trap optical tweezers,multi-trap optical tweezers with each trap independently and freely controlled by means of space light modulator,and incorporation of cylindrical vector optical beams to build diversified optical tweezers beyond the conventional Gaussian-beam optical tweezers.We will address the application of these optical tweezers techniques to study biophysical problems such as mechanical deformation of cell membrane and binding energy between plant microtubule and microtubule associated proteins.Finally we present application of the optical tweezers technique for trapping,transporting,and patterning of metallic nanoparticles,which can be harnessed to manipulate surface plasmon resonance properties of these nanoparticles.

3D trapping and manipulation of micro-particles using holographic optical tweezers with optimized computer-generated holograms

A multi-plane adaptive-additive algorithm is developed for optimizing computer-generated holograms for the reconstruction of traps in three-dimensional （3D） spaces. This algorithm overcomes the converging stagnation problem of the traditional multi-plane Gerehber-Saxton algorithm and improves the diffraction efficiency of the holograms effectively, The optimized holograms are applied in a holographic optical tweezers （HOT） platform. Additionally, a computer program is developed and integrated into the HOT platform for the purpose of achieving the interactive control of traps. Experiments demonstrate that the manipulation of micro-particles into the 3D structure with optimized holograms can be carried out effectively on the HOT Dlatform.

Application of Optical Tweezers in the Research of Molecular Interaction between Lymphocyte Function Associated Antigen-1 and Its Monoclonal Antibody

Lymphocyte function associated antigen-1 （CD11a/CD18, LFA-1） plays an important role in the structure of the immunological synapse and is required for efficient lysis of cytotoxic T lymphocytes （CTLs） and natural killer （NK） cells. To study the activation mode of LFA-1 on the NK cell surface, optical tweezers were used in the work. As an emerging technology, optical tweezers are widely used to manipulate microscopic objects and measure the forces of molecular interactions in the field of biological research. In our study, a new platform was constructed to study the single molecular behavior of receptor on cell surface using optical tweezers. Based on the platform, the interaction between an NK cell and a polystyrene microsphere coated with anti-LFA-1 antibody was observed. The result confirmed that the adhesion forces between an NK cell and a polystyrene bead were time-dependent. According to our findings, we propose that anti-LFA-1 antibody may cause the clustering of LFA-1 on NK cell surface. Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology.

Multifunctional single-fiber optical tweezers for particle trapping and transport

We present and demonstrate a multifunctional single-fiber optical tweezer for particle trapping and transport.The fiber probe of fiber optical tweezers is constructed as a planar structure.Laser sources with wavelengths of 650 nm and 980 nm in a single-mode fiber excite the linearly polarized LP11mode and LP01mode beams,respectively.These two laser beams can achieve non-contact trapping and long-distance transport of particles after passing through a flat-facet fiber probe,respectively.This structure makes it possible to perform non-contact trapping and transport of particles by combining multiple wavelengths and multiple modes.

Single fiber dual-functionality optical tweezers based on graded-index multimode fiber

We propose and demonstrate single fiber dual-functionality optical tweezers based on a graded-index multimode fiber. By using the multi-angle fiber grinding and polishing technology, we fabricate the multimode fiber tip to be a special tapered shape, contributing to focus the outgoing beam with a large intensity gradient for the first functionality--three-dimensional contactless trapping of a microparticle. By adjusting the radial direction offset between the lead-in single mode fiber and the graded-index multimode fiber, we perform the second functionality--axial shift of the trapped microparticle with respect to the fiber tip without need of moving the fiber probe itself. It is convenient for practical applications, The theoretical and experimental results about the relationship between the radial offset and the equilibrium positions of the microparticle have the good consistency. Tailoring the trap and axial shift of the microparticle based on the graded-index multimode fiber provides convenient avenues for fiber optical tweezers a~）Dlied in practical researches.

Using optical tweezers to investigate the specific single-interaction between apoA-I molecule and ABCA1 on living cells

We carry out in situ single-molecule measurements of the specific interaction between apolipoprotein A-I （apoA-I） and ATP binding cassette transporter A1 （ABCA1） on THP-1 cells. Single-molecule force spectroscopy shows that similar to normal apoA-I, the dysfunctional apoA-I from diabetes patients interacts with ABCA1 via two different binding sites on the cells. The strength of dysfunctional apoA-I binding to a high-capacity binding site is 26.5±4.9 pN. The minor direct apoA-I/ABCA1 binding strength is 56.7±4.1 pN. These results facilitate a pathological understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the specific interaction of aDoA-I and ABCA1 at the single-molecule level.

Actual Sensing Sensitivity and SNR Measurement of Optical Tweezers Based on Coulomb Force Input

Sensing sensitivity is the key performance of optical tweezers.By adjusting the frequency and magnitude of an applied Coulomb force as an input of optical tweezers,we directly measured the sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of a system and indirectly calculated the actual noise magnitude.Combined with an output filter,the relationship between the SNR and bandwidths was studied.We established the simulation model of a system using Simulink and simulated the relationship between the SNR and magnitude of the input forces and filter bandwidths.In addition,we built an experimental system to determine the relationship between the SNR and the magnitude of the input forces and filter bandwidths.The actual minimum detectable force was measured as 1.8275×10^(-17)N at a 1Hz bandwidth.The experimental results were correlated with the simulation and theoretical results,confirming the effectiveness of the proposed method and demonstrating the high sensitivity of vacuum optical tweezers as mechanical sensors.We proposed a novel method of calibration and measurement of system sensing parameters by applying an actual force that was more direct and precise than the theoretical calculation method that requires accurate fitting parameters,such as the particle radius and density.This method can be employed to analyze the system noise and phase characteristics to confirm and improve the real performance of the system.

Measurement of interaction force between RGD-peptide and Hela cell surface by optical tweezers

Since RGD peptides （R： arginine; G： glycine; D： aspartic acid） are found to promote cell adhesion, they are modified at numerous materials surface for medical applications such as drug delivery and regenerative medicine. Peptide-cell surface interactions play a key role in the above applications. In this letter, we study the adhesion force between the RGD-coated bead and Hela cell surface by optical tweezes. The adhesion is dominated by the binding of α5β1 and RGD-peptide with higher adhesion probability and stronger adhesion strength compared with the adhesion of bare bead and cell surface. The binding force for a single α5β1 -GRGDSP pair is determined to be 16.8 pN at a loading rate of 1.5 nN/s. The unstressed off-rate is 1.65 × 10^-2s^-1 and the distance of transition state for the rigid binding model is 3.0 nm.