Erasable/Inerasable L1 Transfer in Interlanguage Phonology:An Optimality Theory Analysis of/aʊn/and Sentence Stress in Chinese Learners of English

The areas affected by the L1 transfer to L2,such as phonotactics and stress,appear to have different degrees of erasability through training and practice.This paper attempts a theoretical analysis to account for empirical observations of L1 transfer in diphthong-coda coalescence and in sentence stress for Chinese learners of English in an American accent training course.Using the framework and tableau method of Optimality Theory(Prince and Smolensky 1993),the phonological paradigm that views languages’differences as symptomatic of differences in rankings of a set of universal violable constraints,this paper posits the underlying ranking at work in(a)the segmental case where[aŋ]is the observed output for/aʊn/;(b)the suprasegmental case where no stress contrast is observed for a pair of phonologically similar sentences with contrastive stress.It is argued that,in the segmental case,the coalescence of the second vowel of a diphthong with an alveolar nasal coda results from the high ranking of markedness constraints,including Complex Syllable;and in the suprasegmental case,sentence stress is greatly affected by changes in the ranking of the constraint culminativity.Aside from shedding light on the understudied issue of diphthong-coda coalescence,this research also contributes to the discussion of the comparative erasability of L1 transfer for the two areas and demonstrates how a deduction-based theoretical method may actually have practical implications for guiding the design of L2 teaching methodology of English pronunciation as well as for promoting native English speakers’clearer understanding of Chinese learners of English on the global stage.

Contract Mechanism of Water Environment Regulation for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises Based on Optimal Control Theory

The small and scattered enterprise pattern in the county economy has formed numerous sporadic pollution sources, hindering the centralized treatment of the water environment, increasing the cost and difficulty of treatment. How enterprises can make reasonable decisions on their water environment behavior based on the external environment and their own factors is of great significance for scientifically and effectively designing water environment regulation mechanisms. Based on optimal control theory, this study investigates the design of contractual mechanisms for water environmental regulation for small and medium-sized enterprises. The enterprise is regarded as an independent economic entity that can adopt optimal control strategies to maximize its own interests. Based on the participation of multiple subjects including the government, enterprises, and the public, an optimal control strategy model for enterprises under contractual water environmental regulation is constructed using optimal control theory, and a method for calculating the amount of unit pollutant penalties is derived. The water pollutant treatment cost data of a paper company is selected to conduct empirical numerical analysis on the model. The results show that the increase in the probability of government regulation and public participation, as well as the decrease in local government protection for enterprises, can achieve the same regulatory effect while reducing the number of administrative penalties per unit. Finally, the implementation process of contractual water environmental regulation for small and medium-sized enterprises is designed.

Optimal and robust control of population transfer in asymmetric quantum-dot molecules

We present an optimal and robust quantum control method for efficient population transfer in asymmetric double quantum-dot molecules.We derive a long-duration control scheme that allows for highly efficient population transfer by accurately controlling the amplitude of a narrow-bandwidth pulse.To overcome fluctuations in control field parameters,we employ a frequency-domain quantum optimal control theory method to optimize the spectral phase of a single pulse with broad bandwidth while preserving the spectral amplitude.It is shown that this spectral-phase-only optimization approach can successfully identify robust and optimal control fields,leading to efficient population transfer to the target state while concurrently suppressing population transfer to undesired states.The method demonstrates resilience to fluctuations in control field parameters,making it a promising approach for reliable and efficient population transfer in practical applications.

An Optimality-theoretic Account of Tone Sandhi in Disyllabic Sequences in Chengdu Dialect

This paper aims to offer an optimality-theoretic account of citation tones and tone sandhi in disyllabic sequences in Chengdu Dialect （CD henceforth）. It shows that the constraint ranking ＊[H,hl].T〉〉IDENT-LT〉〉 ＊[H,lh],＊[L,1h]〉〉 IDENT-RT〉〉 ＊[H,hl] is able to account for the tone sandhi phenomena of disyllabic sequences in CD.

Optimization Transmission Theory and Technical Pathways that Describe Multiscale Urban Agglomeration Spaces

Urban agglomerations are spatial entities that promote the development of ‘new urbanization' processes within China. In this context, the concept of ‘multiscale urban agglomeration spaces' encompasses three linked levels: macroscale urban agglomerations, mesoscale cities, and microscale urban centers. Applying a series of multidisciplinary integrated research methods drawn from geography, urban planning, and architecture, this paper reveals two intensive utilization laws that can be generalized to apply to multiscale urban agglomeration spaces, top-to-bottom ‘positive transmission' linkage and inside-to-outside ‘negative transmission' movement. This paper also proposes optimization transmission theory and policy decision technical pathways that can be applied to these three urban agglomeration spatial scales. Specific technical pathways of transmission include intensive expansion and simulated decision-making in macroscale urban agglomerations, ecology, production, and living space intensive layout and dynamic decision-making in mesoscale cities, and four cores(i.e., ‘single, ring, axis, and pole core') progressive linkage and intensive optimization decision-making in microscale urban centers. The theory and technical pathways proposed in this paper solve the technical problem of optimization and provide intensive methods that can be applied not only at the individual level but also at multiple scales in urban agglomeration spaces. This study also advances a series of comprehensive technical solutions that can be applied to both compact and smart growth cities as well as to urban agglomerations. Solid theoretical support is provided for the optimization of Chinese land development, urbanization, agricultural development, and ecological security.

Method of Fire Image Identification Based on Optimization Theory

In view of some distinctive characteristics of the early-stage flame image, a corresponding method of characteristic extraction is presented. Also introduced is the application of the improved BP algorithm based on the optimization theory to identifying fire image characteristics. First the optimization of BP neural network adopting Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm with the property of quadratic convergence is discussed, and then a new system of fire image identification is devised. Plenty of experiments and field tests have proved that this system can detect the early-stage fire flame quickly and reliably.

Efficient Virtual Network Embedding Algorithm Based on Restrictive Selection and Optimization Theory Approach

Network virtualization(NV) is widely considered as a key component of the future network and promises to allow multiple virtual networks(VNs) with different protocols to coexist on a shared substrate network(SN). One main challenge in NV is virtual network embedding(VNE). VNE is a NPhard problem. Previous VNE algorithms in the literature are mostly heuristic, while the remaining algorithms are exact. Heuristic algorithms aim to find a feasible embedding of each VN, not optimal or sub-optimal, in polynomial time. Though presenting the optimal or sub-optimal embedding per VN, exact algorithms are too time-consuming in smallscaled networks, not to mention moderately sized networks. To make a trade-off between the heuristic and the exact, this paper presents an effective algorithm, labeled as VNE-RSOT(Restrictive Selection and Optimization Theory), to solve the VNE problem. The VNERSOT can embed virtual nodes and links per VN simultaneously. The restrictive selection contributes to selecting candidate substrate nodes and paths and largely cuts down on the number of integer variables, used in the following optimization theory approach. The VNE-RSOT fights to minimize substrate resource consumption and accommodates more VNs. To highlight the efficiency of VNERSOT, a simulation against typical and stateof-art heuristic algorithms and a pure exact algorithm is made. Numerical results reveal that virtual network request(VNR) acceptance ratio of VNE-RSOT is, at least, 10% higher than the best-behaved heuristic. Other metrics, such as the execution time, are also plotted to emphasize and highlight the efficiency of VNE-RSOT.

A unified convergence theory of a numerical method, and applications to the replenishment policies

In determining the replenishment policy for an inventory system, some researchers advocated that the iterative method of Newton could be applied to the derivative of the total cost function in order to get the optimal solution. But this approach requires calculation of the second derivative of the function. Avoiding this complex computation we use another iterative method presented by the second author. One of the goals of this paper is to present a unified convergence theory of this method. Then we give a numerical example to show the application of our theory.

Computing Open-Loop Optimal Control of the q-Profile in Ramp-Up Tokamak Plasmas Using the Minimal-Surface Theory

The q-profile control problem in the ramp-up phase of plasma discharges is consid- ered in this work. The magnetic diffusion partial differential equation （PDE） models the dynamics of the poloidal magnetic flux profile, which is used in this work to formulate a PDE-constrained op-timization problem under a quasi-static assumption. The minimum surface theory and constrained numeric optimization are then applied to achieve suboptimal solutions. Since the transient dy- namics is pre-given by the minimum surface theory, then this method can dramatically accelerate the solution process. In order to be robust under external uncertainties in real implementations, PID （proportional-integral-derivative） controllers are used to force the actuators to follow the computational input trajectories. It has the potential to implement in real-time for long time discharges by combining this method with the magnetic equilibrium update.

Study on Gait Planning of Dynamic Walking of Biped Robots Based on Optimization Theory

In this paper, two important problems in the gait planning of dynamic walking of biped robot, i.e., finding inverse kinematic solution and constructing joint trajectories, are studied in detail by adopting complex optimization theory. The optimization algorithm for finding the inverse kinematic solution is developed, the construction method of joint trajectories is given, and the gait planning method of dynamic walking of biped robots is proposed.

Decision-Making Model for Farmer Choosing Land Use Based upon Dynamic Optimization Theory

Using the dynamic optimization theory, we described a decision-making model for farmer choosing land use when there are several different kinds of uses for land. To obtain an empirical model that could be easily applied, decision rules for farmer with a single static expectation were given.

A Stochastic Optimal Control Theory to Model Spontaneous Breathing

Respiratory variables, including tidal volume and respiratory rate, display significant variability. The probability density function (PDF) of respiratory variables has been shown to contain clinical information and can predict the risk for exacerbation in asthma. However, it is uncertain why this PDF plays a major role in predicting the dynamic conditions of the respiratory system. This paper introduces a stochastic optimal control model for noisy spontaneous breathing, and obtains a Shrödinger’s wave equation as the motion equation that can produce a PDF as a solution. Based on the lobules-bronchial tree model of the lung system, the tidal volume variable was expressed by a polar coordinate, by use of which the Shrödinger’s wave equation of inter-breath intervals (IBIs) was obtained. Through the wave equation of IBIs, the respiratory rhythm generator was characterized by the potential function including the PDF and the parameter concerning the topographical distribution of regional pulmonary ventilations. The stochastic model in this study was assumed to have a common variance parameter in the state variables, which would originate from the variability in metabolic energy at the cell level. As a conclusion, the PDF of IBIs would become a marker of neuroplasticity in the respiratory rhythm generator through Shr?dinger’s wave equation for IBIs.

Application of fuzzy optimization model in the evaluationof urban flood-waterloggedvulnerabilitybased on the synthetic weight ofgame theory

The evaluation of urban flood-waterlogged vulnerability is very important to the safety of urban flood control. In this paper, the evaluation of consolidated index is used. Respectively, AHP and entropy method calculate the subjective and objective weight of the evaluation indicators, and combine them by game theory. So we can obtain synthetic weight based on objective and subjective weights. The evaluation of urban flood-waterlogged vulnerability as target layer, a single variable multi-objective fuzzy optimization model is established. We use the model to evaluate flood-waterlogged vulnerability of 13 prefecture-level city in Hunan, and compare it with other evaluation method. The results show that the evaluation method has certain adaptability and reliability, and it＇ s helpfid to the construction planning of urban flood control.

MULTI-OBJECTIVE SHAPE DESIGN IN AERODYNAMICS USING GAME STRATEGY

Multi-objective optimization for the optimum shape design is introduced in aerodynamics using the Game theory. Based on the control theory, the employed optimizer and the negative feedback are used to implement the constraints. All the constraints are satisfied implicitly and automatically in the design. Furthermore,the above methodology is combined with a formulation derived from the Game theory to treat multi-point airfoil optimization. Airfoil shapes are optimized according to various aerodynamics criteria. In the symmetric Nash game, each “player” is responsible for one criterion, and the Nash equilibrium provides a solution to the multipoint optimization. Design results confirm the efficiency of the method.

The Morphophonology of Moroccan Arabic Derived Causatives

This paper aims at investigating the morphophonological make-up of derived causatives in Moroccan Arabic within the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince &Smolensky, 2004). Causative verbs in MA are characterized by the systematic gemination of their medial consonants. However, it is not easy to determine the morphological nature of the causative morpheme involved in this derivation. Also, it is not clearly known why the causative morpheme gets realized exactly on the second segment of the base form.Therefore, we seek to achieve the following goals. First, we intend to determine the nature of the causative morpheme. Second, we aim to explain why the causative morpheme is realized on the second segment of the base form. In this respect, we show that the causative morpheme is represented by a featureless consonantal mora that targets the second segment of the base root, turning it into a geminate. We also show that the causative morpheme gets infixed thanks to the privileged status of root-initial segments.

Optimal design theories of tuned mass dampers with nonlinear viscous damping

Optimal design theory for linear tuned mass dampers （TMD） has been thoroughly investigated, but is still under development for nonlinear TMDs. In this paper, optimization procedures in the time domain are proposed for design of a TMD with nonlinear viscous damping. A dynamic analysis of a structure implemented with a nonlinear TMD is conducted first. Optimum design parameters for the nonlinear TMD are searched using an optimization method to minimize the performance index. The feasibility of the proposed optimization method is illustrated numerically by using the Taipei 101 structure implemented with TMD. The sensitivity analysis shows that the performance index is less sensitive to the damping coefficient than to the frequency ratio. Time history analysis is conducted using the Taipei 101 structure implemented with different TMDs under wind excitation. For both linear and nonlinear TMDs, the comfort requirements for building occupants are satisfied as long as the TMD is properly designed. It was found that as the damping exponent increases, the relative displacement of the TMD decreases but the damping force increases.

Energy Efficiency Maximization Strategy for Sink Node in SWIPT-Enabled Sensor-Cloud Based on Optimal Stopping Rules

Leveraging energy harvesting abilities in wireless network devices has emerged as an effective way to prolong the lifetime of energy constrained systems.The system gains are usually optimized by designing resource allocation algorithm appropriately.However,few works focus on the interaction that channel’s time-vary characters make the energy transfer inefficiently.To address this,we propose a novel system operation sequence for sensor-cloud system where the Sinks provide SWIPT for sensor nodes opportunistically during downlink phase and collect the data transmitted from sensor nodes in uplink phase.Then,the energy-efficiency maximization problem of the Sinks is presented by considering the time costs and energy consumption of channel detection.It is proved that the formulated problem is an optimal stopping process with optimal stopping rules.An optimal energy-efficiency(OEE)algorithm is designed to obtain the optimal stopping rules for SWIPT.Finally,the simulations are performed based on the OEE algorithm compared with the other two strategies to verify the effectiveness and gains in improving the system efficiency.

Fuzzy linear model for production optimization of mining systems with multiple entities

Planning and production optimization within multiple mines or several work sites （entities） mining systems by using fuzzy linear programming （LP） was studied. LP is the most commonly used operations research methods in mining engineering. After the introductory review of properties and limitations of applying LP, short reviews of the general settings of deterministic and fuzzy LP models are presented. With the purpose of comparative analysis, the application of both LP models is presented using the example of the Bauxite Basin Niksic with five mines. After the assessment, LP is an efficient mathematical modeling tool in production planning and solving many other single-criteria optimization problems of mining engineering. After the comparison of advantages and deficiencies of both deterministic and fuzzy LP models, the conclusion presents benefits of the fuzzy LP model but is also stating that seeking the optimal plan of production means to accomplish the overall analysis that will encompass the LP model approaches.

Probing structural and electronic properties of divalent metal Mg_(n+1) and SrMgn (n=2–12) clusters and their anions

Divalent metal clusters have received great attention due to the interesting size-induced nonmetal-to-metal transition and fascinating properties dependent on cluster size,shape,and doping.In this work,the combination of the CALYPSO code and density functional theory(DFT)optimization is employed to explore the structural properties of neutral and anionic Mg_(n+1) and SrMgn(n=2-12)clusters.The results exhibit that as the atomic number of Mg increases,Sr atoms are more likely to replace Mg atoms located in the skeleton convex cap.By analyzing the binding energy,second-order energy difference and the charge transfer,it can be found the SrMg9 cluster with tower framework presents outstanding stability in a studied size range.Further,bonding characteristic analysis reveals that the stability of SrMg9 can be improved due to the strong s-p interaction among the atomic orbitals of Sr and Mg atoms.

Detailed string stability analysis for bi-directional optimal velocity model

The class of bi-directional optimal velocity models can describe the bi-directional looking effect that usually exists in the reality and is even enhanced with the development of the connected vehicle technologies. Its combined string stability condition can be obtained through the method of the ring-road based string stability analysis. However, the partial string stability about traffic fluctuation propagated backward or forward was neglected, which will be analyzed in detail in this work by the method of transfer function and its H∞ norm from the viewpoint of control theory. Then, through comparing the conditions of combined and partial string stabilities, their relationships can make traffic flow be divided into three distinguishable regions, displaying various combined and partial string stability performance. Finally, the numerical experiments verify the theoretical results and find that the final displaying string stability or instability performance results from the accumulated and offset effects of traffic fluctuations propagated from different directions.