Main controlling factors and exploration enlightenment of aluminous rock series gas reservoirs in Ordos Basin,NW China

Based on the data of outcrop,core,logging,gas testing,and experiments,the natural gas accumulation and aluminous rock mineralization integrated research was adopted to analyze the controlling factors of aluminous rock series effective reservoirs in the Ordos Basin,NW China,as well as the configuration of coal-measure source rocks and aluminous rock series reservoirs.A natural gas accumulation model was constructed to evaluate the gas exploration potential of aluminous rock series under coal seam in the basin.The effective reservoirs of aluminous rock series in the Ordos Basin are composed of honeycomb-shaped bauxites with porous residual pisolitic and detrital structures,with the diasporite content of greater than 80%and dissolved pores as the main storage space.The bauxite reservoirs are formed under a model that planation controls the material supply,karst paleogeomorphology controls diagenesis,and land surface leaching improves reservoir quality.The hot humid climate and sea level changes in the Late Carboniferous–Early Permian dominated the development of a typical coal-aluminum-iron three-stage stratigraphic structure.The natural gas generated by the extensive hydrocarbon generation of coal-measure source rocks was accumulated in aluminous rock series under the coal seam,indicating a model of hydrocarbon accumulation under the source.During the Upper Carboniferous–Lower Permian,the relatively low-lying area on the edge of an ancient land or island in the North China landmass was developed.The gas reservoirs of aluminous rock series,which are clustered at multiple points in lenticular shape,are important new natural gas exploration fields with great potential in the Upper Paleozoic of North China Craton.

Structure Styles of Mesozoic-Cenozoic U-bearing Rock Series in Northern China

In Northern China, sandstone-type uranium （U） deposits are mostly developed in Mesozoic-Cenozoic basins. These U deposits are usually hosted in unvarying horizons within the basins and exhibit typical U-forming sedimentary associations, which is referred to as U-bearing rock series. This study describes the structural features of U-bearing rock series within the main Mesozoic-Cenozoic U-producing continental basins in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Russia in the western segment of the Central Asian Metallogenic Belt （CAMB）, and Northern China in the eastern segment of the CAMB. We analyze the basic structural conditions and sedimentary environments of U-bearing rock series in Northern China and classify their structural styles in typical basins into river valley, basin margin, and intrabasin uplift margin types. The intrabasin uplift margin structural style proposed in this study can be used to indicate directions for the exploration of sandstone-type U deposits hosted in the center of a basin. At the same time, the study of structural style provides a new idea for exploring sandstone-type U deposits in Mesozoic-Cenozoic basins and it is of great significance to prospecting of sandstone-type uranium deposits.

New Evidence for Hydrothermal Sedimentary Genesis of the Ni-Mo Deposits in Black Rock Series of the Basal Cambrian, Guizhou Province: Discovery of Coarse-Grained Limestones and its Geochemical Characteristics

The molybdenum-nickel deposits in Shuidong District of Nayong County （Guizhou Province, Southwest China） are found mainly in black shale series of Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation, which is another Mo-Ni-rich region besides Zunyi District （Guizhou province）. Our systematic study on the Mo-Ni deposits in Tangjiaba of Nayong reveals that layered coarse-grained limestones, spherical beaded limestones concretions are hosted at the lower seam of the Mo-Ni deposits. Its strong negative carbon isotope anomaly （the carbon isotope value of the coarse-grained limestones varies from -2.148‰ to 8.223‰） is similar to that in the modern submarine black smoker chimney. The carbon in the coarse-grained limestones from black rock series of Nayong County might be deep source inorganic carbon. The seams, coarse-grained limestones, ore-bearing coarse-grained limestones and the roof and floor of the deposits are characterized by co-variation on the trace element spider diagram, showing good homology. The extraordinary enrichment of Ag, As and Sb resembles hydrothermal sedimentation. Pro-Earth＇s core elements Se is strongly enriched in Ni-Mo ore-bearing coarse-grained limestones. The ore-bearing rock series has an extremely low Th/U value （0.012-0.19）; in the logU-logTh Cartesian Coordinates, the samples of the roof and floor of the deposits and ore-bearing coarse-grained limestones are found in the East Pacific tise; and the samples of coarse-grained limestones are found between the paleo-hydrothermal dedimentary area and the East Pacific tise. The chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns of the Ni-Mo deposits show LREE enrichment, Ce negative anomaly, and Eu negative anomaly （which is supposed to be influenced by the deep magmatic processes in an extensional environment） resembles the rare earth element distribution patterns of the fluid and its sediments in modern submarine hydrothermal system. It proves that coarse-grained limestones is characterized by typical hydrothermal limestones, being closely related with the genesis of Mo-Ni deposits in Nayong County, which provides new evidence for hydrothermal sedimentary genesis of Mo-Ni deposit and negative carbon anomaly in the basal Cambrian on a global scale.

Rock Series and Genetic Types of Granitoids in the Western Kunlun Orogenic Belt,China

A systematic geological and geochemical study was conducted for the granitoids of different periods in the western Kunlun orogenic belt. The study indicates that the granitoids belong to tholeiitic, calc-alkaline, high-K calc-alkaline, alkaline and shoshonitic series, and that there are 5 genetic types, i.e., I-, S-, M-, A- and SH-type, of which SH-type is first put forward in this paper, which corresponds to shoshonitic granitoids.

Chaotic time series prediction for surrounding rock's deformation of deep mine lanes in soft rock

Based on the measured displacements,the change laws of the effect of distance in phase space on the deformation of mine lane were analyzed and the chaotic time series model to predict the surrounding rocks deformation of deep mine lane in soft rock by nonlinear theory and methods was established.The chaotic attractor dimension(D) and the largest Lyapunov index(Emax) were put forward to determine whether the deformation process of mine lane is chaotic and the degree of chaos.The analysis of examples indicates that when D>2 and Emax>0,the surrounding rock's deformation of deep mine lane in soft rock is the chaotic process and the laws of the deformation can still be well demonstrated by the method of the reconstructive state space.Comparing with the prediction of linear time series and grey prediction,the chaotic time series prediction has higher accuracy and the prediction results can provide theoretical basis for reasonable support of mine lane in soft rock.The time of the second support in Maluping Mine of Guizhou,China,is determined to arrange at about 40 d after the initial support according to the prediction results.

Biota and Organic Matter in the Late Sinian and EarlyCambrian Black Rock Series of West Hunan andIts Significance for Metallization

Abstract: A great amount of black rock series has been found in the Upper Sinian Members 2 and 4 of the Jinjiadong Formation, middle-upper Liuchapo Formation and the Lower Cambrian Xiaoyanxi Formation in West Hunan, which is associated with periodic sea-level changes. By the studies of relationships between the distribution and development of the biota and the abundance of Au, Ag, U, V, Ni, Mo and Cu in the Upper Sinian and Early Cambrian black rock series in Cili, Dayong, Yuanling, Xupu and Qianyang of West Hunan, central China, it has been revealed that the enrichment of Ag, V, and Mo is related with the development of multi-cell plants and vendotaenides, and that of Cu and Ni is related to flourishing of bacteria and shelly fossils. The black rock series in the study area contains abundant organic matter, among which the siliceous shale contains the highest TOC, amounting to 4.51–13.4%. All the values of the equivalent vitrinite reflectance (medium values) determinated with the IR-spectroscopic method in the area are over 2.65%, indicating that the organic evolution was at an overmature stage. Due to the effect of enhancement of organic maturation by hydrothermal fluids, the Upper Sinian and Lower Cambrian had a reverse organic maturity profile in most areas of West Hunan. The enrichment of Ag, V, Ni, Mo and U is a result of organic absorption, and that of Au might be attributed to the migration by hydrothermal fluids.

The Igneous Rock Series and Tin Polymetailic Minerogenetic Series in the Tengchong Area, Yunnan

This paper discusses the late Yanshanian-Himalayan igneous rock series and minerogenetic series (Cheng et al., 1979, 1982) related to tin polymetallic deposits in the Tengchong area. The multi-stage differentiation and evolution of the igneous rock series led to the concentration of metal and ore-forming elements in a cupola of a granite body formed in the late stage. The minerogenetic series shows a zoning of Nb-Ta-W-Sn, Sn-Fe and Sn around the cupola in space and a multi-stage regularity in time. Finally a minerogenetic model and three key factors of tin minerogenesis are put forward for tin polymetallic deposits in the area.

Silicalites of Hydrothermal Origin in the Lower Cambrian Black Rock Series of South China

A silicalite bed was found in the hanging wall and foot wall of the sulfide-rich bed ofthe Lower Cambrian black rock series in South China. Its origin was not described before. Onthe oxide （SiO2-Al2O3, SiO-2-MgO, SiO2-K2O+ Na2O） diagrams for discriminating silicalitesof chemical, biological and volcanic origins （Liu Xiufeng, 1991）, most of the data points of silicalites fall within the areas representing silicaIites of chemical and volcanic origins. On the AlFe-Mn diagram for discriminating silicalites of hydrothermal and biological origins （Yamamoto,1987）, the data points fall within the areas representing silicalites of hydrothermal and hydrothermal-biological origins. On the SiO2-Al2O3 diagram for discriminating silicalites of hydrothermal and hydrogenous origins （Bonatti, 1975 ）, the data points mostly fall within thehydrothermal area. The ratios of SiO2Al2O3, SiO2/（K2O+Na2O）, SiO2/MgO, and K2O/Na2O in the silicalites stand between those of volcanic sediments and of sea floor hydrothermalsediments. The total amount of rareuearth elements in the silicalites is low; the North American Shale-normalized REE patterns decline leftward with obvious negative Ce anomaly. Thetrace elements Mo, Zn, As, Sb, Se, U, and Ba are higher than those in non-hydrothermalsediments and U/Th≥1. The present authors think that the silicalites are derived fromseafloor hot brines which had attracted elements from igneous rocks.

Diagenetic and Catagenetic Transference of Noble Metal Elements in Lower Cambrian Black Rock Series, Southwest China

Some extraditional types—black rock series types of platinum group element (PGE), gold and silver mineralization occurrences were found in the Lower Cambrian in Guizhou and Hunan provinces of southwest China where PGE concentration reaches more than 800×10 -6. Sea floor hydrothermal fluid eruption was suggested to have been the main origin of the ore-forming materials. The whole process from the sedimentation to the redistribution of the ore-forming elements occurred on the conditions of intermediate to weak alkaline, weak reduction to weak oxidation. The temperature for the sedimentation and redistribution of the ore-forming elements was lower than 210 ℃. At such a low temperature, inert elements such as PGE, Au and Ag could quite easily be remobilized.

Features of Minerogenic Series Related to Continental VolcanicRocks in the Southeastern Coastal Area of China-A Case Study of the Daiyunshan-ShiniushanVolcanic Depression in Fujian

The Daiyunshan-Shiniushan volcanic depression in Fujian Province is situated in a volcanic belt of the southeast coastal area in China along the west Pacific Ocean. A new breakthrough has been made in the exploration of gold and silver ore deposits in recent years. The minerogenic series of the Daiyunshan-Shiniushan volcanic depression is discussed in this paper based on the analysis of major metallogenic types and factors. According to the study of enormous ore deposits and occurrences in the study area, two minerogenic series have been recognized: 1. Late Jurassic Au-Ag-Pb-Zn minerogenic series related to intermediate-acid, acid volcanic formations; 2. nonmetallic minerogenic series (pyrophyllite, alunite pearlite, andalusite, zeolite, corundum and so on) related to intermediate and acid volcanic formations. The division and study of the minerogenic series have revealed metallogenic and time-space distribution characteristics of the ore deposits in the volcanic belt of the southeast coastal area in China, which are of economic importance for metallogenic prognosis.

Microthermometric measurement of fluid inclusions and its constraints on genesis of PGE-polymetallic deposits in Lower Cambrian black rock series, southern China

Systematic microthermometric measurements of fluid inclusions in the PGE-polymetallic deposits hosted in the Lower Cambrian black rock series in southern China were performed, and the results suggest: (1) there exist two types of fluid inclusions. TypeⅠis of NaCl-H-2O system with low-medium salinity, and its homogenization temperatures (T-h) and salinities are {106.9}-{286.4℃} and ({0.8}-{21.8}) wt%NaCl eq. respectively; TypeⅡ is of CaCl-2-NaCl-H-2O system with medium-high salinities, and its homogenization temperatures and salinities range from {120.1℃} to {269.6℃} and ({11.4}-{31.4}) wt%NaCl eq., respectively. The typeⅡ fluid inclusions have been discovered for the first time in this kind of deposits; (2) two generations of ore-forming fluids were recognized. Characteristics of fluid inclusions in the PGE-polymetallic ores and carbonate-quartz stockworks in the underlying phosphorites are almost of no difference, they may represent ore-forming fluids at the main metallogenic stage. The peak value of homogenization temperature of those fluid inclusions is about 170℃, while their salinities possess a remarkable bimodal distribution pattern with two peak values of (27-31) wt%NaCl eq. and (4-6) wt%NaCl eq. On the contrary, fluid inclusions in the carbonate-quartz veins in the hanging wall may represent ore-forming fluids at the post-metallogenetic stage. The homogenization temperatures and the peak values of salinities are mostly 130-170℃ and (12-14) wt%NaCl eq., respectively; (3) nobel gas isotopic composition analyses in combination with the microthermometric measurements of fluid inclusions suggest that the ore-forming fluids at the main metallogenetic stage were probably derived from mixing of basinal hot brines with the CaCl-2-NaCl-H-2O system and seawater with the NaCl-H-2O system; (4) in the Early Cambrian, the basinal hot brines were trapped in the Caledonian basins, which were distributed along the southern margin of the Yangtze Craton, and where giant thick sediments were accumulated, and expelled and migrated laterally along the strata because of the pressure caused by overlying sediments. The basinal hot brines absorbed Ni, Mo, V, PGE from the surrounding rocks and were transformed into ore-bearing hydrothermal fluids with the CaCl-2-NaCl-H-2O system and medium-high salinities, then ascended along faults and mixed with seawater of the NaCl-H-2O system, and finally PGE-polymetallic deposits or occurrences were formed in the black rock series.

Heterogeneous information phase space reconstruction and stability prediction of filling body–surrounding rock combination

Traditional research believes that the filling body can effectively control stress concentration while ignoring the problems of unknown stability and the complex and changeable stress distribution of the filling body–surrounding rock combination under high-stress conditions.Current monitoring data processing methods cannot fully consider the complexity of monitoring objects,the diversity of monitoring methods,and the dynamics of monitoring data.To solve this problem,this paper proposes a phase space reconstruction and stability prediction method to process heterogeneous information of backfill–surrounding rock combinations.The three-dimensional monitoring system of a large-area filling body–surrounding rock combination in Longshou Mine was constructed by using drilling stress,multipoint displacement meter,and inclinometer.Varied information,such as the stress and displacement of the filling body–surrounding rock combination,was continuously obtained.Combined with the average mutual information method and the false nearest neighbor point method,the phase space of the heterogeneous information of the filling body–surrounding rock combination was then constructed.In this paper,the distance between the phase point and its nearest point was used as the index evaluation distance to evaluate the stability of the filling body–surrounding rock combination.The evaluated distances(ED)revealed a high sensitivity to the stability of the filling body–surrounding rock combination.The new method was then applied to calculate the time series of historically ED for 12 measuring points located at Longshou Mine.The moments of mutation in these time series were at least 3 months ahead of the roadway return dates.In the ED prediction experiments,the autoregressive integrated moving average model showed a higher prediction accuracy than the deep learning models(long short-term memory and Transformer).Furthermore,the root-mean-square error distribution of the prediction results peaked at 0.26,thus outperforming the no-prediction method in 70%of the cases.

Petrogenesis of siliceous high-Mg series:Evidence from Early Paleoproterozoic mafic volcanic rocks of the Vodlozero Domain,Fennoscandian Shield

Compositional peculiarities of the siliceous high-Mg series(SHMS)rocks formed at the Archean-Paleoproterozoic boundary as a function of plume activity are discussed using example of Early Paleoproterozoic mafic volcanic rocks of the Vodlozero Domain,Fennoscandian Shield.These rocks are characterized by wide variations in Mg#(33-67)and Cr contents(25-1123 ppm),LREE enrichment,and weakly negative_(εNd)(from-0.7 to-2.9).The high Gd/Yb ratio in the primitive high-Mg rocks of the Vodlozero Domain suggests their generation from a garnet-bearing source.At the same time,their negative _(εNd)in combination with LREE enrichment points to the crustal contamination.A new model was proposed to explain the remarkable global-scale similarity of SHMS.Such rocks can be generated by the contamination of a high-degree(30%)partial melt derived from a depleted mantle.The lower crustal sanukitoid-type rocks can be considered as a universal crustal contaminant.Modeling showed that such mixing can provide the observed narrow_(εNd)variations in Early Paleoproterozoic volcanics.The Neoarchean sanukitoid suites,which are widespread on all cratons,presumably composed the lower crust at the beginning of the Paleoproterozoic.Therefore,this mechanism can be considered universal for the genesis of the SHMS rocks.The high-to low-Cr rock series can be produced by the fractionation of the mafic melt coupled with an insignificant crustal assimilation of felsic end members of the sanukitoid suite of the Vodlozero Domain en route to the surface,as suggested by the positive correlation of_(εNd)with Cr and Mg#,negative correlation with Th,and slight decrease of_(εNd)in the more evolved varieties.

The Metallogenetic Processes and Environment of a Large Ag-V Deposit in Black Rock Series

Located in Western Hubei Province,this deposit is a large-scale Ag-V ore deposit,listed among the fifth type of silver deposit in China.1 Geological Characteristics It lies in the NE sector of the Yangtze flat of the Yangtze paraplatform.There are sporadically magmatic rocks and fold basement made up of upper Archaeozoicmiddle and lower Proterozoic strata.The sedimentary cover consists of Sinian-lower Paleozoic marine sediments,Mesozoic-Cenozoic intercalated marine and nonmarine sediments or nonmarine sediments.

Geochemical constraints on the origin and tectonic setting of the serpentinized peridotites from the Paleoproterozoic Nyong series,Eseka area,SW Cameroon

Serpentinized rocks closely associated with Paleoproterozoic eclogitic metabasites were recently discovered at Eseka area in the northwestern edge of the Congo craton in southern Cameroon.Here,we present new field data,petrography,and first comprehensible wholerock geochemistry data and discuss the protolith and tectonic significance of these serpentinites in the region.The studied rock samples are characterized by pseudomorphic textures,including mesh microstructure formed by serpentine intergrowths with cores of olivine,bastites after pyroxene.Antigorite constitutes almost the whole bulk of the rocks and is associated(to the less amount)with tremolite,talc,spinel,and magnetite.Whole-rock chemistry of the Eseka serpentinites led to the distinction of two types.Type 1 has high MgO(>40 wt%)content and high Mg#values(88.80)whereas Type 2 serpentinite samples display relatively low MgO concentration and Mg#values(<40 and 82.88 wt%,respectively).Both types have low Al/Si and high Mg/Si ratios than the primitive mantle,reflecting a refractory abyssal mantle peridotite protolith.Partial melting modeling indicates that these rocks were derived from melting of spinel peridotite before serpentinization.Bulk rock high-Ti content is similar to the values of subducted serpentinites(>50 ppm).This similarity,associated with the high Cr contents,spinel-peridotite protolith compositions and Mg/Si and Al/Si ratios imply that the studied serpentinites were formed in a subductionrelated environment.The U-shaped chondrite normalizedREE patterns of serpentinized peridotites,coupled with similar enrichments in LREE and HFSE,suggest the refertilized nature due to melt/rock interaction prior to serpentinization.Based on the results,we suggest that the Eseka serpentinized peridotites are mantle residues that suffered a high degree of partial melting in a subductionrelated environment,especially in Supra Subduction Zone setting.These new findings suggest that the Nyong series in Cameroon represents an uncontested Paleoproterozoic suture zone between the Congo craton and the Sao Francisco craton in Brazil.

ANALYSIS OF TECTONIC EVOLUTION AND MAJOR Cu (Au) POLYMETALLIC METALLOGENIC SERIES IN NORTHEAST JIANGXI PROVINCE

Northeast Jiangxi Province is an important area in China with closely packed Cu (Au) polymetallic metallization. The tectonic action of this area is complex and violent, and three stages of geotectonic development of the Earth’s crust have taken place there since the Jingning Movement.Every stage formed a distinctive ore-bearing formation, and the three stages formed three suits of Cu(Au) polymetallic metallogenic series with different features. They are the Proterozoic dynamometamorphic metallogenic series, the Paleozoic exhalation-sediment metallogenic series and the Meso-Cenozoic volcano-subvolcanic metallogenic series.

A Fine Investigation on Geological Conditions for Oil Accumulation in the Paleogene Intersalt Shale Series in the Qianjiang Depression

This study dealt with the rhythmic Qian 3410 of the intersalt shale series in the Qianjiang Depression,in which the geological condition for oil accumulation in the rhythmic shale was investigated by using the basic drilling,core and well logging data,as well as data obtained from the thin section identification,SEM,mercury injection,X-ray diffraction and rock freezing heat analyses.The study result indicated that:1)the intersalt shale series are characterized by TOC in a range of 0.35%-6.38%(averaging 3.19%),Types I and II1 organic matter,and from immature to mature oil,indicative of a potential for generating a great volume of immature oil;2)in the target layer,mineral compositions are complicated,which can divide into argillaceous dolomite facies,argillaceous limestone facies,dolomitic mudstone facies,and calcium-mirabilite-filling dolomitic mudstone facies;and 3)of them,the argillaceous dolomite facies is the most contributory,with reservoir spaces consisting of intergranular pores as dominant,as well as rare dissolution pores and seams.It is characterized by high organic abundance(4.23%-6.38%),high content of brittle mineral(50%-71%),low content of clay mineral(18%-33%),high porosity(10.8%-26.3%)and good oil-bearing properties(S1 distributed in 3.48-5.64 mg/g,and S1/TOC value in a range of 348-564 oil mg/g).Therefore,the argillaceous dolomite facies was considered the key target series to be explored for the intersalt shale oil in the study area in the coming days.

湘西北黑色岩系中钛铀矿的结晶方式及对铀多金属成矿的指示意义

钛铀矿由于其特殊的矿物学性质,在自然界中基本均以变生态产出,因此其原始结构数据很难被准确测定。文章通过α粒子径迹蚀刻、扫描电镜背散射图像、能谱分析、元素面扫描等综合手段发现,湘西北地区黑色岩系中的钛铀矿大部分从成矿溶液中直接晶出,自形程度较高,主要呈针状、板条状;少部分以交代金红石、钛铁矿等早先矿物的方式形成,此种方式形成的钛铀矿晶型差,自形程度低,多数情况下还可见被交代矿物的残留晶形;少数钛铀矿以含矿溶液对含铀、钛的氢氧化物或氧化物进行热液改造和重结晶作用的方式形成,此种方式形成的钛铀矿矿物颗粒较为细小,大多呈针状,有时以放射状集合体的形式出现。以上发现不仅能为研究自然条件下的钛铀矿提供较为详实的实物样本,也能为开发利用黑色岩系中铀多金属的采冶工艺提供矿物学方面的依据。统计研究发现鲕粒状磷灰石,平均有机碳含量为21.18%;部分溶蚀磷灰石,平均有机碳含量为11.49%;重结晶磷灰石,大部分不含有机碳。结合黑色岩系矿物学方面的研究认为,海底喷流热水中所携带的矿化元素会通过出溶作用和还原作用在黑色岩系的微孔洞、微裂隙和矿物间隙中沉淀富集,生成钛铀矿、沥青铀矿、辉砷镍矿、方铅矿等不同类型的铀多金属矿物。