Three-dimensional Modeling of Ore-forming Elements and Mineralization Prognosis for the Yechangping Mo Deposit,Henan Province,China

Three-dimensional geochemical modeling of ore-forming elements is crucial for predicting deep mineralization.This approach provides key information for the quantitative prediction of deep mineral localization,three-dimensional fine interpolation,analysis of spatial distribution patterns,and extraction of quantitative mineral-seeking markers.The Yechangping molybdenum(Mo)deposit is a significant and extensive porphyry-skarn deposit in the East Qinling-Dabie Mo polymetallic metallogenic belt at the southern margin of the North China Block.Abundant borehole data on oreforming elements underpin deep geochemical predictions.The methodology includes the following steps:(1)Threedimensional geological modeling of the deposit was established.(2)Correlation,cluster,and factor analyses post delineation of mineralization stages and determination of mineral generation sequence to identify(Cu,Pb,Zn,Ag)and(Mo,W,mfe)assemblages.(3)A three-dimensional geochemical block model was constructed for Mo,W,mfe,Cu,Zn,Pb,and Ag using the ordinary kriging method,and the variational function was developed.(4)Spatial distribution and enrichment characteristics analysis of ore-forming elements are performed to extract geological information,employing the variogram and w(Cu+Pb+Zn+Ag)/w(Mo+W)as predictive indicators.(5)Identifying the western,northwestern,and southwestern areas of the mine with limited mineralization potential,contrasted by the northeastern and southeastern areas favorable for mineral exploration.

Upper Mantle Heterogeneity in Ore-Forming Elements and Its Bearing on Metallogenesis in Qinling Belt and East China

This paper presents the results of our recent studies on the upper mantle composition in the Qinling Belt and East China . It discusses the methods of estimating the upper mantle composition, its selected elements and its constitution characteristics .The results indicate that ore-forming elements on ore types and their distribution in this area are strongly controlled by the upper mantle heterogeneity .

In, Sn, Pb and Zn Contents and Their Relationships in Ore-forming Fluids from Some In-rich and In-poor Deposits in China

All the indium-rich deposits with indium contents in ores more than 100×10^-6 seems to be of cassiterite-sulfide deposits or Sn-bearing Pb-Zn deposits, e.g., in the Dachang Sn deposit in Guangxi, the Dulong Sn-Zn deposit in Yunnan, and the Meng＇entaolegai Ag-Pb-Zn deposit in Inner Mongolia, the indium contents in ores range from 98×10^-6 to 236×10^-6 and show a good positive correlation with contents of zinc and tin, and their correlation coefficients are 0.8781 and 0.7430, respectively. The indium contents from such Sn-poor deposits as the Fozichong Pb-Zn deposit in Guangxi and the Huanren Pb-Zn deposit in Liaoning are generally lower than 10×10^-6, i.e., whether tin is present or not in a deposit implies the enrichment extent of indium in ores. Whether the In enrichment itself in the ore -forming fluids or the ore-forming conditions has actually caused the enrichment/depletion of indium in the deposits？ After studying the fluid inclusions in quartz crystallized at the main stage of mineralization of several In-rich and In-poor deposits in China, this paper analyzed the contents and studied the variation trend of In, Sn, Pb and Zn in the ore-forming fluids. The results show that the contents of lead and zinc in the ore-forming fluids of In-rich and -poor deposits are at the same level, and the lead contents range from 22×10^-6 to 81×10^-6 and zinc from 164×10^-6 to 309×10^-6, while the contents of indium and tin in the ore-forming fluids of In-rich deposits are far higher than those of Inpoor deposits, with a difference of 1-2 orders of magnitude. Indium and tin contents in ore-forming fluid of In-rich deposits are 1.9×10^-6-4.1×10^-6 and 7×10^-6-55×10^-6, and there is a very good positive correlation between the two elements, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9552. Indium and tin contents in ore-forming fluid of In-poor deposits are 0.03×10^-6-0.09×10^-6 and 0.4×10^-6-2.0×10^-6, respectively, and there is no apparent correlation between them. This indicates, on one hand, that In-rich oreforming fluids are the material basis for the formation of In-rich deposits, and, on the other hand, tin probably played a very important role in the transport and enrichment of indium.

Characteristics of Ore-forming Fluid of the Gaoshan Gold-Silver Deposit in the Longquan Area, Zhejiang Province and its Implications for the Ore Genesis

The Gaoshan gold-silver deposit, located between the Yuyao-Lishui Fault and Jiangshan- Shaoxing fault in Longquan Area, occurs in the Suichang-Longquan gold-silver polymetallic metallogenic belt. This study conducted an investigation for ore-forming fluids using microthermometry, D-O isotope and trace element. The results show that two types of fluid inclusions involved into the formation of the deposit are pure liquid phase and gas-liquid phase aqueous inclusions. The homogenization temperature and salinity of major mineralization phase ranges from 156~C to 236~C （average 200~C） and 0.35% to 8.68% （NaCleqv） （average 3.68%）, respectively, indicating that the ore-forming fluid is characteristic of low temperature and low salinity. The ore- forming pressure ranges between in 118.02 to 232.13＂105 pa, and it is estabmiated that the ore- forming depth ranges from 0.39 to 0.77 km, indicating it is a hypabyssal deposit in genesis. The low rare earth elements content in pyrites, widely developed fluorite in late ore-forming stage and lack of chlorargyrite （AgCI）, indicates that the ore-forming fluid is rich in F rather than CI. The ratios of Y/ Ho, Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta of between different samples have little difference, indicating that the later hydrothermal activities had no effects on the former hydrothermal fluid. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of pyrites from country rocks and ore veins are basically identical, with the characteristics of light REE enrichment and negative Eu anomalies, implying that the ore-forming fluid was oxidative and derived partly from the country rocks. The JD and jlSo of fluid inclusions in quartz formed during the main metallogenic stage range from -105%o to -69 %0 and -6.01%o to -3.81%o, respectively. The D-O isotopic diagram shows that the metallogenic fluid is characterized by the mixing of formation water and meteoric water, without involvement of magmatic water. The geological and geochemical characteristics of the Gaoshan gold-silver deposit are similar to those of continental volcanic hydrothermal deposit, and could be assigned to the continental volcanic hydrothermal gold-silver deposit type.

Origin of the Dashuigou Independent Tellurium Deposit at the Southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:Based on the Abundances of Trace Elements in the Country Rocks

Through a detailed study of the abundances and spatial-temporal distribution patterns of Te,Bi,As,Se,Cu,Pb,Zn,Au,and Ag in the rock types of different geological epochs in the Dashuigou independent tellurium deposit,and in combination with other research findings of previous researchers in this area,the authors conclude as follows:Abundances of the main ore-forming elements Te,Bi,As,Se,Au,and Ag are not high in the regional geological background,generally lower or close to their respective crustal Clark values,but almost all altered country rocks contain high levels of ore-forming elements.This indicates that the deposit’s ore-forming elements do not come from the country rocks.This also indicates that the geological thermal events that cause alteration and mineralization originate from depths and may be related to mantle plumes.Considering the distribution pattern of these ore-forming elements in the ore bodies’hanging wall and footwall,the metallogenic mechanism may be as follows:Mineralization is not achieved through lateral secretion in the horizontal or near horizontal direction,but rather through the upward movement and emplacement of deep ore-forming elements driven by geological processes such as mantle plumes.In addition,the migration of deep ore-forming elements is not achieved through dispersed infiltration between overlying rock particles,but through non widespread concentrated penetrating channels.This type of channel is likely to be the expansion structures where faults from different directions intersect,or where linear faults intersect with circular structures.

Effect of Phosphatization on Element Concentration of Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts

A detailed study on a small scale of the effect of phosphatization on the chemistry of marine cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts supplies useful information for the evaluation and comprehensive utilization of crust mineral resources. Sub-samples from top to bottom of a 10-cm thick sample from the NW Pacific Magellan seamount were taken at 5 mm intervals. The concentration profiles of ore-forming and rare earth elements show that obvious differences exist between young unphosphatized crusts and old phosphatized crusts. In the old crusts Fe, Mn, Si, Al, Zn, Mg, Co, Ni and Cu elements are depleted and Ca, P, Sr, Ba and Pb elements are enriched. The order of depletion is Co > Ni > Mg > Al > Mn > Si> Cu > Zn > Fe, while the order of enrichment is P > Ca > Ba > Pb > Sr. The phosphate mineral controls the concentration variation of the ore-forming elements in crusts and causes loss of the main ore-forming elements such as Co and Ni. The phosphatization also affects the abundance of REEs in the crusts. REEs are more abundant and the content of Ce in old crusts is higher than that in young crusts, however, the pattern of REEs and their fractionation characteristics in new and old crusts are not fundamentally changed. A Y-positive anomaly in old crusts has no relationship to the phosphatization.

Rare Earth Element and Trace Element Features of Gold-bearing Pyrite in the Jinshan Gold Deposit,Jiangxi Province

Jinshan gold deposit is located in northeastern Jiangxi,South China,which is related to the ductile shear zone.It has a gold reserve of more than 200 tons,with 80%of gold occurring in pyrite. The LREE of gold-bearing pyrite is as higher as 171.664 ppm on average,with relatively higher light rare earth elements（LREE;159.556 ppm） and lower HREE（12.108 ppm）.TheΣLREE/ΣHREE ratio is 12.612 and（La/Yb）_N is 11.765.These indicate that pyrite is rich in LREE.The（La/Sm）_N ratio is 3.758 and that of（Gd/Yb）_N is 1.695.These are obvious LREE fractionations.The rare earth element（REE） distribution patterns show obvious Eu anomaly with averageδEu values of 0.664,andδCe anomalies of 1.044.REE characteristics are similar to those of wall rocks（regional metamorphic rocks）,but different from those of the Dexing granodiorite porphyry and Damaoshan biotite granite.These features indicate that the ore-forming materials in the Jinshan gold deposit derived from the wall rocks, and the ore-forming fluids derived from metamorphic water.The Co/Ni ratio（average value 0.38） of pyrite suggests that the Jinshan gold deposit formed under a medium-low temperature.It is inferred from the values of high-field strength elements,LREE,Hf/Sm,Nb/La,and Th/La of the pyrite that the ore-forming fluids of the Jinshan gold deposit derived from metamorphic water with Cl〉F.

Identification of the anomaly component using BEMD combined with PCA from element concentrations in the Tengchong tin belt, SW China

Concentration of elements or element groups in a geological body is the result of multiple stages of rockforming and ore-forming geological processes.An ore-forming element group can be identified by PCA(principal component analysis)and be separated into two components using BEMD(bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition):(1)a high background component which represents the ore-forming background developed in rocks through various geological processes favorable for mineralization(i.e.magmatism,sedimentation and/or metamorphism);(2)the anomaly component which reflects the oreforming anomaly that is overprinted on the high background component developed during mineralization.Anomaly components are used to identify ore-finding targets more effectively than ore-forming element groups.Three steps of data analytical procedures are described in this paper;firstly,the application of PCA to establish the ore-forming element group;secondly,using BEMD on the o re-forming element group to identify the anomaly components created by different types of mineralization processes;and finally,identifying ore-finding targets based on the anomaly components.This method is applied to the Tengchong tin-polymetallic belt to delineate ore-finding targets,where four targets for Sn(W)and three targets for Pb-Zn-Ag-Fe polymetallic mineralization are identified and defined as new areas for further prospecting.It is shown that BEMD combined with PCA can be applied not only in extracting the anomaly component for delineating the ore-finding target,but also in extracting the residual component for identifying its high background zone favorable for mineralization from its oreforming element group.

Application of Carbon Dioxide and Polyacrylamide in Extracting Magnesium from Brine by Precipitation Method

In this paper, carbon dioxide and polyacrylamide were used to improve the method to abstract magnesium from desalination brine. Experimental results showed that calcium ion in the desali-nation brine can be effectively removed using carbon dioxide, which thereby improves the purity and reaction efficiency of the magnesium hydrate precipitate. 0.1% - 0.2% PAM could help to promote the precipitation of magnesium hydrate colloid. And when hydroxyl anion was between 110% - 130% of theoretical amount, yield of magnesium hydrate exceeds 70% at standing time of 60 hours.

柴达木盆地那棱格勒河流域表层沉积物微量元素组成及其对流域内锂的物源制约意义

柴达木盆地那棱格勒河流域是我国目前最大的盐湖型锂矿区和工业设施最为完备的卤水锂工业基地,长期以来关于其尾闾盐湖区锂的物源问题备受关注。尽管目前的众多研究已经对流域内地表水体及尾闾区盐湖中锂的物源有了较为一致的看法,但盆地周缘围岩风化在其中起到的作用仍缺乏系统性认识。基于部分保守性微量元素在物源示踪研究中的重要作用,通过对流域内河流表层沉积物中的REEY、Li、Sc、Co、Nb、Ta、Th等微量元素开展其地球化学行为方面的分析,探讨了沉积物的物源属性特征及其中锂元素的主要来源,为深入认识盐湖区可溶态锂资源的物源来源提供了新的证据。结果表明,那棱格勒河流域与毗邻的东、西对比区河流沉积物有着相似的化学风化背景和基岩类型,源岩均具有显著的长英质岩和基性岩的二元混合特征,且基性源岩所占比重更大;除尾闾盐湖区表层沉积物中的锂明显受到富锂孔隙水体夹带的影响外,其它地区锂的来源特征与沉积物的物源特征相同,表明地表迁移过程对沉积物中锂的通量影响较弱,沉积物中的锂更多是以赋存在相关矿物结构中的形式存在;研究区来自源岩风化作用提供的可溶态锂的量较为有限,尾闾盐湖中的锂资源主要以昆仑山深大断裂带涌出的富锂热泉水的长年补给为主。

青海柴达木盆地盐湖资源元素利用及研究现状

随着锂电池等战略新兴产业的发展,盐湖资源对国民经济的意义日益显现,柴达木盆地盐湖数量多、分布广、类型全、资源丰富,是我国自然资源的重要组成部分。特别是盐湖卤水中钾、锂、硼、镁等资源元素含量丰富,近年来受到广泛关注。文章总结了柴达木盆地盐湖资源元素的利用现状,列举了柴达木盆地盐湖如东台吉乃尔盐湖、西台吉乃尔盐湖、察尔汗盐湖、一里坪盐湖资源元素开发利用工艺,分析了各盐湖资源元素利用特点及现状。柴达木盆地盐湖大都属于高镁锂比盐湖,盐田系统资源元素的采收率低、损耗高,已成为制约盐湖企业产能提高和资源可持续利用的瓶颈问题,如何更有效地从盐湖卤水中提取资源元素,依旧是个技术性难题。

Identification of the Ore-Forming Anomaly Component by MSVD Combined with PCA from Element Concentrations in Fracture Zones of the Laochang Ore Field,Gejiu,SW China

Fault and fractures are well-developed in the Gejiu tin-polymetallic district,and they are closely related to the formation and distribution of ores.In this paper,the principal component analysis(PCA)and multifractal singular value decomposition(MSVD)methodologies were applied for identification of the ore-forming anomaly components from element concentrations of fault rocks in the Laochang ore field,Gejiu.The results show that:(1)the wall rocks and fault rocks have anomalous concentrations of ore-forming elements,indicating that these elements are mainly derived from fluid/rock interaction in the fracture zones;(2)PCA based on clr-transformed data was used to recognize significant association anomalies of ore-forming elements,which lay a foundation for further extracting ore-forming anomaly components from the element association anomalies related to Sn-Cu mineralization;(3)MSVD could effectively explore local anomaly features and decompose ore-forming element association anomalies associated with buried mineralization in more detail.The ore-forming element anomaly components can delineate ore-finding Sn-Cu polymetallic deposits more exactly than the ore-forming element association anomalies.

盐制法对全蝎宏量与微量元素含量的影响

目的 :探讨盐制法对全蝎宏量与微量元素含量的影响 ,阐明全蝎盐制法的科学性。方法 :采用发射光谱法测定盐全蝎与淡全蝎宏量元素Ca、Mg及微量元素Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、Pb 7种元素的含量。结果 :盐全蝎的宏量元素Ca、Mg和微量元素Fe、Pb的含量均明显高于淡全蝎 (P <0 .0 1- 0 .0 0 1) ,盐全蝎的微量元素Zn、Mn的含量明显低于淡全蝎 (P <0 .0 5 ,0 .0 0 1) ;而盐全蝎的微量元素Cu的含量与淡全蝎无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;盐全蝎的微量元素含量依次为Zn >Fe >Cu >Pb >Mn ,而淡全蝎的微量元素含量为Zn >Fe>Cu >Mn >Pb。结论 :盐制法对全蝎中宏量与微量元素含量有明显影响 ,盐制法对提高全蝎中有益元素含量有作用。

东营凹陷古近系中深层湖盆演化中的无机元素响应

为查明无机元素分布与水深、盐度等沉积环境以及湖盆演化过程的关系,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪分析对东营凹陷郝科1科探井古近系深层微量元素含量进行了测试、分析,所涉及的研究层位是该凹陷的主要烃源岩层段(沙河街组三亚段、沙河街组四亚段、孔店组),分析结果表明:在水体浅、蒸发作用强烈的孔店组—沙四下亚段强氧化性滨浅湖环境里,钙、锶含量和Ca/Mg、Sr/Ba、Sr/Ca参数值具低值响应,铁、铝、钡、钒含量和(Fe+Al)/(Ca+Mg)参数值具高值响应;在沙四中亚段膏岩、盐岩等普遍发育的盐湖环境中,钠、锶含量和Sr/Ba、Fe/Mn、Sr/Ca均出现高值响应,锰、钡、钒含量和V/Ni、(Fe+Al)/(Ca+Mg)出现低值响应;在还原性的沙四上亚段半咸化深湖环境中,钾、钠、铁含量和Fe/Mn值具低值响应,钙、锰含量具高值响应;在沙四中亚段膏盐与泥岩共生体系中元素分布离散性明显,呈现波动性特征;Sr/Ba、Sr/Ca在盐湖环境中出现显著的高值响应,被证实可以作为良好的水体盐度指标参数,Fe/Mn、(Fe+Al)/(Ca+Mg)随水体加深逐渐增大,是良好的水体深浅指标参数。元素分布受沉积环境、岩性特征等多种地质因素的影响,在利用元素含量分布及特征元素比值来判断某单个地质因素的变化时,应该应用多种参数,进行综合判断。

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定卤水中锂钠钾钙镁硼硫氯

建立了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)同时测定碳酸盐型、硫酸盐型、氯化物型三种类型卤水中Li、Na、K、Ca、Mg、B、S、Cl等高低含量元素的分析方法。选择仪器最佳的工作条件为射频功率1400W,炬管位置位于-3,载气流量0.60 L/min。确定了各元素测定谱线,使用ICP-AES的双向观测模式、轴向观测模式测定Li、Ca、B、S、Cl以及低含量的K、Mg,径向观测模式测定高含量的Na、K、Mg,可确保卤水中不同含量的元素同时检出。Li、Na、K、Ca、Mg、B、S的检测下限为0.07～3.00 mg/L,Cl的测定下限为165mg/L。方法精密度(RSD,n=10)均小于5%,回收率为92.4%～109.7%。其中Na、K、Mg、S、Cl测定结果与传统方法测定结果基本吻合。

ICP-AES法测定天然卤水中11种元素

建立一种采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定天然卤水中钾、钠、钙、镁、锶、锂、硼、铜、铁、锰、锌11种元素含量的方法。样品经过简单稀释后即可测试,元素检出限为0.000 7 mg/L^2.4 mg/L,加标回收率为91.6%~108%,相对标准偏差(RSD)<2%。方法简单快速,精密度好,准确度高,适用于天然卤水中钾、钠、钙、镁、锶、锂、硼、铜、铁、锰、锌元素的分析。

盐水鸭生产中老卤成分及风味物质初步分析

对盐水鸭加工的老卤中微生物、基本成分及风味物质进行了初步分析。结果表明老卤中不含有微生物,而含有一定量的蛋白质、脂肪、食盐等成分,以及醇类、酯类等风味物质。

偏振激发-能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定卤水中主量元素硫氯钾钙

用模拟卤水建立一套能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定卤水中硫氯钾钙主量元素含量的方法。结果表明,方法适用于高盐度卤水的测试分析,一定浓度的Mg对测定结果没有明显的影响。方法的分析精密度(RSD,n=l5)为0．97%～4．16%(除Ca外),检出限为S0．030 g/L、Cl 0．015 g/L、K 0．020 g/L和Ca 0．008 g/L。卤水中S、Cl、K的测定结果与相应的重量法、滴定法、原子吸收光谱法结果相符。

以牡蛎壳为载体海卤缓释肥对辣椒的影响

采用盆栽辣椒,以施加牡蛎壳为载体的海卤缓释肥为试验组,以施普通尿素和不施肥料为对照组,记录辣椒发芽情况,测定缓释肥对辣椒叶片叶绿素、辣椒中氨基酸和微量元素的影响。结果表明,试验组与两个对照组相比,辣椒的发芽时间提早1 d;叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量在3组中的大小为:试验组>对照组1>对照组2,而其比值相差不大;总氨基酸、必需氨基酸和呈味氨基酸的量均显著增加,且多数单个氨基酸的量也有所增加;除P和Fe元素含量减少外,其他微量元素含量均显著增加。

靖边气田富Br^-、I^-、Li^+、K^+油田水的发现及对找钾的启示

对靖边气田奥陶系和石炭—二叠系产出的油田水进行常、微量元素分析,分析结果表明:样品富集Br-、I-、Li+、K+,奥陶系的Br-、I-、Li+以及石炭—二叠系的Br-和K+都已经达到工业开采或综合开采标准。其高Br-含量特征以及相关水化学参数特点反映靖边气田油田水主要为海相沉积型卤水,且保存环境较封闭,具有很好的原生性;同时,高的溴氯系数及钾氯系数说明奥陶系海水高度浓缩,并已经达到钾盐沉积阶段,反映靖边气田所在的陕北盐盆西部可能有固体钾盐沉积存在。而石炭—二叠系油田水除对原始沉积卤水的保存外,可能受到富钾围岩的影响。