Impact of chilling accumulation and hydrogen cyanamide on floral organ development of sweet cherry in a warm region

The microscopic investigation of the floral development of sweet cherry（Prunus avium L. cv. Hongdeng） from a warm winter climate（Shanghai） and cold winter climate（Tai＇an, Shandong Province, China） was conducted to explore the reason of low fruit set. The effect of hydrogen cyanamide（HCN） on floral development under warm winter conditions was also investigated. Trees grown in Shanghai with insufficient chilling accumulation exhibited little difference in the progression of microspore development compared to trees in Tai＇an that accumulated adequate chilling, but showed substantial delays in ovule and embryo sac development. The growth of nucelli did not proceed beyond the macrospore mother cell and macrospore stages with abortion rates of 13, 15 and 45% by 6, 3 and 0 d before full bloom, respectively. These abnormalities in the ovule and embryo sac in the Shanghai-grown trees were eliminated by HCN application. These results suggest that chilling regulates the development of female floral organs in winter dormancy; therefore, insufficient chilling accumulation, causing abnormality of the female floral organs, restricts the cultivation of sweet cherry in warm winter regions. Interestingly, HCN application, which decreased the chilling requirements for Hongdeng, may be a potential strategy for sweet cherry cultivation in warm winter regions.

An Exploration of Organizational Development in the Process of Innovation and Transformation of Pharmaceutical Enterprises-Taking X Pharmaceutical Enterprise as an Example

Objective To study how to promote the smooth innovation and transformation of enterprises and enhance the market competitiveness of enterprises from the perspective of human resources organization development.In the wave of pharmaceutical industry reform,some entrepreneurs realize the importance of innovation and technology in the future.However,domestic pharmaceutical enterprises are still in the production-oriented stage.In the process of transformative innovation,pharmaceutical enterprises should not only rely on the support of scientific and technological and economic forces,but also need a suitable organizational change and many excellent talents as the source of development.Methods Through retrieving relevant literature and combined with the organizational development practice of X pharmaceutical enterprise,the organizational development model was explored in this paper.Results and Conclusion By forming a system of strategy,organization,talent,culture and mechanism,and building an organizational development model,we can improve the organizational atmosphere and organizational efficiency in the process of enterprise innovation and transformation,so as to enhance the competitiveness of enterprises in the market.

Impact of taxes on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development:Evidence from Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD)countries

Multiple ecological and socioeconomic problems have occurred worldwide,raising the awareness of sustainability.This study aims to examine the impact of taxes on Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)in the context of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)countries.This research used effective average tax(EAT),tax on personal income(TPI),tax on corporate profits(TCP),and tax on goods and services(TGS)as the variables of taxes,and employed secondary data from 38 OECD countries covering 2000–2021.The study also used Breusch-Pagan Lagrange Multiplier(LM),Pesaran Scaled LM,Bias-Corrected Scaled LM,and Pesaran Cross-sectional dependence(CSD)tests to analyze the existence of crosssectional dependency.Then,we established the stationarity of variables through second-generation panel unit root tests(Cross-sectional Augmented Dickey-Fuller(CADF)and Cross-sectional Im,Pesaran,and Shin(CIPS)),and confirmed the long-run cointegration of the variables by using secondgeneration panel cointegration test(Westerlund cointegration test).The results showed that EAT,TPI,TCP,and TGS are positively associated with SDGs.However,the change in TPI has a smaller effect on SDGs than the change in EAT or TCP or TGS.The result of panel causality indicated that EAT,TPI,and TGS have a unidirectional causal relationship with SDGs.The study also found that TCP has a bi-directional causal relationship with SDGs.Moreover,the finding indicated that the OECD countries need to focus on tax policies to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.This study is based on the theory of optimal taxation(TOT),which suggests that tax systems should be designed to maximize social welfare.Finally,we suggests the importance of taking a comprehensive approach for the managers and policy-makers when analyzing the impact of taxes on SDGs.

Organic carbon isotope and pollen evidence for mangrove development and response to human activity in Guangxi(Southwest China) over the last 140 years

Mangrove degradation must reduce carbon sequestration in recent years, thereby aggravating global warming.Thus, short-term impacts of human activity on mangrove ecosystems are cause for concern from local governments and scientists. Mangroves sediments can provide detailed records of mangrove species variation in the last one hundred years, based on detailed 210 Pb data. The study traced the history of mangrove development and its response to environmental change over the last 140 years in two mangrove swamps of Guangxi, Southwest China. Average sedimentation rates were calculated to be 0.48 cm/a and 0.56 cm/a in the Yingluo Bay and the Maowei Sea, respectively. Chemical indicators（δ13Corg and C：N） were utilized to trace the contribution of mangrove-derived organic matter（MOM） using a ternary mixing model. Simultaneous use of mangrove pollen can help to supplement some of these limitations in diagenetic/overlap of isotopic signatures. We found that vertical distribution of MOM was consistent with mangrove pollen, which could provide similar information for tracing mangrove ecosystems. Therefore, mangrove development was reconstructed and divided into three stages： flourishing, degradation and re-flourishing/re-degradation period. The significant degradation, found in the period of 1968–1998 and 1907–2007 in the Yingluo Bay and the Maowei Sea, respectively, corresponding to a rapid increase of reclamation area and seawall length, rather than climate change as recorded in the region.

The role of lysyl oxidase-like 1 and fibulin-5 in the development of atherosclerosis and pelvic organ prolapse

Dear Editor： I would like to congratulate Zhou et al.[1] on their study of the correlation between expression of lysyl oxidase-like 1 （LOX-1） and fibulin-5 （F5） in the car- dinal ligament tissue and pelvic organ prolapse （POP）. In their elegant work, they evaluated the levels of LOX-1 and F5 in connective tissue of the cardinal ligament in order to demonstrate signs of elastinopa- thy in women with POP. They stress the concept that several environmental risk factors could cause qualitative and quantitative changes in the connective tissue promoting POP. The above authors conclude that the specific mechanism of LOXL1 and F5 involved in the development of POP is unclear.

Comparison of Organic Sector Development in Six Balkan Countries

The study elaborates and examines a method for evaluation of organic farming development according to 10 indicators estimated by experts＇ opinion. It could be used for making comparisons in different countries, regions, or even time periods on the basis of the 10 main indicators determined considering organic operators, organic area, organic production, organic farms＇ structure, resources, access to market, institutional support, education and training, science and technology, environmental protection, each one of them including sub-indicators. The proposed organic development index （ODI） could be used as a complex indicator for organic sector development embracing different and very significant aspects rather than only nowadays used organic area, percentage, sales, etc collected data for which are still questionable and difficult. The method was put into practice for six Balkan countries （Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Turkey, and Romania）. The calculations of ODI show very low results--not well developed and competitive sector suffering the interference of international open markets. Turkey, Bulgaria, and Romania perform better while Western Balkan countries （Serbia, Montenegro, and Bosnia and Herzegovina） are still at the beginning of organic sector development.

Maanshan Mining Research Institute——China Metallurgy and Mining Development Organ

The Maanshan Mining Research Institute of theMinistry of Metallurgical Industry is a composite miningscientific research institution,one of the units with rightsof conferring master degree approved by the State Council,and enjoys foreign autonomous rights for import andexport,It has a staff of 1000,including 500 senior andintermediate technical people(42 professor-rank seniorengineers,and 39 enjoying government special subsidy). The institute has faculties including

Administrations and Service Organs in the Lianyungang Development Zone

The Administrative Board of theLianyungang Development Zone isan executive administrative organimplementing unified leadership andmanagement over the development zone onbehalf of the Lianyungang People’sgovernment. According to the State’s lawsand regulations, the administrative board isresponsible for construction planning for thedevelopment zone, the execution of economicdevelopment programmes, the approval ofinvestment projects worth RMB30 millionor less, land use and building design, boostingpublic welfare in education, culture andsanitation, public security in the zone, andprotecting the legal rights of the

左侧腹腔脏器反位并发右半结肠扭转1例

内脏反位是一种少见的先天性畸形,是指心、肺、胃、肠、肝、胆、脾脏等内脏器官的解剖位置与正常人相反。目前引起腹腔脏器反位的原因尚无定论,多数学者认为与家族遗传及染色体结构的畸变有关或者胚胎发育期间旋转不良导致,胚胎期脐带扭转学说及原发性纤毛功能障碍学说为较重要学说。临床中所见类型多为全内脏反位,左右完全颠倒。而部分内脏反位患者较为罕见,且因解剖变异所致相关疾病发生率相对更高,临床意义更大。本例患者为部分内脏反位,左侧腹腔脏器反位于右侧,而右侧脏器解剖无明显变化,因特殊的解剖反位,致右半结肠较游离,活动度大,是本例患者发生右半结肠扭转的重要解剖原因。治疗经验值得临床借鉴,查阅相关文献未见类似报告。

川北山前带寒武系筇竹寺组富有机质页岩发育模式

研究川北山前寒武系筇竹寺组富有机质页岩分布、主控因素及沉积模式,对该地区页岩气勘探具有重要意义。利用野外地质调查、钻井和岩心资料,结合岩石薄片鉴定、全岩X射线衍射分析、总有机碳含量(TOC)测定等分析测试资料,研究川北山前带筇竹寺组富有机质页岩的沉积模式、分布及主控因素。研究表明:①筇竹寺组页岩主要为强脆性硅质页岩和中等脆性硅/黏土混合质页岩,根据总有机碳含量(TOC)—沉积构造—矿物组分将其划分为16种岩相类型川北山前带寒武系筇竹寺组页岩主要为富有机质纹层状强脆性硅质页岩相、富有机质层状强脆性硅质页岩相和含有机质层状强脆性硅质页岩相。其中前两类岩相为页岩气主要勘探开发岩相;②富有机质页岩TOC普遍高于2%,富有机质页岩具南厚北薄、西厚东薄分布的特征,有机质丰度具南高北低、西高东低的特点;③拉张槽及区域内隆-凹相间的古地理格局是筇竹寺组富有机质页岩差异分布的主要原因,区内不均衡构造演化加剧了页岩的非均质性展布;繁盛发育的低等浮游生物及细菌等提供了丰富的有机质来源,早期快速海侵下缺氧的深水环境利于有机质的保存,晚期摩天岭古陆和汉南古陆的持续隆升对有机质富集起抑制作用;④海平面升降和古气候演变控制了富有机质页岩在纵向上呈旋回性分布。

从树立环境意识到引领社会变革:体育组织助力环境可持续性的发展历程与特征

环境可持续性是国际社会广泛关注的重要议题,体育组织在助力体育领域环境可持续性发展的过程中发挥着重要作用。研究首先梳理了国际奥林匹克委员会和国际足球联合会等国际体育组织与欧洲、美洲、亚洲、大洋洲和非洲等地区的国家(地区)体育组织在助力环境可持续性方面的发展历程;其次,总结了体育组织开展环境可持续性工作的4个阶段:即树立环境意识与开展初步行动阶段、回应外部压力以获取合法性阶段、环境战略制度化与规范化阶段、探索最佳实践以引领社会变革阶段;最后,通过挖掘体育组织在助力环境可持续性行动过程中所面临的问题,提出了平衡利益相关者之间的关系、寻求环境类权威认证以及与环境类组织建立合作关系的对策。

玻璃海鞘作为模式生物的优势及其应用

随着实验生物学的持续发展,常用模式生物的应用局限日益凸显。由于实验动物和人类的相关研究之间存在差异,严重影响到动物实验研究结果的转化应用。本文介绍了一种在进化上与脊椎动物亲缘关系最近的无脊椎动物,同时也是脊椎动物的姊妹分支——尾索动物玻璃海鞘(Ciona intestinalis)。本综述通过总结近年来玻璃海鞘在各领域的研究进展,说明其作为新型模式生物具有的优势与巨大应用前景。玻璃海鞘的研究进展主要包括:(1)玻璃海鞘全基因组测序完成并建立了许多相关数据库,多种胚胎基因编辑技术已经在玻璃海鞘中成功应用,使玻璃海鞘成为易于遗传学操作且能够直观研究目的基因功能和相互作用的动物模型。(2)神经生物学领域,玻璃海鞘具有与脊椎动物相似的中枢神经系统组织结构且拥有众多同源神经肽和激素分子,使其在研究内分泌与神经内分泌相关分子的作用机制、功能进化方面具有优越性。同时,玻璃海鞘幼虫对光刺激的敏感性与习惯性可用于探索行为可塑性相关机制。(3)免疫学领域,玻璃海鞘已有成熟的固有免疫系统,并进化出部分适应性免疫系统相关基因的前体,加之编码免疫相关基因较简单,故而可以作为免疫领域研究较理想的模式生物。(4)发育生物学领域,众多研究聚焦玻璃海鞘的脊索发育过程和其中的表达调控机制,提示脊索动物共同的进化发育策略。另外有关心脏发育方向的研究则对人类心脏发育基因网络的理解做出重要贡献。(5)医学领域中,玻璃海鞘的神经复合体和虹吸管具有再生能力,以及心脏在严重损伤后仍然可以存活并恢复收缩功能,使得玻璃海鞘可作为研究再生问题和心脏受损的动物模型。同时玻璃海鞘作为阿尔茨海默病的研究模型在新药开发方面也有其独特优势。此外,玻璃海鞘的完整生命周期仅5个月左右,便于用其观察记录衰老全过程,探索不同因子的衰老效应。总之,本综述旨在说明玻璃海鞘作为模式动物具有独特的优越性并且有望在更多的科学研究方面发挥重要作用。

Investigation of the immune effects of Scutellaria baicalensis on blood leukocytes and selected organs of the chicken＇s lymphatic system

Background： The health of chickens and the welfare of poultry industry are central to the efforts of addressing global food security. Therefore, it is essential to study chicken immunology to maintain and improve its health and to find novel and sustainable solutions. This paper presents a study on investigation of the effect of Scutellaria baicalensis root（SBR） on the immune response of broiler chicken, especially on lymphocytes and heterophils reactivity, regarding their contribution to the development of immunity of the chickens.Methods： The 121-day-old Hubbard Hi-Y male broiler hybrids were randomly assigned to four treatment groups,three SBR supplemented groups（0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% of SBR） and one control group. Each treatment was replicated five times with six birds per replicate pen in a battery brooder. Blood was collected after 3-（rd） and 6-（th）wk of the experiment, and hemoglobin and hematocrit values were determined, as well as total leukocyte count and differential count were performed. Nitroblue tetrazolium test and phagocytosis assay as nonspecific immune parameters and humoral immune responses to the antigenic challenge by sheep red blood cells were performed.Moreover, the ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes to form radial segmentation（RS） of their nuclei was analyzed.Body weight and relative weight of spleen, liver, and bursa of Fabricius were recorded.Results： Results showed that mean heterophile/lymphocyte ratio increased in the SBR groups compared to the control group and the blood of the chickens showed lymphocytic depletion. The results also demonstrated that the relative weight of bursa of Fabricius and spleen in groups fed with SBR significantly decreased compared to the control group. This study also showed that the addition of SBR significantly inhibited the formation of RS of nuclei compared to some cytotoxic substances.Conclusion： We found that SBR supplementation should be carefully evaluated when given to poultry. The excess intake of SBR supplementation may cause immunologic inhibition and may negatively affect the development of immune organs. SBR has inhibited the formation of radial segmentation nuclei showing antimetastatic properties and also the phagocytosis of chicken heterophils.

Developing Universities into Learning Organizations

A number of companies and organizations consider that it is necessary todevelop into learning organizations in order to meet the challenges of rapidly changing world. Aftera review on the literature on the learning organization, there is no question that the concept isboth attractive and complex. There appears to be more consensus about that becoming a learningorganization is more of a journey than a destination. Senge identifies five key disciplines thatKelp organization to become a learning organization, and the disciplines mean commitment, focus,and practice. In recent years the concept of the learning organization is translated into theeducation sector. Today, more than ever, more and more people see education as the highest form ofleverage to improve society. As the highest form of the education sector, universities must try todevelop into learning organizations. But the process will be neither easy nor swift, and we shouldview the process not as a task to be completed, but as the ongoing work. Effective change andimprovement can only happen by conducting long-term practice involving teachers, administrators,parents, and students who have a common vision and work and live with a learning culture.

Using concept maps in cognitive treatment for children with developmental coordination disorder

Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) often seem to possess a narrow repertoire of cognitive strategies. In particular, they have difficulties in learning and internalizing the rules and strategies that other people intuitively use to approach common everyday problems. As a result, they often appear to have organizational, planning, memory and learning difficulties. The article proposes using a Concept Map (CM) as a visual strategy to facilitate interaction between a child with DCD, his/her family and therapist, as reflected in Client Centred and cognitive approaches. The CM is used as a method of assisting the child to identify, develop and utilize cognitive strategies in order to manage daily tasks effectively, as a tool in organizing his own therapy and in order to encourage participation. A demonstration of the concept mapping usefulness is brought by a case report. Further uses of concept mapping as a useful strategy within the framework of intervention remain to be studied.

锁阳儿茶素生物合成途径相关基因的分析

为获得锁阳转录组信息及黄酮类化合物生物合成途径相关基因的表达特征,通过Illumina HiSeqTM 2000技术对未成花和成花锁阳的茎和花序进行转录组测序,并测定了锁阳不同部位中儿茶素的含量。结果显示,共获得锁阳106 626个Unigenes,测序质量和组装效果较好;共筛选出318 909个差异表达基因。KEGG通路注释结果表明,在次生代谢产物的生物合成和代谢途径中注释到的差异表达基因数量最多。在锁阳的不同发育阶段,茎中的基因表达量始终较高,成花锁阳的整体基因表达量比未成花锁阳高,这与锁阳出土后进入快速生长期有关。有11个酶参与了儿茶素的生物合成途径,筛选得到20个相关基因,其中DFR和LAR对锁阳儿茶素的合成起着重要的调控作用。未成花锁阳茎中的儿茶素含量显著高于其他样本,与儿茶素合成相关基因DFR和LAR表达量的变化规律一致。

A review of science–policy interface for water governance in the Caspian Sea

Science and policy have been interlinked for decades and perform essential nexus conditions in the governing aspects of environmental scenarios.This review paper examines the present challenges in the science–policy interface in terms of water governance in the Caspian Sea and identifies effective conditions that may be used in the current context to enhance the mechanism.The evaluation of the science–policy link in the water policy of the Caspian Sea reveals a gap between knowledge producer and governance system,impeding the translation of scientific information into action.Complicated and context-dependent solutions make it challenging to establish effective science–policy processes in the Caspian Sea water governance settings.Establishing a common governing authority,implementing water and resource management regulations,and protecting the natural environment through legal frameworks are crucial steps to address these concerns and ensure sustainable development.Collaboration among coastal states is essential in environmental,economic,and social aspects of regional development.However,the lack of a comprehensive approach,coherent activities,and effective utilization of national and regional power has hindered efforts to halt the environmental degradation of the Caspian Sea.Local governments need to recognize their responsibility to protect and utilize the Caspian Sea for present and future generations,considering both environmental and human security.The interlinkage of the Caspian Sea water governance with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)water governance principles offers a framework for policymakers to assess gaps and make necessary amendments to existing mechanisms.Effective science–policy interaction,engagement of diverse stakeholders,institutionalizing agreements,and addressing collective action issues are critical for successful water governance.

Is there regional convergence between Morocco and its OECD partner countries in terms of well-being?

Morocco wants its 12 regions to play the role as the main lever of its public policies to initiate harmonized spatial multidimensional development. In the context of this goal and Morocco’s openness over the past two decades to bilateral and multilateral cooperation in an effort toward regional integration, this article studies the convergence of 389 regions in 36 countries(Morocco and 35 of its partner member countries in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)) between 2000 and 2019 in terms of well-being. To this end, we considered the territorial dimension of β-convergence models for well-being and its four domains(economic, social, environmental, and governance). Then, we adapted the absolute β-convergence model by taking into account the existence of spatial heterogeneity according to five specifications of spatial models. Thus, apart from environmental domain, we found that β-convergence of regions is significant for well-being and three of its domains(economic, social, and governance). These convergences are made by a spatially autocorrelated error model(SEM). However, the speed and period of convergence are relatively low for social domain, partly explaining the very exacerbated tensions at the territorial level. The fastest convergence was achieved in governance domain, followed by economic domain. This suggests that emerging countries must pay particular attention to national public action in favor of social cohesion at the territorial level. The lack of convergence in environmental domain calls for common actions for all countries at the supranational level to protect the commons at the territorial level.

Advances in Small RNAs and Sexual Reproduction in Plants

Small RNAs are non-coding RNA molecules with 20-30 nucleotides （nt） in length that mainly play regulatory roles in gene expression at the post-transcription level by directly cutting target mRNA or inhibiting its translation. Small RNAs play regulatory roles in the growth and development process of plants at the core of gene regulatory networks, which has been widely studied and confirmed in sporophyte generation of plants. However, few researches have been conducted on small RNAs and gametophyte generation. It is reported that small RNAs play important roles in floral organ development, gametogenesis, fertilization, and early zygotic development of plants. In addition, various small RNAs also play roles in controlling genetic integrity, cell differentiation and functions during the sexual reproduction process of plants. However, most of the specific functions of small RNAs in the sexual reproduction process are unknown yet. This study mainly aimed to introduce small RNAs in plants, summarize the latest advances in researches of small RNAs and plant sexual reproduction, and make prospect on its future.