We evaluated organic pollution in Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China, by measuring the concentrations and distributions of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Water and sediment...We evaluated organic pollution in Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China, by measuring the concentrations and distributions of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Water and sediment samples were collected from 19 sites 031-1319) in the lake for analysis. Our analytical results show that the concentrations of total OCPs in water ranges from 30.3 to 91.6 ng/L and the concentrations of PAHs ranges from undetectable (ND) to 368.7 ng/L. The concentrations of total OCPs in surface (i.e., lake bottom) sediment ranges from 6.9 to 16.7 ng/g and the concentrations of PAHs ranges from 25.2 to 491.0 ng/g. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) account for large proportions of the OCPs. Low α- to γ-HCH ratios in both water and sediment samples indicate possible contributions from both industrial products and lindane. DDTs in water are probably from historical input, whereas DDTs in sediments are from both historical and recent inputs. Moreover, DDT products in both water and sediments were from multiple sources in the northwestern part of the lake(B11, B12, B13, and B14). Fugacity ratios for DDT isomers (p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT) at these sites were generally higher than equilibrium values. These results suggest that the input from the Kaidu River and diffusion of DDTs from the sediment to the water are responsible for DDT pollution in the water. Lower-molecular-weight PAHs, which originate primarily from wood and coal combustion and petroleum sources, represent the major fraction of the PAHs in both water and sediment samples. Our findings indicate that OCPs and PAHs in Bosten Lake can be attributed primarily to human activities. A risk assessment of OCPs and PAHs in water and sediment from Bosten Lake, however, suggests that concentrations are not yet high enough to cause adverse biological effects on the aquatic ecosystem.展开更多
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been a major environmental issue, attracting much scientific concern because of their nature of toxicity, persistence, and endocrine disrupting effects. Soil samples were collecte...Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been a major environmental issue, attracting much scientific concern because of their nature of toxicity, persistence, and endocrine disrupting effects. Soil samples were collected from ten college school yards in Beijing in 2006 and analyzed to determine fifteen OCPs. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) were found to be the main pollutants, accounting for 93.70% of total OCPs, followed by hexachlorohexanes (HCHs) (2.25%) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (1.82%). Content...展开更多
A convenient,cost-effective and fast method using dynamic microwave-assisted extraction and liquid phase microextraction based on the solidification of a floating drop was proposed to analyze organochlorine pesticides...A convenient,cost-effective and fast method using dynamic microwave-assisted extraction and liquid phase microextraction based on the solidification of a floating drop was proposed to analyze organochlorine pesticides in grains including rice,maize and millet.Twelve samples can be processed simultaneously in the method.During the extraction process,10%acetonitrile-water solutions containing 110μL of n-hexadecane were used to extract organochlorine pesticides.Subsequently,1.0 g sodium chloride was placed in the extract,and then centrifuged and cooled.The n-hexadecane drops containing the analytes were solidifi ed and transferred for determination by gas chromatography-electron capture detector without any further filtration or cleaning process.Limits of detection for organochlorine pesticides were 0.97–1.01μg/kg and the RSDs were in the range of 2.6%–8.5%.The developed technology has succeeded in analyzing six real grains samples and the recoveries of the organochlorine pesticides were 72.2%–94.3%.Compared with the published extraction methods,the developed method was used to analyze organochlorine pesticides in grains,being more environmentally friendly,which is suitable for the daily determination of organochlorine pesticides.展开更多
The use of technical HCH (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexachlorocyclohexane), DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and lindane in Heilongjiang River Basin (HRB) of China was studied. Between 1952 and 1984 the total usage ...The use of technical HCH (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexachlorocyclohexane), DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and lindane in Heilongjiang River Basin (HRB) of China was studied. Between 1952 and 1984 the total usage in the HRB was 108900 t for technical HCH, and 4900 t for DDT, respectively, and the use of DDT due to dicofol application in the HRB was 220 t from 1984 to 2003. The usage of lindane in HRB was 109 t from 1991 to 2000. The results show that the highest technical HCH use (41800 t) in HRB was on maize, accounting for 38.3% of the total usage on all crops, followed by the use on wheat (28000 t, 25.7%) and on soybean (26600 t, 24.4%). The highest DDT use (2300 t) was on soybean, accounting for 46.8% of the total usage on all crops, followed by the use on maize (1500 t, 31.3%) and on sorghum (600 t, 13.2%). The major use of lindane was mainly on wheat. Gridded usage inventories of these three OCPs (organochlorine pesticides), in HRB with a 1/6° latitude by 1/4° longitude resolution have been created by using different gridded cropland as surrogates. Some soil samples have also been collected in HRB. Data of usage and soil concentrations of 5: HCH in HRB match quite well to those in Shanghai region, and much higher soil concentration of 5: DDT in Shanghai region could be due to much heavier dicofol use in this region.展开更多
The concentration of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) in tissues and organs of silver carp(Hypophthalmichthys mofitrix) from Guanting Reservoir were investigated to evaluate the pollution potential and distribution...The concentration of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) in tissues and organs of silver carp(Hypophthalmichthys mofitrix) from Guanting Reservoir were investigated to evaluate the pollution potential and distribution of OCPs. A total of 16 OCPs were measured and the concentrations were in the range of 1.61-69.01 ng/g wet weight(ww) for total OCPs, 0.16- 0.75 ng/g ww for HCB. 0.75 -26.80 ng/g ww for SHCH(sum of α-,β-, γ- and δ-HCH) and 0.68-35.94 ng/g ww for SDDT( sum of p, p'-DDE, p, p'-DDD, o, p'-DDT and p, p'- DDT). The mean concentrations of total OCPs, HCB, ∑HCH, and ∑DDT were 18.04, 0.96, 7.14 and 9.28 ng/g ww, respectively. Among the organochlorine pesticides, β-HCH and p, p'-DDE were the most dominant compounds in tissue and organ with the average concentrations of 4.42 and 8.14 ng/g, respectively. The results obtained in this study show that the levels of 16 OCP residues found in silver carps are low and pose no threat to human health and wildlife fed upon them on the basis of existing related quality guidelines. However, recent input of lindane and DDT might still exist in the area investigated and further investigation should be carried on.展开更多
In this study, extractability of 13 organochlorine pesticides aged in six different soil types, was investigated. Acceptable recoveries were achieved for most of the analytes spiked into five of the soil types. No app...In this study, extractability of 13 organochlorine pesticides aged in six different soil types, was investigated. Acceptable recoveries were achieved for most of the analytes spiked into five of the soil types. No apparent correlation was perceptible between the soil characteristics and extractability of the aged analytes, signifying exhaustiveness of the extraction. However, recovery was considerably minimized (<75%) in the clay ensuring the hypothesis of study stating “extraction efficiency might be matrix dependent”. Therefore, the study demonstrates importance of optimizing extraction conditions even for those believed to be less prone to matrix effect, due to distinct properties of analyte-matrix interactions.展开更多
Many estuarine and coastal planktonic copepods depend on the hatching of benthic resting eggs for recruitment ofnauplii to the water column population. The potential effects of two organochlorine pesticides, hexchlori...Many estuarine and coastal planktonic copepods depend on the hatching of benthic resting eggs for recruitment ofnauplii to the water column population. The potential effects of two organochlorine pesticides, hexchloriobinzene (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), on the recruitment of A ccu'tla pacifica nauplii from benthic resting eggs in the seabed of Xiamen Bay were experimentally investigated. The abundance of A. pacifica nauplii hatched from the sediment significantly decreased with the increase of pesticide concentration. Trimmed Spearman-Karber analysis gave sediment 96-h LC50 values were 84.81 ng/g for HCH, and 157.94 ng/g for DDT. The median AI (Al50) was -0.77, which suggested that the combined effect of riCH and DDT showed a weak effect than individual effects. There was a positive relationship between mortality and exposure time in DDT treatment, while the relationship was not significant in HCH treatment. The results suggest that organochlorine pesticides can reduce recruitment of A. pacifica nauplii from benthic resting eggs to planktonic population.展开更多
Organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)have received much attention due to their toxicity.Reliable methods to monitor their residues in the environment are needed.Here,magnetic polyamidoamine dendrimers were prepared by co-pr...Organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)have received much attention due to their toxicity.Reliable methods to monitor their residues in the environment are needed.Here,magnetic polyamidoamine dendrimers were prepared by co-precipitation,Michael addition,and amidation.The magnetic polyamidoamine dendrimers demonstrated good adsorption ability for OCPs—this feature was utilized to construct a sensitive tool for monitoring OCPs in water samples.The proposed method provided remarkable linearity from 0.1 to 500μg/L and satisfactory limits of detection from 0.012 to 0.029μg/L.The spiked recoveries of the four target analytes were 91.8%-103.5%with relative standard deviations less than 4.5%.The magnetic materials had good reusability.The results indicated that the resulting method was an efficient,easy,rapid,economical,and eco-friendly tool for monitoring OCPs in aqueous samples.展开更多
Thirty-six polyurethane foam disk passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) were deployed over a year during January to December, 2009 at three locations, i.e., Imphal (urban site), Thoubal (rural site) and Waithou (alpin...Thirty-six polyurethane foam disk passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) were deployed over a year during January to December, 2009 at three locations, i.e., Imphal (urban site), Thoubal (rural site) and Waithou (alpine site) of Manipur, to assess the seasonal local atmospheric emission of selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The average concentration of HCHs monitored at mountain site during hot season (Mar, Apr, and May) and rainy seasons (Jun, Jul, Aug, and Sep) were 403 and 349 pg/m3, respectively. DDTs had a high concentration with 384 pg/m3 at rural site and 379 pg/m3 at urban site during hot seasons. Endosulfans and chlordane were found high in concentration during hot seasons (260 pg/m3) and low during retreating monsoon seasons (44 pg/m3) at rural site. Most of the OCPs concentrations were high during cultivation period. The OCP concentrations of rainy season were highly correlated (p 〈 0.01) with OCPs of hot seasons. Further, positive correlation (p 〈 0.05) was also obtained between cold seasons and retreating monsoon. Principal component analysis showed a significant correlation among the four seasons and distribution pattern of OCPs in air. Back trajectory analysis by using HYPSLIT model showed a long range air transport of OCPs to the present study area. Present OCP levels at Manipur is an outcome of both local emission and also movement of air mass by long range atmospheric transport.展开更多
The distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in air and surface waters were monitored in Nairobi City using triolein-filled semipermeable membrane devices (SP-MDs).The SPMDs were extracted by dialy...The distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in air and surface waters were monitored in Nairobi City using triolein-filled semipermeable membrane devices (SP-MDs).The SPMDs were extracted by dialysis using n-hexane,followed by cleanup by adsorption chromatography on silica gel cartridges.Sample analysis was done by GC-ECD and confirmed by GC–MS.Separation of means was achieved by analysis of variance,followed by pair-wise comparison using the t-test (p≤0.05).The total OCPs ranged between 0.018–1.277 ng/m^3 in the air andKibera>Industrial Area>City Square>Ngong’Forest.However,these were lower than the USEPA acceptable risks,10^(-6)–10^(-4).This study concluded that atmospheric OCPs did not pose significant cancer risks to the residents.展开更多
So far little is known about air–soil exchange under any sealed circumstances(e.g., in plastic and glass sheds), which however has huge implications for the soil–air–plant pathways of persistent organic pollutant...So far little is known about air–soil exchange under any sealed circumstances(e.g., in plastic and glass sheds), which however has huge implications for the soil–air–plant pathways of persistent organic pollutants including organochlorine pesticides(OCPs). A newly designed passive air sampler was tested in a sealed chamber for measuring the vertical concentration profiles of gaseous phase OCPs(hexachlorocyclohexanes(HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes(DDTs)). Air was sampled at 5, 15, and 30 cm above ground level every 10 th day during a 60-day period by deploying polyurethane foam cylinders housed in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene-covered cartridges. Concentrations and compositions of OCPs along the vertical sections indicated a clear relationship with proximity to the mixture of HCHs and DDTs which escapes from the soils. In addition, significant positive correlations were found between air temperatures and concentrations of HCHs and DDTs. These results indicated revolatilization and re-deposition being at or close to dynamic pseudo-equilibrium with the overlying air. The sampler used for addressing air–soil exchange of persistent organic pollutants in any sealed conditions is discussed.展开更多
SOME soil, moss, kelp and reindeer liver were collected at 5 sites in a wide range of the Canadi an Arctic from 58°N to 81°31′N by the First Scientific Expedition of China to Canadian Arctic during April th...SOME soil, moss, kelp and reindeer liver were collected at 5 sites in a wide range of the Canadi an Arctic from 58°N to 81°31′N by the First Scientific Expedition of China to Canadian Arctic during April through May, 1995. The concentrations of persistent organochlorine HCH and DDT of these samples were determined. After sampling, the samples were extracted with appropriate solvents, analyzed by packed column gas chromatography with electron capture展开更多
The current status of persistent organic pollutants in Ethiopian environment is not well monitored despite the existing pollution potential from a number of sources.Water and sediment samples collected from Akaki Rive...The current status of persistent organic pollutants in Ethiopian environment is not well monitored despite the existing pollution potential from a number of sources.Water and sediment samples collected from Akaki River catchment and Aba Samuel Reservoir,Central Ethiopia were analyzed to assess the concentrations,distribution,possible sources and potential ecological risk of eight organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)and seven polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs).Water and sediment samples were extracted by liquid-liquid and Soxhlet extraction respectively,and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy(GC-MS).The detectable OCPs and PCBs in water samples were DDT,DDE,DDD,lindane and dieldrin and PCB-28,PCB-101 and PCB-118,respectively in the rainy season.Analyzed sediment samples showed the presence of lindane in the dry and p,p’-DDT,p,p’-DDE,p,p’-DDD,a,b-endosulfan,heptachlor epoxide(B),and dieldrin in the rainy seasons.Among the indicator PCBs analyzed,sediment samples showed the presence of PCB-52,PCB-101 and PCB-118 in the dry and all indicator PCBs in the rainy seasons.Sources analysis showed that PCBs and detected OCPs were mainly from the historical input of commercial products,but there were recent discharge of DDT and lindane into the river system.Ecological risk assessment of the analyzed OCPs and PCBs using water and sediment quality guidelines indicated that lindane in the dry and p’-DDT,p,p’-DDE,p,p’-DDD,heptachlore epoxide and dieldrin in the rainy seasons in the sediment samples from Akaki river and Aba Samuel reservoir were above the limit at most of the sites.This suggests there is greater possibility of higher ecological hazards in these residues.However,the levels of total PCB concentrations and other OCPs at all sites were below the limit and thus their potential ecotoxicological risks were rather low.展开更多
The analysis of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)in ecosystem components has been a major niche area among environmental scientists,probably due to their endocrine-disruptive properties.Here,we evaluated the global rese...The analysis of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)in ecosystem components has been a major niche area among environmental scientists,probably due to their endocrine-disruptive properties.Here,we evaluated the global research productivity of OCPs research from 1992 to 2018 using various bibliometric indices.A total of 2326 articles that focused on OCPs research in biological and environmental matrices were retrieved from the Web of Science(WoS).A steady progression on OCPs article production was noticed during the survey period with regression and Lokta distribution models suggesting that more research outputs on this pollutant class is imminent in years to come.The People's Republic of China and the United States were respectively ranked first and second in both‘most productive countries’and‘countries with the highest number of citations.’Not surprisingly,these two countries also had the most collaborative network with not less than ten collaboration linkages with other countries.This study shows the high involvement of OCPs research from scientists domiciled in developed countries.However,international collaboration should be encouraged particularly between developed and developing countries.To this end,more research programs should be established to monitor OCPs in regions where they have been used in the past especially in Africa.This bibliometric survey will assist policymakers and researchers in designing future research and allocating funds involving OCPs research.展开更多
The concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediments from Xinghua (兴化) Bay, Fujian (福建) Province, China, were determined. The OCP concentrations ranged from 2.48 to 313.88ng/g, with a more ser...The concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediments from Xinghua (兴化) Bay, Fujian (福建) Province, China, were determined. The OCP concentrations ranged from 2.48 to 313.88ng/g, with a more serious contamination in the upper sediment. But the OCP concentration in the upper layer was less than that in the lower sediment at the exit of the bay due to the influence of the Coriolis force. At the joint of the internal and external bays, OCPs accumulated abundantly because of freshwater and seawater mingling. The isomer percentage combined with isomer ratios indicated that DDTs (dichlorodiphengltrichloroethanes) were mainly derived from long-term weather soils, while lindane was introduced recently to the bay. The rivers flowing into the bay contributed more to DDT and HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane) contamination, especially at low tide. Compared with the corresponding quality guidelines from Ingersoll, the sediments from Xinghua Bay were likely to pose biological impairment and should be taken into account.展开更多
In order to assess the contamination of edible marine organisms in Quanzhou and Xinghua Bays, Fujian Province, China, concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (hexachlorocyclohexane isomers or HCHs and dichlorodip...In order to assess the contamination of edible marine organisms in Quanzhou and Xinghua Bays, Fujian Province, China, concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (hexachlorocyclohexane isomers or HCHs and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane isomers/derivatives or DDTs) and heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Cr, Cd, Ni and Hg) in 13 species collected from different sites in the hays were analyzed by GC-ECD and ICP-MS. The concentration of the sum of DDTs exceeded that the sum of HCHs in the samples. Most of the organisms showed higher levels of DDTs than the first level criterion (10 ng/g) for marine biological quality in China (GB 18421-2001) but conformed to the first level criterion (20 ng/g) for HCHs. The estimated mean daily uptake of pesticides was below the level for minimal risk to the consumers. The levels of Cd, As and Pb in most organisms from both bays were markedly elevated and above the recommended legal limits for human consumption. Our results showed the need for routine monitoring of marine species contamination to ensure public and environmental health.展开更多
The Concentrations of 18 organochlorine pesticides and 12 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water, porewater and sediments from the Xiamen Harbour were analyzed quantitatively. It shows that, the levels of all organ...The Concentrations of 18 organochlorine pesticides and 12 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water, porewater and sediments from the Xiamen Harbour were analyzed quantitatively. It shows that, the levels of all organochlorine insecticides varied from 6. 60 to 19 .6 ng/dm3 (in water), 11. 9-78. 5 ng/dm3(in porewater) and not detected (ND) - 0. 58 ng/g dry weight (in sediments), and those of total DDTs were in the range ND - 0. 06 ng/g dry weight. Concentrations of PCBs and in- secticides in porewater were higher than in surface water, due to the higher affinity of these hydrophobic compound for sedimentary phase than to water. It implies there would be a potential flux of pollutants from sediments to overlying water. Compared with the concentrations of these pollutants measured in the Xiamen Harbour in 1993, it is one to several magnitude order lower, which suggests their inputs have been decreased in recent years and possible degradation of these compounds. The levels of these pollutants were also compared with other estuaries.展开更多
[ Objective] The study aims to infer the transmission of organochlorine pesticides under the influence of atmospheric circulation. [ Meth- od] A transmission profile of organochlorine pesticides was established in the...[ Objective] The study aims to infer the transmission of organochlorine pesticides under the influence of atmospheric circulation. [ Meth- od] A transmission profile of organochlorine pesticides was established in the region from the western margin of the Sichuan Basin to the western Si- chuan plateau, from which atmospheric particulate matter, atmospheric dry and wet deposition samples as well as corresponding soil samples were collected and analyzed. [ Result~ The study showed that HCHs content was the highest on the elevation boundaries of the study area, and,8-HCH content was the highest in the study area, indicating that there were no new HCHs input to the study area. In respect of HCHs content in the soil and atmospheric precipitation, it was significantly higher in low-lying areas than that of high-altitude areas. Besides, sources of organechlorine pesti- cides in high-altitude areas were mostly derived from atmospheric particulate matter and atmospheric dry deposition. A variety of factors affected the long-distance transmission of organochlorine pesticides, and the form of the atmospheric transport of organochlorine pesticides could be determined accurately based on the content of organochlorine pesticides in different media of each sample point. In different months, the sources of organechlo- rine pesticides in the atmospheric transmission varied with atmospheric circulation direction, so it could not be simply thought that organochlorine pesticides were transmitted from low-lying areas to high-altitude areas. Meanwhile, there was a transformation between the source and sink of or- ganochlorine pesticides in plateau areas because of atmospheric circulation changed. [ Condusionl The research could provide scientific references for the control of persistent organic pollutant diffusion and establishment of environmental protection measures. ds展开更多
The study was conducted to monitor the concentration of pesticide residues in three staple vegetables (tomato, cabbage, lettuce) collected from 12 prefectures belonging to 4 agro-ecological regions of Togo. A total of...The study was conducted to monitor the concentration of pesticide residues in three staple vegetables (tomato, cabbage, lettuce) collected from 12 prefectures belonging to 4 agro-ecological regions of Togo. A total of 150 samples of ripe tomato, cabbage and lettuce were collected from the study areas and analyzed for 20 OCPs (organochlorine pesticides) residues, which can be grouped into DDTs, Drins, Heptachlors, Chlordanes and HCHs. The data revealed that 100% of the analyzed vegetable samples were contaminated by one or more pesticide residues;83.32% and 100% were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set par European Union and FAO/WHO respectively whereas 16.68% were above the EU (MRLs) adopted values. Overall, cabbage contained the highest number of samples with pesticide residues above the MRLs followed by tomato, whilst none of lettuce samples contained pesticide residues above the MRLs. It is therefore proposed to perform continuous monitoring studies of pesticide residues in vegetables cultivated in Togo.展开更多
The present study was aimed to validate an analytical method for the quantification of 19 organochlorine and 2 synthetic pyrethroid pesticide residues in water samples using modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rug...The present study was aimed to validate an analytical method for the quantification of 19 organochlorine and 2 synthetic pyrethroid pesticide residues in water samples using modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) extraction and Gas Chromatography coupled with Electron Capture Detector (ECD). The selected pesticide residues were determined by in-house validated method. The analytical method was validated by evaluating the accuracy, precision, linearity, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). The average recoveries of the selected pesticides ranged from 78% to 117% with RSDr ≤ 12% in two fortification levels of 0.02 and 0.1 mg/L. The linearity was ≥0.995 for all of the selected pesticides. The LOD ranged from 0.003 to 0.006 mg/L and the LOQ was 0.02 mg/L for all the selected analytes. This method was applied satisfactorily for the residue analysis of 108 water samples collected from nine districts of Bangladesh. Among the analyzed samples, only 4 had cypermethrin residues (0.026 mg/L, 0.034 mg/L, 0.045 mg/L and 0.05 mg/L). The level of detected cypermethrin residues were above the WHO recommended guide line values of water quality.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(4147117341671200+1 种基金U1603242)the Specific Scientific Research Fund from the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China(201309041)
文摘We evaluated organic pollution in Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China, by measuring the concentrations and distributions of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Water and sediment samples were collected from 19 sites 031-1319) in the lake for analysis. Our analytical results show that the concentrations of total OCPs in water ranges from 30.3 to 91.6 ng/L and the concentrations of PAHs ranges from undetectable (ND) to 368.7 ng/L. The concentrations of total OCPs in surface (i.e., lake bottom) sediment ranges from 6.9 to 16.7 ng/g and the concentrations of PAHs ranges from 25.2 to 491.0 ng/g. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) account for large proportions of the OCPs. Low α- to γ-HCH ratios in both water and sediment samples indicate possible contributions from both industrial products and lindane. DDTs in water are probably from historical input, whereas DDTs in sediments are from both historical and recent inputs. Moreover, DDT products in both water and sediments were from multiple sources in the northwestern part of the lake(B11, B12, B13, and B14). Fugacity ratios for DDT isomers (p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT) at these sites were generally higher than equilibrium values. These results suggest that the input from the Kaidu River and diffusion of DDTs from the sediment to the water are responsible for DDT pollution in the water. Lower-molecular-weight PAHs, which originate primarily from wood and coal combustion and petroleum sources, represent the major fraction of the PAHs in both water and sediment samples. Our findings indicate that OCPs and PAHs in Bosten Lake can be attributed primarily to human activities. A risk assessment of OCPs and PAHs in water and sediment from Bosten Lake, however, suggests that concentrations are not yet high enough to cause adverse biological effects on the aquatic ecosystem.
基金the National Basic Re-search Program (973) of China (No. 2003CB415005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.20607026/B0702, 20437020)
文摘Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been a major environmental issue, attracting much scientific concern because of their nature of toxicity, persistence, and endocrine disrupting effects. Soil samples were collected from ten college school yards in Beijing in 2006 and analyzed to determine fifteen OCPs. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) were found to be the main pollutants, accounting for 93.70% of total OCPs, followed by hexachlorohexanes (HCHs) (2.25%) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (1.82%). Content...
基金The study was financially supported by the National Science and Technology Support Program of China(Grant No.2013BAD16B08).
文摘A convenient,cost-effective and fast method using dynamic microwave-assisted extraction and liquid phase microextraction based on the solidification of a floating drop was proposed to analyze organochlorine pesticides in grains including rice,maize and millet.Twelve samples can be processed simultaneously in the method.During the extraction process,10%acetonitrile-water solutions containing 110μL of n-hexadecane were used to extract organochlorine pesticides.Subsequently,1.0 g sodium chloride was placed in the extract,and then centrifuged and cooled.The n-hexadecane drops containing the analytes were solidifi ed and transferred for determination by gas chromatography-electron capture detector without any further filtration or cleaning process.Limits of detection for organochlorine pesticides were 0.97–1.01μg/kg and the RSDs were in the range of 2.6%–8.5%.The developed technology has succeeded in analyzing six real grains samples and the recoveries of the organochlorine pesticides were 72.2%–94.3%.Compared with the published extraction methods,the developed method was used to analyze organochlorine pesticides in grains,being more environmentally friendly,which is suitable for the daily determination of organochlorine pesticides.
文摘The use of technical HCH (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexachlorocyclohexane), DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and lindane in Heilongjiang River Basin (HRB) of China was studied. Between 1952 and 1984 the total usage in the HRB was 108900 t for technical HCH, and 4900 t for DDT, respectively, and the use of DDT due to dicofol application in the HRB was 220 t from 1984 to 2003. The usage of lindane in HRB was 109 t from 1991 to 2000. The results show that the highest technical HCH use (41800 t) in HRB was on maize, accounting for 38.3% of the total usage on all crops, followed by the use on wheat (28000 t, 25.7%) and on soybean (26600 t, 24.4%). The highest DDT use (2300 t) was on soybean, accounting for 46.8% of the total usage on all crops, followed by the use on maize (1500 t, 31.3%) and on sorghum (600 t, 13.2%). The major use of lindane was mainly on wheat. Gridded usage inventories of these three OCPs (organochlorine pesticides), in HRB with a 1/6° latitude by 1/4° longitude resolution have been created by using different gridded cropland as surrogates. Some soil samples have also been collected in HRB. Data of usage and soil concentrations of 5: HCH in HRB match quite well to those in Shanghai region, and much higher soil concentration of 5: DDT in Shanghai region could be due to much heavier dicofol use in this region.
基金The Main Basic Research Development Programof China(No. G1999045710) and KIPof CAS(RCEES No.9902)
文摘The concentration of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) in tissues and organs of silver carp(Hypophthalmichthys mofitrix) from Guanting Reservoir were investigated to evaluate the pollution potential and distribution of OCPs. A total of 16 OCPs were measured and the concentrations were in the range of 1.61-69.01 ng/g wet weight(ww) for total OCPs, 0.16- 0.75 ng/g ww for HCB. 0.75 -26.80 ng/g ww for SHCH(sum of α-,β-, γ- and δ-HCH) and 0.68-35.94 ng/g ww for SDDT( sum of p, p'-DDE, p, p'-DDD, o, p'-DDT and p, p'- DDT). The mean concentrations of total OCPs, HCB, ∑HCH, and ∑DDT were 18.04, 0.96, 7.14 and 9.28 ng/g ww, respectively. Among the organochlorine pesticides, β-HCH and p, p'-DDE were the most dominant compounds in tissue and organ with the average concentrations of 4.42 and 8.14 ng/g, respectively. The results obtained in this study show that the levels of 16 OCP residues found in silver carps are low and pose no threat to human health and wildlife fed upon them on the basis of existing related quality guidelines. However, recent input of lindane and DDT might still exist in the area investigated and further investigation should be carried on.
基金financial support provided by the Swedish International Development Agencythe Department for Research Co-operation(SIDA/SAREC)and the International Science Program(ISP).
文摘In this study, extractability of 13 organochlorine pesticides aged in six different soil types, was investigated. Acceptable recoveries were achieved for most of the analytes spiked into five of the soil types. No apparent correlation was perceptible between the soil characteristics and extractability of the aged analytes, signifying exhaustiveness of the extraction. However, recovery was considerably minimized (<75%) in the clay ensuring the hypothesis of study stating “extraction efficiency might be matrix dependent”. Therefore, the study demonstrates importance of optimizing extraction conditions even for those believed to be less prone to matrix effect, due to distinct properties of analyte-matrix interactions.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40506002 40076034) PRIC Innovation Foundation of Polar Science forYoung Scientists (No. JDQ200502)
文摘Many estuarine and coastal planktonic copepods depend on the hatching of benthic resting eggs for recruitment ofnauplii to the water column population. The potential effects of two organochlorine pesticides, hexchloriobinzene (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), on the recruitment of A ccu'tla pacifica nauplii from benthic resting eggs in the seabed of Xiamen Bay were experimentally investigated. The abundance of A. pacifica nauplii hatched from the sediment significantly decreased with the increase of pesticide concentration. Trimmed Spearman-Karber analysis gave sediment 96-h LC50 values were 84.81 ng/g for HCH, and 157.94 ng/g for DDT. The median AI (Al50) was -0.77, which suggested that the combined effect of riCH and DDT showed a weak effect than individual effects. There was a positive relationship between mortality and exposure time in DDT treatment, while the relationship was not significant in HCH treatment. The results suggest that organochlorine pesticides can reduce recruitment of A. pacifica nauplii from benthic resting eggs to planktonic population.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21677177)Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum-Beijing(No.2462020XKJS04)。
文摘Organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)have received much attention due to their toxicity.Reliable methods to monitor their residues in the environment are needed.Here,magnetic polyamidoamine dendrimers were prepared by co-precipitation,Michael addition,and amidation.The magnetic polyamidoamine dendrimers demonstrated good adsorption ability for OCPs—this feature was utilized to construct a sensitive tool for monitoring OCPs in water samples.The proposed method provided remarkable linearity from 0.1 to 500μg/L and satisfactory limits of detection from 0.012 to 0.029μg/L.The spiked recoveries of the four target analytes were 91.8%-103.5%with relative standard deviations less than 4.5%.The magnetic materials had good reusability.The results indicated that the resulting method was an efficient,easy,rapid,economical,and eco-friendly tool for monitoring OCPs in aqueous samples.
基金supported by the Government of China and Human Resource Development Ministry, Government of India for financial assistance in the form of Chinese Government fellowship (CSC No. 2008356005)
文摘Thirty-six polyurethane foam disk passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) were deployed over a year during January to December, 2009 at three locations, i.e., Imphal (urban site), Thoubal (rural site) and Waithou (alpine site) of Manipur, to assess the seasonal local atmospheric emission of selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The average concentration of HCHs monitored at mountain site during hot season (Mar, Apr, and May) and rainy seasons (Jun, Jul, Aug, and Sep) were 403 and 349 pg/m3, respectively. DDTs had a high concentration with 384 pg/m3 at rural site and 379 pg/m3 at urban site during hot seasons. Endosulfans and chlordane were found high in concentration during hot seasons (260 pg/m3) and low during retreating monsoon seasons (44 pg/m3) at rural site. Most of the OCPs concentrations were high during cultivation period. The OCP concentrations of rainy season were highly correlated (p 〈 0.01) with OCPs of hot seasons. Further, positive correlation (p 〈 0.05) was also obtained between cold seasons and retreating monsoon. Principal component analysis showed a significant correlation among the four seasons and distribution pattern of OCPs in air. Back trajectory analysis by using HYPSLIT model showed a long range air transport of OCPs to the present study area. Present OCP levels at Manipur is an outcome of both local emission and also movement of air mass by long range atmospheric transport.
基金supported by the National Research Fund,Kenya (No.2015/2016 FY)。
文摘The distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in air and surface waters were monitored in Nairobi City using triolein-filled semipermeable membrane devices (SP-MDs).The SPMDs were extracted by dialysis using n-hexane,followed by cleanup by adsorption chromatography on silica gel cartridges.Sample analysis was done by GC-ECD and confirmed by GC–MS.Separation of means was achieved by analysis of variance,followed by pair-wise comparison using the t-test (p≤0.05).The total OCPs ranged between 0.018–1.277 ng/m^3 in the air andKibera>Industrial Area>City Square>Ngong’Forest.However,these were lower than the USEPA acceptable risks,10^(-6)–10^(-4).This study concluded that atmospheric OCPs did not pose significant cancer risks to the residents.
基金supported by the Key Program of the Special Scientific Research Fund of Environmental Public Welfare Profession of China (No. 201109017)the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863) of China (No. 2012AA06A304)
文摘So far little is known about air–soil exchange under any sealed circumstances(e.g., in plastic and glass sheds), which however has huge implications for the soil–air–plant pathways of persistent organic pollutants including organochlorine pesticides(OCPs). A newly designed passive air sampler was tested in a sealed chamber for measuring the vertical concentration profiles of gaseous phase OCPs(hexachlorocyclohexanes(HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes(DDTs)). Air was sampled at 5, 15, and 30 cm above ground level every 10 th day during a 60-day period by deploying polyurethane foam cylinders housed in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene-covered cartridges. Concentrations and compositions of OCPs along the vertical sections indicated a clear relationship with proximity to the mixture of HCHs and DDTs which escapes from the soils. In addition, significant positive correlations were found between air temperatures and concentrations of HCHs and DDTs. These results indicated revolatilization and re-deposition being at or close to dynamic pseudo-equilibrium with the overlying air. The sampler used for addressing air–soil exchange of persistent organic pollutants in any sealed conditions is discussed.
文摘SOME soil, moss, kelp and reindeer liver were collected at 5 sites in a wide range of the Canadi an Arctic from 58°N to 81°31′N by the First Scientific Expedition of China to Canadian Arctic during April through May, 1995. The concentrations of persistent organochlorine HCH and DDT of these samples were determined. After sampling, the samples were extracted with appropriate solvents, analyzed by packed column gas chromatography with electron capture
文摘The current status of persistent organic pollutants in Ethiopian environment is not well monitored despite the existing pollution potential from a number of sources.Water and sediment samples collected from Akaki River catchment and Aba Samuel Reservoir,Central Ethiopia were analyzed to assess the concentrations,distribution,possible sources and potential ecological risk of eight organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)and seven polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs).Water and sediment samples were extracted by liquid-liquid and Soxhlet extraction respectively,and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy(GC-MS).The detectable OCPs and PCBs in water samples were DDT,DDE,DDD,lindane and dieldrin and PCB-28,PCB-101 and PCB-118,respectively in the rainy season.Analyzed sediment samples showed the presence of lindane in the dry and p,p’-DDT,p,p’-DDE,p,p’-DDD,a,b-endosulfan,heptachlor epoxide(B),and dieldrin in the rainy seasons.Among the indicator PCBs analyzed,sediment samples showed the presence of PCB-52,PCB-101 and PCB-118 in the dry and all indicator PCBs in the rainy seasons.Sources analysis showed that PCBs and detected OCPs were mainly from the historical input of commercial products,but there were recent discharge of DDT and lindane into the river system.Ecological risk assessment of the analyzed OCPs and PCBs using water and sediment quality guidelines indicated that lindane in the dry and p’-DDT,p,p’-DDE,p,p’-DDD,heptachlore epoxide and dieldrin in the rainy seasons in the sediment samples from Akaki river and Aba Samuel reservoir were above the limit at most of the sites.This suggests there is greater possibility of higher ecological hazards in these residues.However,the levels of total PCB concentrations and other OCPs at all sites were below the limit and thus their potential ecotoxicological risks were rather low.
基金This work was supported by the National Research Foundation(NRF)of South Africa[grant number:112780],and the South African Medical Research Council(SAMRC).
文摘The analysis of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)in ecosystem components has been a major niche area among environmental scientists,probably due to their endocrine-disruptive properties.Here,we evaluated the global research productivity of OCPs research from 1992 to 2018 using various bibliometric indices.A total of 2326 articles that focused on OCPs research in biological and environmental matrices were retrieved from the Web of Science(WoS).A steady progression on OCPs article production was noticed during the survey period with regression and Lokta distribution models suggesting that more research outputs on this pollutant class is imminent in years to come.The People's Republic of China and the United States were respectively ranked first and second in both‘most productive countries’and‘countries with the highest number of citations.’Not surprisingly,these two countries also had the most collaborative network with not less than ten collaboration linkages with other countries.This study shows the high involvement of OCPs research from scientists domiciled in developed countries.However,international collaboration should be encouraged particularly between developed and developing countries.To this end,more research programs should be established to monitor OCPs in regions where they have been used in the past especially in Africa.This bibliometric survey will assist policymakers and researchers in designing future research and allocating funds involving OCPs research.
基金supported by Ecogeochemical Surveying Project of Fujian Provincethe Foundation of Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology of the Minstry of Education (BGEG200612)+1 种基金the Youth Science Foundation of Guangxi, China (No. 0728098)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40473043)
文摘The concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediments from Xinghua (兴化) Bay, Fujian (福建) Province, China, were determined. The OCP concentrations ranged from 2.48 to 313.88ng/g, with a more serious contamination in the upper sediment. But the OCP concentration in the upper layer was less than that in the lower sediment at the exit of the bay due to the influence of the Coriolis force. At the joint of the internal and external bays, OCPs accumulated abundantly because of freshwater and seawater mingling. The isomer percentage combined with isomer ratios indicated that DDTs (dichlorodiphengltrichloroethanes) were mainly derived from long-term weather soils, while lindane was introduced recently to the bay. The rivers flowing into the bay contributed more to DDT and HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane) contamination, especially at low tide. Compared with the corresponding quality guidelines from Ingersoll, the sediments from Xinghua Bay were likely to pose biological impairment and should be taken into account.
基金supported by the National Natura Science Foundation of China (No.40473043)
文摘In order to assess the contamination of edible marine organisms in Quanzhou and Xinghua Bays, Fujian Province, China, concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (hexachlorocyclohexane isomers or HCHs and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane isomers/derivatives or DDTs) and heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Cr, Cd, Ni and Hg) in 13 species collected from different sites in the hays were analyzed by GC-ECD and ICP-MS. The concentration of the sum of DDTs exceeded that the sum of HCHs in the samples. Most of the organisms showed higher levels of DDTs than the first level criterion (10 ng/g) for marine biological quality in China (GB 18421-2001) but conformed to the first level criterion (20 ng/g) for HCHs. The estimated mean daily uptake of pesticides was below the level for minimal risk to the consumers. The levels of Cd, As and Pb in most organisms from both bays were markedly elevated and above the recommended legal limits for human consumption. Our results showed the need for routine monitoring of marine species contamination to ensure public and environmental health.
基金This study was supported by Foundation of Ministry of Education of China and National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘The Concentrations of 18 organochlorine pesticides and 12 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water, porewater and sediments from the Xiamen Harbour were analyzed quantitatively. It shows that, the levels of all organochlorine insecticides varied from 6. 60 to 19 .6 ng/dm3 (in water), 11. 9-78. 5 ng/dm3(in porewater) and not detected (ND) - 0. 58 ng/g dry weight (in sediments), and those of total DDTs were in the range ND - 0. 06 ng/g dry weight. Concentrations of PCBs and in- secticides in porewater were higher than in surface water, due to the higher affinity of these hydrophobic compound for sedimentary phase than to water. It implies there would be a potential flux of pollutants from sediments to overlying water. Compared with the concentrations of these pollutants measured in the Xiamen Harbour in 1993, it is one to several magnitude order lower, which suggests their inputs have been decreased in recent years and possible degradation of these compounds. The levels of these pollutants were also compared with other estuaries.
文摘[ Objective] The study aims to infer the transmission of organochlorine pesticides under the influence of atmospheric circulation. [ Meth- od] A transmission profile of organochlorine pesticides was established in the region from the western margin of the Sichuan Basin to the western Si- chuan plateau, from which atmospheric particulate matter, atmospheric dry and wet deposition samples as well as corresponding soil samples were collected and analyzed. [ Result~ The study showed that HCHs content was the highest on the elevation boundaries of the study area, and,8-HCH content was the highest in the study area, indicating that there were no new HCHs input to the study area. In respect of HCHs content in the soil and atmospheric precipitation, it was significantly higher in low-lying areas than that of high-altitude areas. Besides, sources of organechlorine pesti- cides in high-altitude areas were mostly derived from atmospheric particulate matter and atmospheric dry deposition. A variety of factors affected the long-distance transmission of organochlorine pesticides, and the form of the atmospheric transport of organochlorine pesticides could be determined accurately based on the content of organochlorine pesticides in different media of each sample point. In different months, the sources of organechlo- rine pesticides in the atmospheric transmission varied with atmospheric circulation direction, so it could not be simply thought that organochlorine pesticides were transmitted from low-lying areas to high-altitude areas. Meanwhile, there was a transformation between the source and sink of or- ganochlorine pesticides in plateau areas because of atmospheric circulation changed. [ Condusionl The research could provide scientific references for the control of persistent organic pollutant diffusion and establishment of environmental protection measures. ds
文摘The study was conducted to monitor the concentration of pesticide residues in three staple vegetables (tomato, cabbage, lettuce) collected from 12 prefectures belonging to 4 agro-ecological regions of Togo. A total of 150 samples of ripe tomato, cabbage and lettuce were collected from the study areas and analyzed for 20 OCPs (organochlorine pesticides) residues, which can be grouped into DDTs, Drins, Heptachlors, Chlordanes and HCHs. The data revealed that 100% of the analyzed vegetable samples were contaminated by one or more pesticide residues;83.32% and 100% were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set par European Union and FAO/WHO respectively whereas 16.68% were above the EU (MRLs) adopted values. Overall, cabbage contained the highest number of samples with pesticide residues above the MRLs followed by tomato, whilst none of lettuce samples contained pesticide residues above the MRLs. It is therefore proposed to perform continuous monitoring studies of pesticide residues in vegetables cultivated in Togo.
文摘The present study was aimed to validate an analytical method for the quantification of 19 organochlorine and 2 synthetic pyrethroid pesticide residues in water samples using modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) extraction and Gas Chromatography coupled with Electron Capture Detector (ECD). The selected pesticide residues were determined by in-house validated method. The analytical method was validated by evaluating the accuracy, precision, linearity, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). The average recoveries of the selected pesticides ranged from 78% to 117% with RSDr ≤ 12% in two fortification levels of 0.02 and 0.1 mg/L. The linearity was ≥0.995 for all of the selected pesticides. The LOD ranged from 0.003 to 0.006 mg/L and the LOQ was 0.02 mg/L for all the selected analytes. This method was applied satisfactorily for the residue analysis of 108 water samples collected from nine districts of Bangladesh. Among the analyzed samples, only 4 had cypermethrin residues (0.026 mg/L, 0.034 mg/L, 0.045 mg/L and 0.05 mg/L). The level of detected cypermethrin residues were above the WHO recommended guide line values of water quality.