The evolution of male mate choice and female ornamentation： a review of mathematical models

The evolution of male preferences and of female ornaments in species with traditional sex roles （i.e., polygyny） have been highlighted as areas in need of more active research by an accumulation of recent findings. The theoretical literature on these topics is relatively small and has centered on the evolution of male choice. Mathematical models have emphasized that, under polygyny, the evolution of male preferences faces much greater competition costs than does the evolution of female preferences. We discuss ways in which costly male choice can nonetheless evolve, via （1） direct selection that favors preferences, primarily through mating with highly fecund females, （2） mechanisms that rely on indirect selection, which weakly counters competitive costs of male preferences, and （3） genetic constraints, primarily in the form of pleiotropy of male and female preferences and traits. We also review a variety of mathematical models that have elucidated how costs to male preferences can be avoided. Finally, we turn our attention to the relatively scant theoretical literature on the effects of male mate choice on the evolution of female traits. We emphasize the finding that the presence of male preferences cannot be assumed to lead to the evolution of female ornaments during polygyny, and point out situations where models have elucidated ways in which female ornaments can nevertheless evolve.

Application and Adaptability of Ornamental Grasses in Road Flower Borders in Hefei, Anhui Province

In-depth research was conducted on the types,seasonal patterns,spatial levels,overwintering,summering,drought resistance,and disease and pest resistance of ornamental grasses in the road flower borders of Hefei,Anhui Province.Through field investigations,a total of 36 ornamental grasses were identified,with Liliaceae having the most species and the Lamiaceae the least.The results show that there are more warm season ornamental grasses,of 23 species;Acorus gramineus and Melinis minutiflora have poor overwintering ability;Arrhenatherum elatius,Festuca glauca,and Stipa tenuissima have poor summer tolerance;most ornamental grasses have strong drought resistance and resistance to pests and diseases.The comprehensive investigation shows that ornamental grasses have good application prospects and adaptability in the road flower borders in Hefei city.

Variety Selection and Green Cultivation Technology of Courtyard Ornamental and Edible Peppers

In order to comply with the development trend of the multifunctional use of peppers,we conducted an investigation into the characteristics and features of varieties,potting management techniques,and the methods of extending the fruit ornamental period and other aspects of courtyard ornamental and edible peppers.A set of cultivation techniques suitable for courtyard ornamental and edible peppers has been developed,including timely sowing and seedling,nutrient soil preparation,water and fertilizer management,trimming and pruning,preservation of flowers and fruits,green prevention and control of diseases and pests,harvesting,and so on.

The Language of Ornaments:An Anthropological Insight Into the Ethnic Ornaments of the Karbis of Assam,India

North Eastern region of India enjoys a place of pride in the whole of the country for its immensely rich assembly of tribal cultures.Among the prominent tribes of the region are the Karbis who possess unique traditions and cultures distinct from the other tribes.The Karbis are fond of ornaments and since the ancient day they have been using natural objects as ornaments,silver ornaments are used extensively by them.Preparation of different kinds of ornaments occupies an important part of material culture of the Karbis.Ornaments with distinctive colour,motifs,and designs not only reflect the cultural identity of the Karbis but are also indicative of the possession of rich cultural heritage and traditional knowledge.In this present endeavour,an attempt has been made to delineate the ethnic ornaments of the Karbis of Assam,India,along with the motifs of the designs in it which stands as one of the integral aspects of their cultural heritage.

Comparative Study on the Structural and Moisture Characteristics of Leaf from the Plantlets of Three Types of Ornamental Lilium brownii

[ Objective] The study was to compare the structural and moisture characteristics of leaf from the plantlets of three types of omamental lily（ Lilium brownii）. [ Method ] The paraffin sections of leaves of tested lily varieties were prepared and then observed under microscope, and the stomatal characteristics and moisture characteristics of tested lily varieties were measured. I Resaltl All the three ornamental lily varieties show isobilateral leaf, single layer of epicuticula and lower epidermis, and no obvious differentiation of palisade tissue and spongy tissue; their stomata distribute in lower epidermis, and the guard cells are dumbbell-shaped; all of these matedais present high moisture. For the leaf sick- ness, midrib sickness and mesophyll tissue sickness, the order was determined to be oriental lily 〉 Lilium/ongiflorum 〉 Asian lily; of the three types of ornamental lily, Ulium Iongiflorum has the largest stomatai aperture and Asian lily has the smallest; focusing the water potential and moisture, the turn was Asian lily 〉 oriental lily 〉 Lilium Iong＇fflorum. [ Condusion] The study may facilitate the artificial regulation of the growth conditions of the plantlets of ornamental lily.

Quantity of plant leaf area on three major public squares in Kunming City, China

Regressive formulae to calculate the quantity of plant leaf area for 13 species of ornamental plants were set up based on investigation data of 30 species on 3 major public squares (Dongfeng square, Shengli square and Guandu square) in Kun-ming City, China, which were applied to calculate quantities of plant leaf area of these 13 species. The quantities of plant leaf area for the other 17 ornamental plant species on these squares were directly measured, and the total quantity of plant leaf area of each studied square was obtained individually. The results showed that the quantity of plant leaf area on Shengli square with ornamental plants structure composed of arbor tree species, shrub tree species and turf grass was highest among the three squares. It is believed that the design model of multi-storied vertical structure and proper tending of plant community could not only increase the quantity of plant leaf area, but also play an important role in generating ecological and landscaping benefits. Some corresponding suggestions were put forward on the basis of comprehensive analyses on the plant leaf area quantity of the three representative squares in Kunming urban area.

Main Resources of Ornamental Grass and Their Ornamental Value Evaluation in Kunming

Ornamental value of 45 ornamental grass resources was evaluated by grey-correlation analysis based on the full investigation and research of ornamental grass resources in Kunming and with the characters of ornamental value, height, color of leaf and inflorescence as evaluating indexes. The results showed that the correlation degree with ideal species of 34 in the 50 ornamental grasses was higher than 0.6; Saccharum fallax, Erianthus longisetosus, Erianthus rufipilus, Zizania latifolia, etc. had better ornamental effects and their correlation degree with ideal species were 0.863 6, 0.812 5, 0.900 0 and 0.815 5, they can be used for landscaping directly.

花楸树——城市绿化的新贵

花楸树为蔷薇科苹果亚科花楸属植物,落叶乔木或灌木,高达8m。具有很高的园林观赏价值。花楸树引种驯化成功并应用于城市园林绿化,将为北方城市增添一道亮丽的风景线,对丰富城市绿化树种特别是首都北京的绿化建设具有重要意义。

Resources of Wild Ornamental Ferns in Guizhou Province and Their Utilization

Through investigating the wild ornamental ferns in Guizhou Province, it is found that there are totally 312 species (including variations), 111 genera and 49 families of such resources in this region, which are classified into terrestrial fern, epiphytic fern, saxicolous fern, vine fern, tree fern and aquatic fern according to their ecological types. The application of ornamental ferns in garden landscaping and development countermeasures are analyzed in this study.

道路景观植物滞尘量研究

道路景观植物作为消除大气颗粒污染物的重要方法正受到越来越广泛的重视。本文选用绵阳市道路景观植物中具有代表性的小叶榕、月季和女贞对影响植物滞尘量的因素进行研究。结果表明:小叶榕树种的滞尘量极显著地高于月季和女贞(P<0.01);小叶榕与月季混种的滞尘量显著地高于小叶榕单独种植(P<0.05);景观植物与机动车道适当的距离和栽种密度对小叶榕的滞尘和滤尘作用有一定的影响。

Wild Ornamental Plant Resources and Their Application to City Gardening in Hainan Province

This paper deals with the wild ornamental plant resources which are suitable for the application to gardening in Hainan Province and with the significance and the influencing factors in the application and extension of these resources to gardening. The strategies for the application of the wild ornamental plant resources have been established as the result of this research.

重庆观赏竹类资源及在城市林地中的应用

用于重庆市城市绿化的竹类有9属32种,可开发利用的乡土竹类资源有7属16种;同时论述了观赏竹类在重庆城市林地建设中的应用。

Causes of Leaf Color and Its Application in Garden Landscaping

Formation of leaf color and classification of foliage trees were briefly described. The species of different leaf colors were enumerated by genus and family, suggestions for garden plant furnishing were put forward according to the psychological and visual characteristics of people while they are presented with different colors of trees.

Comprehensive Application of Ornamental Grass in Modern Landscape

By studying the collocation of ornamental grass and other landscape elements,this paper tries to seek for an organic integration of ornamental grass and other landscape elements to create a fine effect,which is helpful to the landscape application of ornamental grass.

Functions and Application of Ornamental Aromatic Plants in Garden Landscaping

The application history of ornamental aromatic plants in garden landscaping both in China and abroad is introduced as well as their function and categories.The application form of the ornamental aromatic plants in garden landscaping is analyzed,and the application prospect is put forward.

Seed Morphology and Seedling Variation of Four Ornamental Lupin Pedigrees

[Objective] This study was conducted to reveal seed characteristics, variation and their effects on seedling growth of ornamental lupins. [Method] The phenotypic characteristics and germination rate of the seeds of four excellent lupin pedigrees were measured, and then their correlations with seeding growth were analyzed. [Result] There were abundant variations among the four ornamental lupin pedigrees. Pink seeds had the largest volume and red seeds had the largest 1 000seed weight. The variation coefficients for the seed morphological traits among the four pedigrees ranged from 2.97% to 14.34%. Seed specific weight and 1 000-seed weight could be used as important indicators for selection in breeding because of their higher variability. Seed weight variation of ornamental lupin was mainly depen- dent on seed width variation. There was small variation in seed length. The seeds of the four ornamental lupin pedigrees started to germinate one day after sowing, and the germination period was 5 d. Germination rate coefficient and germination index of pink and red seeds were higher than those of blue seeds, but blue seeds had the largest germination rate. 1 000-seed weight shared significantly positive correlations with seed germination rate, germination potential and seedling retention rate. Round and large seeds had some advantages in germination. Full seeds had higher germination rate and speed, and seedling retention rate. There was a significant relationship between seed length-width ratio and the number of leaflets of seedlings. [Conclusion] The results provided references for the evaluation of seed phenotypic diversity and breeding research of ornamental lupins.

Effect of Metal Ions on Protease Activities in the Intestines and Hepatopancreas of Red-white Ornamental Carp (Cyprinus carpio L)

[Objective] The aim of this study was to study effects of metal ions on the protease activities in digestive tissues and gland of red-white ornamental carp（Cyprinus carpio L）.[Method] Effects of four kinds of metal ions （K＋,Na＋,Mg2＋ and Ca2＋） on protease activities in hepatopancreas,foregut,midgut,hindgut of red-white ornamental carp were studied by enzyme analysis method.[Result] Effects of four kinds of metal ions on protease activities of red-white ornamental carp were different in the range of experimental concentration from 25 mmol/L to 150 mmol/L.K＋ could promote protease activities in hepatopancreas and hindgut at different levels.Especially,K＋ had the promoting effect at low-concentration level,but the inhibitory effect at high-concentration level in midgut and the inhibitory effect in foregut.Na＋ had the promoting effect on protease activities in hepatopancreas,foregut and hindgut at different levels,but the inhibitory effect in midgut.Mg2＋ and Ca2＋ had the inhibitory effect on protease activities in intestinal and hepatopancreas at different levels.[Conclusion] This study provides basic data and theoretical foundation for researches on the digestive physiology of red-white ornamental carp or the development and optimization of compound feed.

Investigation and Analysis of Autumn and Winter Ornamental Landscape Plants in Kuitun City of Xinjiang

Through field investigation on autumn and winter ornamental landscape plants in representative main roads, residential areas and parks of Kuitun City and based on relevant materials, the disposition and landscaping of these plants were analyzed from the perspectives of plant species, ornamental characteristics and landscape creation. The result showed that autumn and winter landscape plants in Kuitun City were primarily evergreen coniferous and deciduous trees outstanding for their shapes and colors, and that landscape was created through different types of plant disposition. Especially colors of trunks, barks, leaves, winter buds and fruits' colors provided favorable conditions for appreciating plants in autumn and winter. Finally, suggestions were proposed according to the investigation and analysis of autumn and winter ornamental plants in Kuitun City, so as to provide reference for future construction and development of landscape plants.

Effect of LaCl_3 on Resistance and Absorptive Capacity to Formaldehyde of Indoor Ornamental Plants under Formaldehyde Stress

[Objective] This study aimed to determine the effect of rare earth biological regulator LaCl3 on the absorptive capacity to formaldehyde of four indoor ornamental plants, and to screen out the plant whose absorptive capacity to formaldehyde can be increased most greatly by LaCl3. [Method] Effect of LaCl3 on absorptive capacity to formaldehyde of four indoor ornamental plants was studied through fumigating in laboratory. Simultaneously, the indoor ornamental plant, which could significantly en- hance the degradation capacity of formaldehyde, was screened out to study the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of formaldehyde resistance. [Result] The ability to absorb formaldehyde of four indoor ornamental plants was enhanced by dif- ferent ranges after spraying with LaCl3 at suitable concentrations. The ability to ab- sorb formaldehyde of Hedera nepalensis var. sinensis, Chlorophytum comosum, Scindapsus aureun and Sansevieria trifasciata increased by 15.16%, 4.72%, 19.75% and 7.68%, respectively. In the four indoor ornamental plants, the capacity of S. au- reun to absorb formaldehyde was greatly improved by spraying LaCl3. When S. au- reun was stressed by formaldehyde, its chlorophyll content decreased by 39.87%, membrane permeability, MDA accumulation and POD activity increased by 8.17%, 56.92%, and 11.32%, respectively. However, compared the pre-spraying group with the no-spraying group under formaldehyde stress, chlorophyll content of S. aureun reduced less, membrane permeability and MDA cumulative both increased less, but POD activity increased more. [Conclusion] The formaldehyde absorption capacity of S. aureun was mostly improved after LaCl3 was sprayed.

Discussion on Theme-based Design of Road Landscape in Scenic Area——A Case Study of Five Dragon Temple Cultural Park in Yingcheng City

The combination of ornamental function and recreational function should be taken into account in road landscape design of scenic area.The theme characteristic should be highlighted by designing techniques.Roads in scenic area should be used to lead tourists' behavior according to people's behavioral psychology.With Five Dragon Temple Cultural Park as case study,starting from its geographic location and establishment concept,the paper had extracted design theme of Five Dragon Temple Cultural Park.Profound religious cultural connotation had been given to the cultural park with Chinese traditional religion and "Five Elements" theory as the inspiration.It designed five main roads with different colors which represented five elements covering "gold,wood,water,fire and earth".Different scenic areas had been linked together by five man roads,forming a road landscape pattern of "meeting of five dragons".Then,flowering plants had been collocated along the five roads which were Vatica astrotricha,Punica granatum,Prunus serrulata,Morus alba and Osmanthus fragrans,creating theme-based road landscape not only representing religious significance but also corresponding with "Five Elements" theory.