影响吉林省亚洲玉米螟〔Ostrinia furnacalis （Guenee）〕一代发生区发生量长期预测的关键因子──Ⅰ．发生程度与天敌及虫源基数的关系

玉米螟的发生程度与越冬种群的天敌和虫源基数密切相关，对越冬种群影响比较大的天敌有玉米螟厉寄蝇、玉米螟长距茧峰、细菌和白僵菌。其中影响最大的是白僵菌，在５月末至６月下旬发病，寄生率在不同年度间变化很大，变化范围在４．５％～９０％以上，对虫源基数有重大影响。玉米螟大发生必须有足够的有效虫源，在吉林省一代为主的发生区，６月份的越冬虫量为有效虫源，在不考虑降雨的情况下，６月中旬的百秆活虫量与７月份性诱蛾量及秋季百株虫量均极显著相关（相关系数分别为０．７０２３和０．８６９．构成大发生的有效上源数至少为每百秆有３０头以上；７月份的累计单盆诱蛾量在３００头以上。ａｎｄｒ＝０．８６９ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ）ｅｘｃｅｐｔｗｅａｔｈｅｒｆａｃｔｏｒ．Ｌａｒｖａｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｐｅｒ１００ｓｔａｌｋｉｎｍｉｄｄｌｅＪｕｎｅａｎｄａｄｕｌｔｎｕｍｂｅｒｔｒａｐｅｄｂｙｐｅｒｐｈｅｒｏｍｏｎｅｔｒａｐｉｎＪｕｌｙｉｓａｔｌｅａｓｔｏｖｅｒ３０ａｎｄ３００ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｉｎｈｅａｖｙｅｍｅｒｇｅｎｃｙｙｅａｒｓ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：Ｏｓｔｒｉｎｉａｆｕｒｎａｃａｌｉｓ；Ｆｏｒｅｃａｓｔ；

亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis Guenee幼虫取食位置初探

通过人工接虫、室内试验和田间调查的方法分析亚洲玉米螟幼虫的取食位置．结果表明幼虫在分散前集中在未抽出的雄穗上取食，分散后主要取食玉米中部的茎和雌穗；喇叭口期以前的幼虫为害虽然造成花叶，但其成活率很低，对玉米影响不大。建议在玉米抗螟性鉴定时应考虑玉米茎和雌、雄穗对幼虫的作用，在防治时采用喇叭口末期集中施药和抽雄期适当去雄的方法。

Analysis of sex pheromone production and field trapping of the Asian corn borer(Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée)in Xinjiang,China

Identifying the sex pheromone systems of local pest populations facilitates their management,especially for moth species that show significant geographic variation in sex pheromone communication.We investigated the pheromone production and behavioral responses of the Asian corn borer(Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée;ACB)in Xinjiang,China.The ACB produces three compounds:(Z)-12-tetradecenyl acetate(Z12-14:Ac)and(E)-12-tetradecenyl acetate(E12-14:Ac)which are two sex pheromone compounds,and n-tetradecyl acetate(14:Ac)which has variable roles in mediating behavioral responses.The ratios of these three compounds produced in female gland are geographically distinct among different populations.Quantitative analysis of pheromone production showed that the proportions of Z12-14:Ac in the E/Z isomers(i.e.,Z and E12-14:Ac)and the proportions of 14:Ac in the ternary blend respectively averaged 60.46%(SD=5.26)and 25.00%(SD=7.37),with their probabilities normally or near-normally distributed.Trapping experiments in a cornfield indicated that deploying the E/Z isomers and the three compounds in rubber septa close to their gland ratios yielded the most captured males,while other ratios that deviated from the gland ratios showed reduced field captures.The ternary blend was significantly more attractive to males than the E/Z isomers in the field,indicating a functional role of 14:Ac as the third pheromone component used by the local population.Additionally,the dose-response test demonstrated that the application of the three compounds at dosages between 200 and 350μg attracted significantly more males compared to other dosages.Therefore,the characterization of this local ACB pheromone system provides additional information about its geographic variation and serves as a basis for optimizing the pheromone-mediated control of this pest in Xinjiang.

亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)幼虫化学感受器种类与分布的形态学研究

用扫描电镜观察研究亚洲玉米螟幼虫的触角、口器附肢下颚须及其瘤状体、下唇须上的化学感受器的种类、分布与形态特征。亚洲玉米螟幼虫触角分为三节,在第二和第三节上主要有6个丹锥感受器和1个栓锥感受器两种化学感受器。口器附肢下颚须上有8个丹锥感受器,排列为3-2-2-1;下颚须瘤状体上各有一个侧栓锥和中栓锥感受器,另有一个较小的丹锥感受器;下唇须在第二节、第三节上各着生有一个丹锥感受器。亚洲玉米螟幼虫触角上化学感受器数量少,主要分为两种丹锥感受器和栓锥感受器;口器附肢下颚须及其瘤状体、下唇须上化学感受器数量较多,主要为丹锥感受器、侧栓锥和中栓锥感受器。

温度、相对湿度对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)越冬幼虫化蛹及羽化的影响

【目的】研究温度、相对湿度对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)越冬幼虫化蛹及羽化的影响。【方法】采用饱和盐溶液法研究不同温、湿度梯度下,新疆南北疆2个代表性玉米螟地理种群越冬幼虫化蛹和羽化的响应。【结果】越冬代玉米螟幼虫随着环境温(相对湿度)的增高(增大)化蛹、羽化进度随之缩短且差异显著(P<0.05)。较其他环境,28℃和75%RH,南疆种群、北疆种群玉米螟化蛹历期最短依次为(15.24%±3.02%)、(14.11%±2.64%)和(21.45%±2.54%)、(18.27%±1.96%),化蛹率和羽化率均最高分别为(90.12%、96.33%)和(76.22%±5.45%)、(74.12%±6.01%),(68.13%±3.77%)、(64.39%±4.72%)。【结论】温度、相对湿度是影响玉米螟化蛹和继后发育(羽化)的主要环境因子,新疆南疆种群、北疆种群越冬代老熟幼虫随着温度、相对湿度的升高化蛹和继后发育(羽化)的发生期呈“前移”趋势。

Determination and evaluation on field control efficacy of Trichogramma dendrolimi against Ostrinia furnacalis

The results of evaluation on field control efficacy of Trichogramma dendrolimi against Ostrinia furnacalis showed that the correction rates of Ostrinia furnacalis egg mass parasitism were 71.75% and 73.57%,the average control effect were 65.85% and 70.24%,the restoration yield loss rates were 6.78% and 7.97%,input-output ratio at 1:27.8 and 1:33.5 in Longjiang county of Heilongjiang province in 2009 and 2010,respectively.The technology is a integration of advanced,practical,environmental safety,effective biocontrol measures,embodies the "public plant protection,green plant protection" fully,has significant economic,social and ecological benefits.

Control Effect of Sex Pherom one Lure against the Asian Corn Borer( Ostrinia furnacalis) in Field

We studied the trapping effects on Ostrinia furnacalis from the aspects of different hanging heights and different color traps. The results suggested that the hanging height of 1.5 - 2.0 m received a better trapping effect, but trap color had little impact on trapping effect. The sex pheromone traps at different densities were placed in corn field. The results showed that sex pheromone lure could trap adult O. furnacalis, and it was feasible to apply sex pheromone in short term fore- cast. Meanwhile, it reduced the number of larvae and eggs, thereby reducing the damage of O. furnacalis. The lure number of 10 per hm2 was more appropriate, which could result in increasing yield of 8.61% compared with control

Occurrence Dynamics of Ostrinia furnacalis and Application Effect of Biological Control Technology in Wafangdian, Liaoning Province

In order to determine the population dynamics of Ostrinia furnacalis and reasons of local heavy occurrence in Wafangdian,Liaoning Province,adult sexual attraction monitoring and larva damage investigation of O.furnacalis were carried out from 2016 to 2018.The results showed that the initial occurrence period of overwintering adults of O.furnacalis in 2017 and 2018 was 10-16 d earlier than that in 2016,and the occurrence period of adults in the field was extended for 22-26 d,with three occurrence peaks of adults;the number of young larvae in corn field increased significantly in early September.In 2017 and 2018,the control effects of Trichogramma dendrolimi release on the first generation of O.furnacalis in 2017 and 2018 were 70.65%and 67.84%,respectively,lower than that in 2016(76.19%).It is speculated that the difference of annual climatic conditions and adjustment of local planting structure are the main reasons for population dynamic changes of O.furnacalis.

Expression profiles and functional prediction of ionotropic receptors in Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis(Lepidoptera:Crambidae)

Genes involved in chemosensation are essential for odorant-mediated insect behaviors. Odorant receptors(ORs) bind and respond to pheromones and plant volatiles, regulating insect behaviors such as mating and host-plant selection, while ionotropic receptors(IRs), which are present at lower levels in insects than ORs, influence ion channels, especially in agricultural pests. Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, is the main pest of maize that causes huge economic losses in Asia. Twenty-one Ofur IRs have been identified, but none has been characterized. In this study, tissue-specific expression profiling, phylogenetic analysis, and electroantennography(EAG) analysis were applied to characterize the evolution, expression, and the potential function of Ofur IRs. It was found that 20 Ofur IRs were highly expressed in the antennae, except for Ofur IR75p3, whereas 10 and nine Ofur IRs were highly expressed in the proboscis and genitalia, respectively, indicating that these Ofur IRs were functionally associated with feeding and oviposition. EAG results showed that seven acids elicited responses in the antennae of O. furnacalis and that 2-oxopentanoic acid displayed a significant femalebiased response. Combined with the phylogenetic analysis, 10 Ofur IRs in clade 4 were roughly predicted to be candidate receptors for 2-oxopentanoic acid and other tested acids. These results provide basic information about Ofur IRs and may help advance the knolwedge on the olfactory system of O. furnacalis.

Susceptibility of Ostrinia furnacalis to Bacillus thuringiensis and Bt Corn Under Long-Term Laboratory Selection

The susceptibility of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) formulation and Bt corn was evaluated using insect bioassays for 6 years. Four strains of O. furnacalis were developed by laboratory selection from the laboratory strain reared on a non-agar semi-artificial diet. The RR-1 strain was exposed to a commercial formulation of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) incorporated into the artificial diet,the RR-2 strain was exposed to Bt corn (MON810) tissue incorporated into the diet, and the SS-1 and SS-2 strains were reared on the standard diet with or without non-Bt corn tissues material. Decreasing susceptibility of O. furnacalis to Bt and to Bt corn were found in each selected strain although the ED50 and larval weight fluctuated from generation to generation. The resistance of Bt-exposed strain (RR-1) to Btk increased 48-fold by generation 39; the Bt corn-exposed strain (RR-2) increased its resistance 37-fold to Btk by generation 24. No larvae of SS-1 survived when they were exposed to the leaves of Bt corn, Bt11 and MON810. However, 2-54% of the RR-1 (generation 46) and RR-2 (generation 20) larvae survived a 3 day-exposure to the leaves of Bt11 and MON810. The survival of both selected strains on Bt corn silk increased by 10-69%, and the larval weights after many generations selection were increased by 15-22% compared with the unselected susceptible strain. The young larvae were much more susceptible to Bt than older larvae. The highest mortality occurred when the larvae were exposed to Bt at the neonate stage. All of the results suggested that ACB could not only develop resistance to Bt preparation but also to Bt corn. Bt had significant effects on the growth and development of Asian corn borer than on the larval mortality. In order to maintain the long-term effectiveness of Bt pesticide and Bt corn, the resistance management should pay much attention to the larvae that may have opportunities to grow and developed on non-Bt corn or alternate hosts before they attack the Bt corn plants and the survival of larvae after Bt application.

玉米螟幼虫感染玉米螟微孢子虫(Nosema furnacalis)后的组织病理变化

利用玉米螟微孢子虫侵染亚洲玉米螟4龄幼虫,对患病幼虫的各组织器官进行解剖和显微镜观察,并对病变组织进行石蜡切片,复染后光镜观察并拍照。结果表明玉米螟幼虫的马氏管、丝腺、涎腺、神经、消化管为易感组织,感染后期可在玉米螟气管管壁细胞、中肠外纵肌等组织中也能发现微孢子虫,同时在实验过程中发现不能被感染的组织(细胞)有体壁的真皮细胞、体壁肌肉组织和脂肪组织,并查明了上述各组织中微孢子虫的侵染顺序和细胞的病理学变化。

红火蚁对亚洲玉米螟的捕食作用及其发生影响

蚂蚁在蛀茎害虫的综合治理方面发挥着重要的作用。全球分布性的入侵蚂蚁红火蚁取食多种无脊椎动物并在入侵区域成为优势物种。但是目前尚不清楚红火蚁对玉米重要害虫亚洲玉米螟的捕食作用。本文在实验室和野外条件下研究红火蚁对亚洲玉米螟的觅食和捕食行为。研究显示,对于隐藏度低的亚洲玉米螟,红火蚁发现该害虫的时间约为40s,召集时间少于1 h。对于隐藏度高的亚洲玉米螟,红火蚁发现该害虫的时间超过26 min,召集时间接近6 h。野外实验显示,红火蚁可以降低玉米中后期生长阶段中50%的亚洲玉米螟卵块、94.1%的亚洲玉米螟幼虫和92.9%亚洲玉米螟蛀食孔。研究提供更多的视角理解红火蚁对生物多样性影响。

杀虫灯诱杀亚洲玉米螟和草地贪夜蛾的距离与性比研究

为明确杀虫灯对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis和草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的杀虫效果,分别对2种害虫人工饲养的成虫进行颜色标记后,在距频振式太阳能杀虫灯不同距离处释放,根据杀虫灯下回收数量确定有效防控距离。同时对高空测报灯和自动虫情测报灯2种不同光源测报灯诱集到的2种害虫的性比进行分析。结果表明,在距杀虫灯15~45 m内,亚洲玉米螟的回收率随着距离的增加呈上升趋势,距灯45 m的回收率最高,为4.95%,在距离增加到60 m时,回收率显著下降。草地贪夜蛾在距灯30 m处的回收率为6.08%,随着离灯距离的增加,雌、雄蛾回收率均呈下降趋势,且回收的雌蛾比例减少。杀虫灯在1.2 m高度时对亚洲玉米螟的回收率高于1.5 m和1.8 m,3个高度雄蛾的回收率均高于雌蛾,随着高度增加,回收率下降,雌蛾的回收比例也呈下降趋势。高空测报灯和自动虫情测报灯捕获的2种害虫雌雄性比均低于0.45∶1,2种害虫的趋光性均存在雄性偏好。

新疆亚洲玉米螟暴发成灾驱动机制分析及其治理对策

亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)为新疆玉米生产中的主要害虫,2010年以来呈整体暴发态势,并造成了极为严重的产量损失,已成为制约当前新疆玉米高产稳产和粮食产能提升最重要的害虫,然而有关其暴发成灾的驱动机制尚不清楚。为此,本文通过分别概述近年来新疆气候、作物种植结构、栽培耕作措施以及亚洲玉米螟田间发生世代的变化情况,综合分析了上述变化对亚洲玉米螟越冬幼虫存活、个体生长发育、取食偏好和种群增殖扩张等方面造成的具体影响。在此基础上,结合已有大量研究成果,系统解析了新疆绿洲生态区亚洲玉米螟种群暴发成灾的驱动机制。此外,本文还介绍了新疆植保科技工作者在亚洲玉米螟综合治理技术研究与应用方面取得的相关成果,简述了田间治理采取的措施和取得的防治成效,最终为亚洲玉米螟的持续有效治理提供一定参考。

亚洲玉米螟越冬后幼虫致病细菌——黏质沙雷氏菌的分离鉴定及杀虫活性评价

本研究从新疆伊犁河谷新源县春播玉米田越冬后自然罹病亚洲玉米螟幼虫上分离获得1株细菌菌株ACB3014,通过形态学观察、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列分析对该菌株进行了鉴定,并采用饲喂法测定了该菌株对亚洲玉米螟3龄幼虫的致病性。结果表明菌株ACB3014为黏质沙雷氏菌Serratia marcescens。菌株ACB3014对亚洲玉米螟3龄幼虫的累积校正死亡率随菌悬液浓度的升高而增加。饲喂ACB3014菌悬液后第7 d,在浓度2×10^(4)~2×10^(8)cfu/mL下,亚洲玉米螟3龄幼虫的累积校正死亡率为27.78%~77.78%。接种第13 d,亚洲玉米螟3龄幼虫LC_(50)为3.79×10^(3)cfu/mL,当浓度达2×10^(8)cfu/mL时,LT_(50)为3.93 d。且染病后的亚洲玉米螟体色为暗红色和黑色,虫体呈脓状溃烂,散发出强烈异味。综上,黏质沙雷氏菌ACB3014菌株对亚洲玉米螟幼虫有很好的杀虫活性,具有很高的防治潜力,可用作亚洲玉米螟的绿色生物防治资源。

不同遗传背景的转Cry1C基因玉米品系的室内抗虫性鉴定

以转Cry1C基因的转基因玉米C492为供体,通过回交转育的方式将目标基因分别导入不同遗传背景的玉米自交系,获得转基因玉米自交系C492/N-76、C492/N202、C492/S273、C492/DH1901和C492/DH1904,采用室内离体组织生测的方法研究各品系对玉米螟和草地贪夜蛾的抗虫性。结果表明:转基因玉米C492和5个不同遗传背景自交系均表现出高抗玉米螟,虽对草地贪夜蛾的抗性有一定差异,但接虫6 d后幼虫死亡率均达到80%以上。这说明转基因玉米C492和5个不同遗传背景自交系可用于抗虫转基因玉米新品种培育,具有较好的商业化应用前景。

谷子MAPK家族成员的鉴定及其对生物胁迫的响应分析

MAPK在植物的生长发育调节、生物和非生物胁迫反应、激素信号转导中具有重要作用。系统分析谷子SiMPKs基因家族成员全基因组分布、结构、进化及其响应不同胁迫的表达特性,对于阐明其生物学功能具有重要意义。本研究利用谷子和水稻MAPK蛋白保守结构域及特异TXY基序的氨基酸序列在全基因组水平鉴定了谷子SiMPKs家族成员,分析其蛋白质理化性质、系统进化、染色体定位、基因结构、蛋白质保守基序、启动子顺式作用元件及共线性等。利用荧光定量PCR技术,分析了谷子SiMPKs在不同组织部位和谷锈菌、玉米螟病虫害生物胁迫以及不同激素处理下的表达模式。结果显示,共鉴定到15个谷子SiMPK成员,其编码的蛋白质含有220~611个氨基酸,相对分子量范围25.77~69.63 kD,等电点范围5.46~9.34。系统进化分析表明,SiMPK基因分为4组,A、B、C组包含TEY基序,D组包含TDY基序。SiMPK基因分布在1号、3号、4号、5号、8号和9号染色体上,含有3~11个外显子,所有SiMPK蛋白均含有motif 1与motif 2。上游2000 bp启动子区域预测到多个与胁迫、激素和植物生长发育等相关的顺式作用元件。qRT-PCR结果表明,大部分基因具有明显的组织表达特异性;除SiMPK21-2和SiMPK6外,其余成员对谷锈菌侵染、玉米螟取食、SA和MeJA激素处理等1~3种胁迫具有明显响应。以上结果为进一步研究SiMPK基因在谷子应对病虫害生物胁迫中的功能奠定了理论基础。

Volatiles induced by the larvae of the Asian corn borer （Ostrinia furnacalis） in maize plants affect behavior of conspecific larvae and female adults

Effects of maize （Zea mays L.） volatiles induced by larvae of the Asian corn borer, Ostriniafurnacalis （Guenee）, on the orientation behaviors of Asian corn borer larvae and oviposition of the females were investigated. Nineteen volatile chemicals, with terpenes being the major components, were identified from maize plants attacked by third instar Asian corn borer larvae. Coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection （GC-EAD） analyses revealed some electroantennographic differences between female and male Asian corn borer antennae in response to larvae-induced maize volatiles; female responded to （E）-2-hexenal, nonanal, （Z）-3-hexen-l-ol and three unknown compounds while the male only responded to （E）-2-hexenal, nonanal and one unknown compound. In laboratory orientation bioassays, Asian corn borer neonate larvae were attracted to extracts collected from Asian corn borer-damaged plants as well as to synthetic farnesene, but were repelled by （Z）-3-hexen- 1 -ol. In laboratory oviposition bioassays, gravid females laid fewer eggs on plants damaged by larvae than on mechanically damaged plants or undamaged plants. Adult Asian corn borer females deposited fewer eggs on wax paper treated with （E）-2-hexenal or （Z）-3-hexen-l-ol than on wax paper treated with hexane （control）. The results suggest that Asian corn borer can affect the behaviors of conspecific larvae and adults by changing host plant volatiles.

不同秸秆还田模式对亚洲玉米螟发生及玉米产量的影响

为促进黑龙江省玉米秸秆还田及有效防治亚洲玉米螟,2019年在哈尔滨市双城区、2020年在肇东市黎明镇对玉米秸秆地表覆盖还田、碎混还田和翻埋还田3种秸秆还田模式下的玉米田内亚洲玉米螟发生情况进行调查,并进行玉米产量测定。结果表明,还田模式对亚洲玉米螟发生有一定的影响,秸秆地表覆盖还田模式下亚洲玉米螟的发生量显著高于秸秆碎混还田和翻埋还田模式,秸秆地表覆盖还田模式比秸秆碎混还田模式下亚洲玉米螟成虫诱捕量高34.0%~40.2%,被害株率高14.7%~31.4%,百秆活虫数多28.8%~103.0%,蛀孔数多13.5%~38.9%。比翻埋还田模式下亚洲玉米螟诱捕量高47.5%~63.9%,被害株率高28.1%~35.3%,百秆活虫数多37.8%~123.3%,蛀孔数多26.3%~52.4%。还田模式对玉米产量的影响不大,秸秆碎混还田和翻埋还田模式下玉米产量均高于秸秆地表覆盖还田模式,秸秆碎混还田比地表覆盖还田模式高2.5%~2.7%,秸秆翻埋还田比地表覆盖还田模式高1.9%~2.1%,但未达到显著差异。生产中推荐采用秸秆碎混还田和秸秆翻埋还田模式来降低亚洲玉米螟田间危害,同时不影响玉米产量。

松毛虫赤眼蜂田间放蜂方法对亚洲玉米螟防治效果的影响

根据目前吉林省亚洲玉米螟新的发生为害情况,为提高防治效果,于2018—2020年在吉林省进行了松毛虫赤眼蜂防治亚洲玉米螟田间放蜂方法优化试验。田间试验结果显示,不同的放蜂处理间防治效果存在显著性差异,增加放蜂次数和放蜂量均能提高防治效果,且利用松毛虫赤眼蜂防治,连续防治一代和二代亚洲玉米螟防治效果最佳,防治效果可达到79.32%。建议防治一代亚洲玉米螟时,每667m^(2)释放15000头蜂,分3次释放,第1次3000头,第2次7000头,第3次5000头,每次放蜂每667m^(2)设2个放蜂点;防治二代亚洲玉米螟时,每667m^(2)释放10000头蜂,放1次,分2个点放蜂;同时,利用植保无人机释放松毛虫赤眼蜂防治亚洲玉米螟1334 hm2,防治效果达到76.36%~81.23%。