Cultural Identity and Otherness in Literary Translation

Culture and language are close bounded.Cultural similarities provide a basis for translation and cultural exchange.It is widely agreed that cultural differences pose the greatest difficulties in translation.Cultural difference can be categorized into cultural blank and cultural conflict.When translating cultural otherness,different translators employ different translating strategies which are determined by translators' idiosyncrasy,either to preserve or transform cultural images.

On the Otherness of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice

Compared with the other characters in The Merchant of Venice,Shylock seems to be totally an outsider and alien of Venice which is because he is considered to be the“Other”in the eyes of the other Venetians as a result of his identity a Jew as well as his occupation as a usurer,both of which are despised and degraded at the Elizabethan times.

Otherness, Intercorporeity and Dialogism in Bakhtin's Vision of the Text

In Bakhtin, dialogism and intercorporeity are closely interconnected by a relation of reciprocal implication: there cannot be dialogue among disembodied minds, nor can dialogism be understood separately from a biosemiotic conception of the sign. Bakhtin's monograph on Rabelais forms an organic part of his writings, including those produced by his collaborators and friends Voloshinov and Medvedev. According to Bakhtin, dialogue concerns literature and life. He evidences the ideological character of the contemporary conception of the individual body described as separate from other bodies and self-sufficient. And, in fact, through his readings of Rabelais' s works he evidences the validity of the carnival vision of the grotesque body.

Addressing Jewishness in Norman Manea and Andrei Codrescu＇s Diasporic Memoirs

Taking the notions of homelessness, exile, and search for identity as reference points, this paper explores the ways in which two Romanian exiled writers, Norman Manea and Andrei Codrescu, through their autobiographical writings, engage in creating and representing the concept of Jewishness, this fact adding new layers to their portrayals of rootless identities, at the same time supplying an insight into their own investigations and dentifications of the self. In addition to creating different images and ethnic representations, Manea and Codrescu＇s memoirs focus on portraying the image of the Jew, this being actually the very representation of otherness. The term ＂stranger＂ or ＂foreigner＂ is a generic one, including, irrespective of its ethnic component, all those individuals who guide their life according to a system of values which is different from the one accepted by or imposed on all the people of a country. According to this very pattern the writers taken into discussion in this paper might be considered to be the subject of a double banishment, their state of alienation being the direct result of them belonging not only to the Jewish ethic minority, but also to the very category of exiles. The texts placed under close scrutiny in this research, namely The Hooligan＇s Return （2003）, belonging to Norman Mane, and An lnvohmtary Genius in America＇s Shoes （And What HappenedAfierwards） （200 l）, written by Andrei Codrescu map the mobility of these two writers traversing vast geographical and cultural territories, as testimonies of their nomadic existence, having the express purpose of registering the polymorphous development of their identity and their very capacity of projecting two multi-faceted personalities

＂New＂ Translations of Japanese Literature： Socio-cultural Impacts on the Japanese Mind

In terms of translation theory today, the essential discussions of ＂otherness＂, coupled with the agenda of bilateral approaches to its untranslatability, are much more intense than ever. The stereotypical images of Japan as something quite alien yet enchanting in Japanese literature, in The Tale of Genji for instance, are drastically different from those in modem novels, where the experience of conflicts with the West in the course of modernization could not be ignored. Shusaku Endo＇s Silence for example, paradoxically questions the translatability of Christianity in the historical context of the Japanese mind. By reading some translated texts of Japanese literature, we come to be aware of the essential factors of＂otherness＂ inherent in Japanese culture and language which, in some socio-cultural ways, has had an interesting effect on Japanese minds. With the growing interest in ＂world literature,＂ ＂otherness＂ and ＂untranslatability＂ illuminated in the translations of Japanese literature offer a new perspective with which we can re-think our sense of history of modernization on the one hand; and re-evaluate the uniqueness of Japanese language on the other. The remarkable influence of translators whose mother tongue is not Japanese, but who have an excellent command of the language, enables a new Japanese culture to emerge. This is evident in the works of Arthur Binard, an American poet and translator, who enthusiastically criticizes the Japanese policy of atomic energy in his translations of the Japanese poems after World War II, and in the very inspiring essays on Japanese by Roger Pulvers, an Australian writer and playwright who won prizes for his translations of Kenji Miyazawa. Along with such new trend of translations of Japanese literature, how it affects the Japanese mind will be discussed.

China＇s Core Competences Advantage in a Multipolar World

Societal traditions have a decisive impact on cognition and cognitive biases, and thus on the foundations of core competences,including （natural） science and （natural） science-based innovation. The increasing global multi-polarity means that the centuriesold dominance of the Occidental Tradition is waning, and the other societal traditions, including the Sino Tradition, will gainground. Chinese companies will have an advantage over their Occidental counterparts, because Chinese companies can search forcore competences and thus competitive advantages based on the different aspects of Occidental Tradition, Sino Tradition and thecombination of the two. Occidental companies are limited to the different aspects of the Occidental Tradition. Thus, Chinesecompanies have a core competences advantage in a multipolar world.

Beyond Tourist Gaze in Select Odia Travel Writings of Gobinda Das, Golakbihari Dhal and Pratibha Ray

This paper focuses the question： What does it mean to be a traveller rather than a tourist？ The term “tourism” ismostlyused in impersonal commercial language but “travel” often implies the personal, picaresque style of travel writing. The travellerbeing the hero of the text and the tourist as an unfortunate by-product of globalisation highlight the formation of the important binary opposites through the identity/difference logic.Travel writers deprecate the behaviour of tourists and go for a more authentic way to engage with cultural contrastfor a more concrete example of otherness. The primary texts taken for this study are the select Odia travel writers： GobindaDas’sDese Dese （In Countries）, GolakbihariDhal’sLondon Chithi （Letter From London）, and Pratibha Ray’s Swapnara Alaska （Dreamy Alaska） and Africa NayikaNilanadi （Africa’s Heroine the River Nile）.

A Realistic Portrayal of Reservation Life： A Postcolonial Reading of The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian＊

The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian is a 2007 National Book Award novel for young adults by Sherman Alexie. Inspired by his own experiences of growing up, award-winning author Sherman Alexie chronicles the contemporary adolescence of one unlucky boy trying to rise above the life everyone expects him to live. As a bildungsroman, the novel honestly depicts the real life in reservation as well as protagonist Arnold＇s personal development in misfortune. The novel addresses various themes. Through close reading of the novel and with the help of some theories from postcolonial criticism, the present paper tries to analyze the bleak reality of reservation life and protagonist Arnold＇s struggle for social success, thus interpreting the themes of othering, alienation, unhomeliness, double consciousness, and hope presented in the novel

Discursive National Discrimination——Critical Discourse Analysis on Luo Gang Event

Discourse is constitutive and socially constituted. The existence of national discrimination is the result of discourses. Luo Gang Event sharply reflects the contradiction between Japanese and Chinese, to which the discourse-historical approach is applied to analyze its intertextuality of discourses with other field of discourses and the formation of the "othering", therefore the discursive national discrimination come into

On Identity Reconstruction of Black Woman in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings

Maya Angelou(1928-2014)is a celebrated African American woman writer.She's not only an autobiographer,a poet,an educator,but also a politician,an actress and a director.Her first autobiographical novel I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is a significant milestone of the African American literature of woman.The novel depicts Marguerite life experience from the age of 3 to the age of17,recording how she breaks through the bondage of racial discrimination and sex prejudice,and realizes self-consciousness.From the perspective of post-colonist criticism and feminism,this thesis analyses how the protagonist suffered from the"othering"under the colonial discourse and patriarchal ideology and how she got out of the bondage and reconstruct her identity.Finally,it is concluded that only if the black women break through the cage of race and gender,accept and reconstruct their identities,can they gain the real emancipation and respect.

The Invisible and the Secret： Of a Phenomenology of the Inapparent

I consider in this article Heidegger＇s late characterization of phenomenology as a ＂phenomenology of the inapparent.＂ Phenomenology is traditionally considered to be a thought of presence, assigned to a phenomenon that is identified with the present being, or with an object for consciousness. The phenomenon would be synonymous with presence itself, with what manifests itself in a presence. However, I will suggest in the following pages that phenomenology is haunted by the presence of a certain unappearing dimension, a claim that was made by Heidegger in his last seminar in 1973, when he characterized the most proper sense of phenomenology as a ＂phenomenology of the inapparent.＂ I attempt to show in what sense for Heidegger the ＂inapparent＂ plays in phenomenality and in phenomenology, and to then consider （drawing from Levinas and Derrida） its ethical import.

SPECIAL ISSUE： SOCIAL CHANGE AND CHINESE WOMEN A Style of Flexibility： Re-cognition of the Female Self --As Exemplified in the Shuanglong Village of the Tujia Ethnic Group in Enshi

On the basis of the findings of our fieldwork in Shuanglong Village of the Tujia ethnic group in Enshi, Hubei, we find that woman is neither the subjectless existence of＂otherness＂ as traditionally regarded nor the rational subject embodying multiple survival strategies as defined by some scholars. The female self is primarily an emotional subject with the dual features of inclusion and exclusion. The significance of the female self for society lies in the fact that the inclusive aspect provides a psychological and practical basis for the integration of rural society, while the exclusive aspect creates a space for breaking through this society＇s existing norms and customs.

T’oegye’s Arguments on the Four Beginnings and Seven Feelings:A Phenomenological Inquiry

This article aims to phenomenologically examine T’oegye’s arguments on the Four Beginnings and Seven Feelings,attempting a theoretical reconstruction through“founding”and“alterity”,so as to reveal the relations and differences between the Four Beginnings and Seven Feelings.On the one hand,the Four Beginnings consti­tute a founding substratum,on the top of which the Seven Feelings may be founded.Moreover,whereas the Four Beginnings and Seven Feelings share the same assump­tion of alterity or intersubjectivity,they differ in their emphasis on whether li(理principle)or qi(氣material force)shall be prioritised.The priority of principle over material force is inherent in the notion of the Four Beginnings,while for the Seven Feelings,it is the other way around.When confronted by an“other”,one will invari­ably face a choice to make,in“deontological consideration of the other’s interest”or“private preference”.There is an emphasis that“deontological consideration shall prevail”in the Four Beginnings,for which it is“purely good”.By way of compari­son,the Seven Feelings may be affected more often than not by“private desire or preference”,for which reason it will manifest the Janus faces of being both good and evil.

Beyond Communication With the Same:On Sign,Value and Understanding

This paper offers a reflection on the essential characteristics and conditions of communication, hence on what makes communication possible. Reflection on communication inevitably calls for a focus on the production of meaning and understanding, on the problem of interpretation. The primary vocation of communication is the other, therefore dialogic listening and responsiveness by the other for the other, beyond communication with the same, that is, beyond the conventions of official communication and the order of discourse. The paper is developed according to the following main topics: 1. Utterance, text, interpretation; 2. The apparent paradox of communication; 3. The "rustle" of communication: between implicit meaning and explicit meaning; 4. Sense, significance, ambiguity: reading together Welby and Bakhtin; 5. More characteristics of live discourse—silence, listening, responsive understanding.

For a Critique of Language Studies From the Perspective of Gift Economy

Throughout her writings Genevieve Vaughan addresses important issues in the theory of language and communication, to the ultimate end of affecting social praxis for radical social change. Her hypothesis is that mothering/being-mothered forms a non-essentialist but fundamental core process that has been neglected by the Western view of the world. Most important is that Vaughan thematizes the mothering/being-mothered paradigm in the framework of her gift logic, which is oriented by otherness logic. Restoring such a paradigm offers new light on language, communication and human relationships, thereby contributing to recovery of the properly human in terms of gift economy values.

Taiwan region students in Malaysia and Intercultu-rality:When National Identities Take Primacy over Individualities

Using a liquid approach,the authors analyze the intercultural discourse of Taiwan region students who had taken part in a short term exchange program with a Malaysian university.The four participants were graduating in Mandarin Chinese in their home institution and were following a Chinese program in multilingual Malaysia.Data were collected through focus groups held in Mandarin Chinese and focused on their experience in the host country.The authors analyze how participants talk about themselves,Malaysians,and their adaptation to the host country.The processes of essentialization and othering that occur and put in contrast the host and the home contexts are similar to those held in Asia-to-Europe mobility and very far from an“interculturality without culture”(Dervin,2010).If we focus on the construction of discourses,this Asia-to-Asia mobility forces us to relativize the opposition of cultures as an explanation for difficulties encountered by mobile students.

The Bahraini Uprising of 2011 and the Regime’s Securitisation of Sectarianism as a Survival Mechanism

This paper focuses on the Bahraini regime’s usage of sectarianism as a survival mechanism.The argument herein has adopted a modernist approach,where sectarian identities are not viewed as fixed and as causes of an ancient hatred struggle,but are instead viewed as a modern construction that are securitised and desecuritised.It examines how this particular struggle was framed in a sectarian context through the analysis of three pivotal stages of the 2011 uprising and its aftermath.These stages are broken down as follows:(1)the first stage of the uprising,which includes the first month of the uprising and the period prior to the regional military intervention,a period which was characterised by negotiations and dialogue;(2)the period of fragmentation within Bahraini society in which this paper explores the various reasons behind the failed reforms and the failure/ending of dialogue between the regime and the oppositions;and(3)the period of military intervention and the uprising’s aftermath,which reflected a time of securitisation and de-securitisation of the uprising’s space,image and language.These three stages showcase overriding factors such as fear,lack of inclusion of alternatives,divided opposition,and limited regime reform which contributed to the Bahraini regime’s brutal reaction to protesters in 2011 and the Qatar-Gulf crisis which emerged in 2017.The three stages reflect the regime’s pragmatism in dealing with the clashes,and its security narrative adjustment to the regional alliance shifts.The Bahraini regime was able to survive the challenges posed by the uprising in the short-term,but its short-term solutions such as the naturalisation process,would have damaging effects on society in the long-run.