Bedrock outcropping in the accumulation zone of the largest glacier in Mexico(Glaciar Norte of Citlaltépetl),as evidence of a possible accelerated extinction

The highest volcano in Mexico,at the same time the third largest mountain in North America(Citlaltépetl,5610 m a.s.l.),is home to the largest glacier in the country.Because of the extinction of the Popocatépetl glacier(5500 m a.s.l.)caused by eruptive activity,and the almost disappearance of the Iztaccíhuatl glaciers(5220 m a.s.l.)due to the lower elevation of the mountain,the Glaciar Norte of Citlatépetl has been the only glacier that has shown a certain degree of stability as a response to the altitude in which it is located.However,as occurs in almost all glaciers on the planet,the retreat of its glacier terminus has been continuous.Furthermore,during the last years the thickness of its upper part began to decrease rapidly until its bedrock was exposed for the first time in 2019.Due to its ecosystem importance and because it is the main glacier in Mexico,as well as the only one in the world located at latitude 19°N,in this work its current dimensions are updated,as well as the local climatology that governs the current state of the glacier is pointed out.The study was based on the analysis of high-resolution Sentinel-2 optical images,as well as through Sentinel-1 SAR images,with the support of climatological information from the study area.Therefore,the outcropping of the bedrock in the accumulation zone and the consequent horizontal retreat of the upper part of the glacier are documented;at the same time,the decrease in the thickness of the ice along it is noted.The rocky outcrop in the accumulation zone suggests that the flow dynamics of the ice towards the ablation zone will be considerably less,accelerating the retreat of the glacier terminus.Finally,the ascent of the glacial front to 5102 m a.s.l.and the modelled altitude of the equilibrium line to 5276 m a.s.l.are reported as a warning signal in terms of snow catchment and mass balance;likewise,the decrease of 23%of its surface is also indicated regarding the surface reduction monitoring that has been done until 2017.These findings may indicate that the future of this glacier is related to its possible extinction sooner than previously thought,with severe environmental consequences,especially in terms of the provision of drinking water for thousands of inhabitants of the slopes of the volcano.This research is expected to help reflect on the impacts of current climate variability and at the same time serve as a reference for the tropical glaciers on the planet.

Digitized Outcrop Geomodeling of Ramp Shoals and its Reservoirs： as an Example of Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation of Eastern Sichuan Basin

Numerous hydrocarbon accumulations are found in ramp crest shoals worldwide and therefore this depositional setting has a high potential of being the hydrocarbon reservoir. In this paper, we combined digital outcrop geology and traditional geological mapping to build an outcrop-based geocellular model of the ramp-crest shoal complex of the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation in the Eastern Sichuan Basin. The outcrop model serves as an analogue for the subsurface reservoir of the Feixianguan Formation and illustrates the complexity of the lithofacies types, stratigraphic architecture, and reservoir heterogeneities at a scale below conventional subsurface data resolution. The studied ramp -crest shoal complex consists of thirteen types of lithofacies that can be grouped into three facies-groups corresponding to subtidal intraclastic shoal, sub- to inter-tidal oolitic shoal, and tidal flat depositional environments respectively. The stratigraphic architecture of the shoal complex shows mostly a strong progradation of the high energy facies associated with an overall decrease of accommodation space associated with relative sea level still stand. Two reservoir facies associations have been recognized. The first one consists of supratidai dolomudstone and upper intertidal partially dolomitized oolitic packstone with anhydrite or nodules. These facies were deposited above the high energy oolitic grainstones and occurs as thin-bedded and laterally continuous layers, characterized by high porosity and low permeability. The second reservoir facies association is composed of intertidal crystalline dolomite and subtidal intraclastic bindstone that occurs stratigraphically below the oolitic grainstones. These deposits consist of massive laterally discontinuously beds, and are characterized by high porosity and high permeability. Both types of reservoir facies tend to be stacked vertically and migrated laterally with the progradation of the shoal complex. The construction of the outcrop-based 3D geological model provide a description and quantification of the facies distribution within a robust stratigraphic framework and the style and amount of reservoir heterogeneities associated with a ramp-crest shoal complex reservoir such as the one found in Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation and Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation in Sichuan Basin or other ramp-crest reservoir worldwide.

The tectonic fracture modeling of an ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoir based on an outcrop analogy: A case study in the Wangyao Oilfield of Ordos Basin, China

Due to inherent limits of data acquisition and geophysical data resolution, there are large uncertainties in the characterization of subsurface fractures. However, outcrop analogies can provide qualitative and quantitative information on a large number of fractures, based on which the accuracy of subsurface fracture characterization can be improved. Here we take the tectonic fracture modeling of an ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoir based on an outcrop analogy, a case study of the Chang6t~ Formation of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Group of the Wangyao Oilfield in the Ordos Basin of China. An outcrop at the edge of the basin is a suitable analog for the reservoir, but the prerequisite is that they must have equivalent previous stress fields, similar final structural characteristics, relative timing and an identical depositional environment and diagenesis. The relationship among fracture density, rock type and bed thickness based on the outcrop is one of the most important fracture distribution models, and can be used to interpret fracture density in individual wells quantitatively. Fracture orientation, dip, geometry and scale, also should be described and measured in the outcrop, and can be used together with structure restoration and single well fracture density interpretation to guide fracture intensity prediction on bed surfaces and to constrain the construction of the 3D fracture geometry model of the subsurface reservoir. The application of the above principles shows the outcrop-based tectonic fracture models of the target ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoir are consistent with fractures inferred from microseismic interpretation and tracer tests. This illustrated that the fracture modeling based on the outcrop analogy is reliable and can reduce the uncertainty in stochastic fracture modeling.

High resolution facies architecture and digital outcrop modeling of the Sandakan formation sandstone reservoir, Borneo:Implications for reservoir characterization and flow simulation

Advances in photogrammetry have eased the acquisition of high-resolution digital information from outcrops, enabling faster, non-destructive data capturing and improved reservoir modeling. Geocellular models for flow dynamics with in the virtual outcrop in siliciclastic deposits at different sets of sandstone facies architecture remain, however, a challenge. Digital maps of bedding, lithological contrast, spatial-temporal variations of bedding and permeability characteristics make it more easy to understand flow tortuosity in a particular architecture. An ability to precisely model these properties can improve reservoir characterization and flow modeling at different scales. Here we demonstrate the construction of realistic 2 D sandstone facies based models for a pragmatic simulation of flow dynamics using a combination of digital point clouds dataset acquired from LiDAR and field investigation of the Sandakan Formation, Sabah, Borneo.Additionally, we present methods for enhancing the accuracy of outcrop digital datasets for producing high resolution flow simulation. A well-exposed outcrop from the Sandakan Formation, Sabah, northwest Borneo having a lateral extent of 750 m was chosen in order to implement our research approach. Sandstone facies and its connectivity are well constrained by outcrop observations, data from air-permeability measurements, bilinear interpolation of permeability, grid construction and water vector analysis for flow dynamics.These proportions were then enumerated in terms of static digital outcrop model(DOM) and facies model based on sandstone facies bedding characteristics. Flow simulation of water vector analysis through each of the four sandstone facies types show persistent spatial correlation of permeability that align with either cross-bedded orientation or straight with more dispersion high quality sandstone(porosity 21.25%-41.2%and permeability 1265.20-5986.25 mD) and moderate quality sandstone(porosity 10.44%-28.75% and permeability 21.44-1023.33 mD). Whereas, in more heterolithic sandstone(wavy-to flaser-bedded and bioturbated sandstone), lateral variations in permeability show spatially non-correlated patterns over centimeters to tens of meters with mostly of low quality sandstone(porosity 3.4%-12.31% and permeability < 1 mD to 3.21 mD). These variations reflect the lateral juxtaposition in flow dynamics. It has also been resulted that the vertical connectivity and heterogeneities in terms of flow are mostly pragmatic due to the interconnected sandstone rather than the quality of sandstone.

Geological Panorama Database:Digitizing and Visualizingthe Geological Outcrops

1 Introduction Geological outcrops or sections are the basis of geological research.However,the traditional methods for presenting them are mainly photos which fall short of delivering a true visual sense (Deng et al.,2009;Hou et al.,2014).With the continuous development of image acquisition technology using single-lens reflex camera (SLR camera),image synthesis,large file storage and acquisition,panoramic visualization and network technology.

3D geo-cellular static virtual outcrop model and its implications for reservoir petro-physical characteristics and heterogeneities

Geostatistical data plays a vibrant role for surface-based reservoir modeling through outcrop analogues,which is used to understand three-dimensional(3D)variability of petrophysical properties.The main purpose of this study is to improvise the surface-based 3D geo-modeling to demonstrate petrophysical characteristics and heterogeneities of Sandakan reservoirs,NW Borneo.We used point cloud data from Light Detection and Ranging(Li DAR)to build high-resolution virtual outcrop modeling(VOM)onto which we mapped 6 different lithofacies.Porosity and permeability of core plugs were measured to determine the average variance of petrophysical properties for each lithofacies.By utilizing the integration of VOMs analogues and petrophysical properties in Petrel^(TM),we demonstrated the distribution and associations of all lithofacies in pseudo wells that have inherent thin beds heterogeneities in 3D geocellular model.The results concluded that the heterogeneity of thin beds in lithofacies is dependent on porosity and permeability with input dataset.According to the final model,cross-bedding sandstone(CBS),hummocky cross-stratified sandstone(HCSS)and trough cross-bedding sandstone(TCBS)show good reservoir quality due to high porosity ranging from:25.6%to 20.4%and,19.3%-14.5%,and permeability ranging from:74.03 mD to 66.84 mD and,64.86 mD to 21.01 mD.In contrast,massive to weak laminae sandstone(MWLS)and bioturbated sandstone(BS)show fair to poor reservoir quality,caused baffling of surrounding mud sediments in the reservoir lithofacies.Results also revealed that Li DAR based VOM with petrophysical properties can significantly reduce the risk and minimize the cost of reservoir modeling in petroleum industry.

Architecture of deepwater turbidite lobes: A case study of Carboniferous turbidite outcrop in the Clare Basin, Ireland

Through lithofacies analysis and architecture anatomy of the Carboniferous Ross Sandstone turbidites outcropped at western Ireland,the depositional model of deepwater turbidite lobes is established.Seven types of lithofacies are recognized including goniatites-rich shale,laminated shale,laminated siltstone,massive sandstone,fine-medium sandstone with mud-clast,basal gravel,and chaotic mudstone,which can be subdivided into units of three origins,turbidite lobe,turbidite channel,and slide-slump;and four hierarchical levels,lobe complex,lobe,lobe element and single sandstone layer.The lobes show apparent compensational stacking pattern,lobe elements display typical thickening-upward cycles on vertical profile,and the higher the hierarchical level,the better the preservation of the hierarchical boundary is.In general,turbidite lobe deposits appear as tabular,parallel/sub-parallel sandstone and mudstone interbeds,and change from thick,massive sandstone in the proximal end to thinner sandstone and mudstone interbeds from axis to fringe,with the sand-shale ratio and degree of sandstone amalgamation decreasing.

Characterization of the Temperature Conditions of Inside Narrow Rocky Outcrops that Serve as a Habitat for Semi-Fossorial Mammals

We characterized the temperature conditions inside narrow rocky outcrops that served as habitats for semi-fossorial small mammals in a mountainous locality on the Japanese Islands. Usually, it is considered that the narrow rocky outcrops have poorer resources than the soil ground of forest floors, which have rich vegetation and nutrition. On the basis of this tendency, it is considered that ecologically dominant species occupy the rich soil habitats and subordinate species are chased away to the narrow rocky outcrops by ecological species competitions, resulting in habitat segregation. However, the present temperature data revealed that the temperatures inside rocky terrains were more stable than the shaded ambient temperatures in the forest. The rocky habitats were apparently colder in summer and warmer in winter, in both daily maximum and minimum temperatures, than the ambient temperatures in the forest during the research period. In addition, the daily difference between maximum and minimum temperatures in the rocky habitats was apparently smaller than that of the ambient ones. These temperature conditions in the narrow rocky outcrops are advantageous to the small mammalian metabolic system. Namely, we estimate that the semi-fossorial small mammals are not chased out by the dominant species through ecological competitions and that the semi-fossorial small mammals may occupy the narrow rocky outcrops as a more advantageous habitat than the forest floor.

Discontinuity development patterns and the challenges for 3D discrete fracture network modeling on complicated exposed rock surfaces

Natural slopes usually display complicated exposed rock surfaces that are characterized by complex and substantial terrain undulation and ubiquitous undesirable phenomena such as vegetation cover and rockfalls.This study presents a systematic outcrop research of fracture pattern variations in a complicated rock slope,and the qualitative and quantitative study of the complex phenomena impact on threedimensional(3D)discrete fracture network(DFN)modeling.As the studies of the outcrop fracture pattern have been so far focused on local variations,thus,we put forward a statistical analysis of global variations.The entire outcrop is partitioned into several subzones,and the subzone-scale variability of fracture geometric properties is analyzed(including the orientation,the density,and the trace length).The results reveal significant variations in fracture characteristics(such as the concentrative degree,the average orientation,the density,and the trace length)among different subzones.Moreover,the density of fracture sets,which is approximately parallel to the slope surface,exhibits a notably higher value compared to other fracture sets across all subzones.To improve the accuracy of the DFN modeling,the effects of three common phenomena resulting from vegetation and rockfalls are qualitatively analyzed and the corresponding quantitative data processing solutions are proposed.Subsequently,the 3D fracture geometric parameters are determined for different areas of the high-steep rock slope in terms of the subzone dimensions.The results show significant variations in the same set of 3D fracture parameters across different regions with density differing by up to tenfold and mean trace length exhibiting differences of 3e4 times.The study results present precise geological structural information,improve modeling accuracy,and provide practical solutions for addressing complex outcrop issues.

鄂尔多斯盆地庆阳气田二叠系山西组山_(1)^(3)沉积相类型论证

鄂尔多斯盆地庆阳气田山1段是其主力产层,其沉积环境及其相类型一直争议较多,不同认识导致各个沉积相域内砂体对比模式和砂体分布形态存在着一定差异,从而给勘探井位部署增加了难度。在前人研究成果基础上,综合地震、测井、岩心、露头及室内分析化验等资料,结合地震反射结构揭示的溯源退覆特征、岩心显示的岩性粒度与层理构造、测井沉积旋回特征、现代沉积学的比较等等多视角证据链,对该区山_(1)^(3)小层的沉积相进行了详细论证、分析和描述。研究结果表明,研究区岩性以中粗砂岩为主,多发育块状、板状及小型槽状交错层理,测井相既有河流“二元结构”发育完整的井段,也有只发育下部粗粒端元河流“二元结构”发育不完整的井段,前者揭示发育曲流河,后者则与辫状河发育有关;粒度分析结果显示主要以跳跃粒度成分为主,说明古水动力强;研究区周边露头资料显示既有曲流河发育也有辫状河发育,说明山1段沉积期曲流河和辫状河是同期存在的;现代卫星照片揭示,曲流河和辫状河共生共存发育是普遍存在的,综合上述证据,最终确定研究区山31发育相类型为河流相,且表现为曲辫共存特征,曲流河的频繁侧积以及平面多种河型共存,垂向河道的多期叠置是导致砂体分布复杂化和横向相变化快速的主控因素。

数字露头实景三维Web平台研究与云端地质考察应用

露头是地质考察的重点,结合无人机倾斜摄影测量技术构建数字露头实景三维模型并实现露头可视化研究能够为解决传统地质研究中存在的效率低、危险性高和数据复用性差等问题提供全新的思路。论文研究了倾斜影像三维建模、数字露头三维可视化和全景影像可视化等三维技术,并基于Cesium开源三维地球引擎研发了数字露头实景三维Web平台。平台实现了高精度露头实景三维模型的可视化,并将露头相关的描述、图片、视频、全景、文献、观察点、地质标绘等信息与露头三维模型有效结合,实现了露头三维模型上传与实景漫游、露头相关地质信息自主提供、分享、互动与可视化展示。论文通过实例证明了平台云端地质考察应用的有效性和新颖性。该平台作为第21届国际沉积学大会虚拟野外地质路线考察的首选,已成功应用于15条路线中的12条。相比传统地质研究手段,露头云端三维可视化研究能够帮助地质学者更加全面、直观地理解露头地质现象的时空展布和地质特征,并且支持数字环境下露头资源的共建、共享,节省了地质考察的时间和成本。

北山沙枣园花岗岩体随机结构面的空间分布

北山沙枣园是我国高放废物处置库的备选场址,该区域中广泛分布的随机结构面是控制岩体变形和核素迁移的关键因素.选取600 m×600 m×600 m沙枣园岩体为研究对象,采用露头节理调查和钻孔裂隙编录的方法,探究岩体随机结构面的空间分布规律.首先开展随机结构面的产状分析,并运用基于粒子群的K-means算法开展产状聚类,岩体中主要发育倾角大于65°,走向为NNE向、EW向和NW向的随机结构面,其中钻孔裂隙优势组为295.4°∠68.3°、189.5°∠71.2°、235.6°∠69.2°和66.0°∠33.0°,露头节理优势组为320°∠79°、180°∠77°、282°∠80°和231°∠67°,两者呈现相似特征;其次开展露头节理平面分析,采用Voronoi法剖分岩体,计算节理平均迹长值和中点面密度值表征剖分后的岩体节理发育特征,岩体东北部的平均迹长值约为西南部的一半,而中点面密度在岩体中部最大.据优势组拆分露头的节理参数值,相对于其他优势组,NE向与NNE向优势组的平均迹长更长,中点面密度值更大;最后开展钻孔裂隙的位置分析,据产状聚类分析结果,绘制不同优势组的走向、倾角深度分布图,裂隙呈现深度不均匀的分布特征,平均线密度为0.11 m^(–1),在[–150 m,–160 m]区间达到最大值0.60 m^(–1),在[–310 m,–370 m]区间密集发育NNE向裂隙.研究结果可以为沙枣园区域的高放废物处置提供参考依据.

基于无人机倾斜摄影三维建模的数字露头及其在剖面实测和研究中的应用——以宁夏中卫下河沿剖面为例

传统野外剖面实测无法从整体和全局角度对剖面进行研究,实测工作受地形起伏影响较大,难以测量高危险区露头,地质学家根据实测数据所建二维露头地质模型难以在空间位置上与剖面紧密关联。论文分析了实测剖面所面临的问题,通过无人机倾斜摄影技术采集不同航高的带有坐标信息和纹理特征的露头倾斜影像,使用处理软件构建露头三维模型,具备覆盖范围广、剖面重点岩层精度高等优势,能弥补传统野外剖面实测的不足。笔者将剖面实测与无人机倾斜摄影三维建模技术相结合,利用露头三维模型辅助剖面实测和研究工作。研究表明:(1)露头三维模型具备真实三维场景和坐标信息等优势,能从任意位置和角度进行剖面研究,尤其是高坡、悬崖等危险露头区;(2)露头三维模型能从整体和全局角度进行剖面实测路线规划、标定地层界限、记录实测轨迹及重要地质观察点等信息;(3)利用露头模型重点岩层区具备毫米级分辨率图像,能清晰、直观地进行剖面岩层分层、岩性识别、厚度量算及沉积旋回分析;(4)能轻易地解决剖面实测中对高陡长剖面的岩层层面追踪的问题;(5)对地层重点分界线,可进行剖面发育情况,组间接触情况和剖面岩层层序的划分。因此,将露头三维模型应用在剖面实测和研究中,对剖面实测工作的开展及露头地质知识库的建立大有裨益。

高精度矿物组分解释方法在致密砂岩岩相评价中的应用——以川西广元工农镇须家河组二段露头为例

针对致密砂岩优质储层受岩石组分控制,岩石组分在垂向上变化较快等问题,对储层岩相准确划分是评价致密砂岩储层质量的重要因素。以川西广元工农镇须家河组二段(以下简称须二段)露头剖面为例,在钻取239块露头样品的基础上,对样品进行了XRF(X射线荧光光谱)元素扫描及电子能谱实验,建立了高精度矿物组分解释模型。模型结果表明:Herron模型和多元线性回归分析模型均可较好地反映矿物的变化趋势,但Herron模型对于伊利石、钾长石、斜长石、绿泥石及白云石的解释精度较差;而多元线性回归分析模型解释结果与扫描能谱测试结果的误差很小,能够更好地解释出不同类型矿物的含量。利用多元线性回归分析模型解释结果对须二段露头进行高精度岩相解释,精度远高于岩样描述解释的岩相,将岩相细分为6大类14小类,由底部至顶部石英含量逐渐减少,造成底部富石英段孔隙度好于上部层段,露头区有利岩相包括含长石岩屑中粒石英砂岩、含长石岩屑粗粒石英砂岩、含长石中粒石英砂岩、中粒石英砂岩、钙质中粒石英砂岩。

Criteria for defining and recognizing the various orders of sequences in outcrop sequence stratigraphy

The regional distribution in different depositional facies belts is here regarded as an important criterion for defining and recognizing the various orders of sequences. The third-order sequence is possibly global in nature, which may be discerned in different depositional facies belts in one continental margin and can be correlated over long distances, sometimes even worldwide. Commonly, correlation of subsequence (fourth-order sequence with time interval of 0.51.5 Ma) is difficult in different facies belts, although some of them may also be worldwide in distribution. A subsequence should be able to discern and correlate within at least one facies belt. The higher-order sequences, including microsequence (fifth-order sequence) and minisequence (sixth-order sequence), are regional or local in distribution. They may reflect the longer and shorter Milankovitch cycles respectively. Sequence and subsequence are usually recognizable in different facies belts, while microsequence and minisequence may be distinguished only in shallow marine deposits, but not in slope and basin facies deposits. A brief discussion is made on the essential conditions for correct identification of sequences, useful methods of study, and problems meriting special attention in outcrop sequence stratigraphy.

湘渝黔地区奥陶系红色岩溶地貌与沉积作用关系

文章基于野外露头观测、薄片观察、牙形石研究以及X射线衍射分析,从沉积角度探讨了风化作用与湘渝黔地区奥陶系红色岩溶地貌之间的关系。结果表明:同生成岩阶段,大气氧含量的增加,浅海陆棚水底氧化,陆源碎屑中铁离子被氧化形成Fe_(2)O_(3)进入沉积地层,奠定了地貌颜色;受岩相古地理的影响,早中奥陶世大湾期中上扬子地块自西向东岩相存在分带性,岩溶地貌仅出现在以武汉-松滋-松桃-黄平为中心的浅海陆棚碳酸盐岩弧形相带上;沉积微相决定碳酸盐岩孔隙大小与结构影响风化作用,岩石之间差异风化造就地貌凹凸形;米兰科维奇旋回导致牯牛潭组泥质灰岩与生物碎屑泥晶灰岩相互叠置,环潮坪型米级旋回造就出岩溶地貌的韵律性;灰岩中不溶残余物黏土矿物种类及含量暗示其沉积物源与埋藏史的差异,并影响岩层水化膨胀律和抗风化能力。

基于数字露头的多尺度裂缝模型建立及其对地下裂缝预测指导

塔里木盆地台盆区发育大面积的深层碳酸盐岩油气藏,构造裂缝是深层碳酸盐岩油气藏重要的储层渗流通道和储集空间,但受多种地质因素的影响其分布具有强烈的非均质性,目前无一套有效的技术方法解决储层多尺度裂缝定量化表征的难题。利用数字露头技术,建立露头区三维数字模型,并在此基础上开展露头裂缝识别及裂缝参数的定量描述。基于露头裂缝研究成果,对于不同尺度裂缝的发育特点采用不同的建模方法,针对大、中尺度裂缝,分别采用确定性建模方法和基于分维理论的优化融合建模方法;面对小尺度裂缝建模复杂的难题,利用多元信息融合方法融合断层走向模型、距断层距离模型以及地层构造曲率模型建立小尺度裂缝综合发育概率体,以裂缝综合发育概率体为约束,多元数据协同模拟构建小尺度裂缝网络模型。结果表明:在同一网格体系下,将多尺度裂缝模型及构造模型叠加获得露头原型地质模型。将露头原型地质模型研究成果应用于塔里木盆地跃满地区地下储层裂缝建模中,分尺度描述了裂缝产状、密度等主要建模参数,确定了裂缝发育主控因素,并结合井点裂缝分析成果,构建了储层多尺度裂缝网络模型,与单井裂缝解释、生产资料吻合度较好。实例研究表明露头原型地质模型研究成果可以为地下储层裂缝建模提供重要的研究思路和地质依据。

基于数字岩芯的致密砂岩储层孔隙结构精细表征与评价

致密砂岩储层微观孔隙结构十分复杂,定量化表征难度较大。针对此问题,选取陕西榆林市府谷县天生桥二叠系下石盒子组八段的辫状河露头的8个典型样品,利用图像滤波、阈值分割、最大球等效算法等对选取的数字岩芯代表性体积元进行处理。建立了岩样的三维孔隙结构模型以及球棍模型,计算了微观结构参数,定量表征了致密砂岩储层孔喉大小分布及其连通性特征,并结合评价地质方法开展了微观孔隙结构定量评价。研究表明:(1)基于孔隙直径将孔隙分为P1~P44类,分别对应微、小、中和大孔。对差异较大的1号和8号两个典型样品进行详细分析,结果表明1号样品以小孔和中孔为主,8号以中孔为主。(2)基于喉道半径分为R1~R44类,大体对应弯片状、片状型喉道、缩紧型喉道和孔隙缩小型,1号样品以弯片状和片状为主,8号以孔隙缩小型为主。(3)开展了微观孔隙结构定量评价。基于分形维数、形状因子、欧拉数、连通率、视孔隙度和孔喉结构类型等参数,分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ4级对8个样品进行了分级评价,取得了较好的评价效果。因此,数字岩芯技术从其强大的三维成像能力、数据处理能力等验证了能精确定量表征致密砂岩储层三维孔隙结构,可为致密砂岩油气资源评价与产能提供地质依据。

华北唐宋古瓷窑兴起的自然条件:煤系地层出露

为探究华北唐宋著名古瓷窑兴起的自然条件及其实质,收集了54个华北唐宋著名古瓷窑址,综合煤田地质学、地理学和考古学等展开探讨。空间分析揭示这些古瓷窑址均坐落在石炭纪—二叠纪煤系地层边缘出露区,整体呈现“东密西疏”的分布格局。煤系地层出露不仅暴露了煤而且暴露了煤的共伴生矿产——煤系高岭岩;此煤系高岭岩经历百万年级的自然暴露,在空气和水的持续作用下发生了地球化学风化作用,逐渐形成含水凝胶态的高龄泥。研究显示,煤系地层天然出露为泛华北唐宋古瓷窑兴起提供了自然条件,实质是利用天然可塑性的高龄泥直接制胎。