Effects of drip and flood irrigation on carbon dioxide exchange and crop growth in the maize ecosystem in the Hetao Irrigation District,China

Drip irrigation and flood irrigation are major irrigation methods for maize crops in the Hetao Irrigation District,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China.This research delves into the effects of these irrigation methods on carbon dioxide(CO_(2))exchange and crop growth in this region.The experimental site was divided into drip and flood irrigation zones.The irrigation schedules of this study aligned with the local commonly used irrigation schedule.We employed a developed chamber system to measure the diurnal CO_(2)exchange of maize plants during various growth stages under both drip and flood irrigation methods.From May to September in 2020 and 2021,two sets of repeated experiments were conducted.In each experiment,a total of nine measurements of CO_(2)exchange were performed to obtain carbon exchange data at different growth stages of maize crop.During each CO_(2)exchange measurement event,CO_(2)flux data were collected every two hours over a day-long period to capture the diurnal variations in CO_(2)exchange.During each CO_(2)exchange measurement event,the biological parameters(aboveground biomass and crop growth rate)of maize and environmental parameters(including air humidity,air temperature,precipitation,soil water content,and photosynthetically active radiation)were measured.The results indicated a V-shaped trend in net ecosystem CO_(2)exchange in daytime,reducing slowly at night,while the net assimilation rate(net primary productivity)exhibited a contrasting trend.Notably,compared with flood irrigation,drip irrigation demonstrated significantly higher average daily soil CO_(2)emission and greater average daily CO_(2)absorption by maize plants.Consequently,within the maize ecosystem,drip irrigation appeared more conducive to absorbing atmospheric CO_(2).Furthermore,drip irrigation demonstrated a faster crop growth rate and increased aboveground biomass compared with flood irrigation.A strong linear relationship existed between leaf area index and light utilization efficiency,irrespective of the irrigation method.Notably,drip irrigation displayed superior light use efficiency compared with flood irrigation.The final yield results corroborated these findings,indicating that drip irrigation yielded higher harvest index and overall yield than flood irrigation.The results of this study provide a basis for the selection of optimal irrigation methods commonly used in the Hetao Irrigation District.This research also serves as a reference for future irrigation studies that consider measurements of both carbon emissions and yield simultaneously.

Quantitative Analysis of Frosting Characteristics on the Drip Tray of A Cryogenic Valve for LNG Ships

Cryogenic valves play a crucial role in the production and transportation of liquefied natural gas(LNG),and are primarily responsible for efficiently controlling the inflow and outflow of LNG and regulating pressure.However,due to their operation in low-temperature and high-humidity environments,crucial components such as drip trays are susceptible to frosting,which may lead to LNG leakage,thereby causing severe safety incidents.In this study,the user-defined function(UDF)is employed to redevelop Fluent,which integrates the frost growth model with the Eulerian multiphase flow model,to conduct a quantitative analysis of frosting on drip trays of cryogenic valves.The effects of environmental parameters,such as wind speed,ambient temperature,air humidity,and cold surface temperature on the growth of the frost layer were analyzed.This study reveals a limiting wind speed between 1 m/s and 2 m/s.Upon reaching this limit speed,the growth of the frost layer reaches its maximum,and further increases in the wind speed have no significant effect on the growth of the frost layer.Furthermore,the influence of the change in the flow field on droplet impingement and freezing during the growth of the frost layer is considered through the coupling method of the kinematic characteristics of water droplets and the collection coefficient of water droplets.This study identifies the influence of different parameters on the droplet impact efficiency,leading to the modification of the frost layer on the drip tray.

Insights into the mechanism of L-malic acid on drip loss of chicken meat under commercial conditions

Background A deterioration in the meat quality of broilers has attracted much more attention in recent years.L-malic acid(MA)is evidenced to decrease meat drip loss in broilers,but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear.It’s also not sure whether the outputs obtained under experimental conditions can be obtained in a com-mercial condition.Here,we investigated the effects and mechanisms of dietary MA supplementation on chicken meat drip loss at large-scale rearing.Results Results showed that the growth performance and drip loss were improved by MA supplementation.Meat metabolome revealed that L-2-aminoadipic acid,β-aminoisobutyric acid,eicosapentaenoic acid,and nicotinamide,as well as amino acid metabolism pathways connected to the improvements of meat quality by MA addition.The transcriptome analysis further indicated that the effect of MA on drip loss was also related to the proper immune response,evidenced by the enhanced B cell receptor signaling pathway,NF-κB signaling pathway,TNF signaling pathway,and IL-17 signaling pathway.Conclusions We provided evidence that MA decreased chicken meat drip loss under commercial conditions.Metabolome and transcriptome revealed a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms.Together,MA could be used as a promising dietary supplement for enhancing the water-holding capacity of chicken meat.

Integrated network pharmacology and metabolomics to explore the mechanisms of Shenzao dripping pill against chronic myocardial ischemia

Background:Shenzao dripping pill(SZDP)is empirically prescribed for treating cardiac diseases.Nevertheless,there is a lack of comprehensive knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms contributing to its therapeutic effects.The objective of this study is to investigate the underlying mechanism of SZDP against chronic myocardial ischemia(CMI)in a rat model.Methods:In this study,we utilized electrocardiographic and echocardiographic detection along with pathological tissue analysis to evaluate the efficacy of SZDP.The integration of network pharmacology and metabolomics was conducted to investigate the mechanisms.Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were used to validate the binding energy between the compounds of SZDP and the associated targets.Results:The results showed that SZDP was able to improve T wave voltage,reverse CMI abnormalities in ejection fraction and fractional shortening,and restore histopathological heart damage.Metabolomics results indicated that disturbances of metabolic profile in CMI rats were partly corrected after SZDP administration,mainly affecting purine metabolism.13-Docosenamide may be the potential metabolic biomarker of the therapeutic application of SZDP for CMI.Integrating network pharmacology and metabolomics,thiopurine S-methyltransferase(TPMT),xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase(XDH),bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein ATIC(ATIC),and cytochrome p4501A1(CYP1A1)were identified as possible targets of SZDP to exert therapeutic effects by enhancing the metabolic levels of L-Tryptophan,Deoxyribose 1-phosphate and Phosphoribosyl formamidocarboxamide.Conclusion:SZDP has a therapeutic effect on CMI by regulating metabolite levels,acting on the targets of TMPT,XDH,ATIC,and CYP1A1,and reducing cardiomyocyte injury and myocardial fibrosis.

栗钙土田菜用架芸豆根系的建成

水土资源匮乏背景下的农田精准水肥管理,需要以作物根系时空建成规律为基础。本研究结合分层挖掘与扫描成像分析技术,对两种栗钙土田菜用架芸豆不同生育时期的根系生物量、长度、表面积、体积和直径进行了监测和分析。结果表明:两种栗钙土田菜用架芸豆根系生物量的建成规律一致,大致分为缓慢增长、线性增长和缓慢下降3个时期,线性增长期为初花期~结荚盛期,此阶段轻壤质栗钙土田芸豆根系鲜重与干重的日增长速率分别为2.46与0.24 g·2株^(-1),沙壤质栗钙土田分别为1.79与0.20 g·2株^(-1);芸豆根系长度、表面积、体积与根系鲜干重间呈正相关增长。从垂直分布上看,沙壤质栗钙土田芸豆根系分布较浅,82.68%以上的根系分布在0~30 cm土层内;轻壤质栗钙土田芸豆在结荚初期之后86.24%以上的根系分布在0~60 cm土层。从侧向分布上看,轻壤质栗钙土田芸豆全生育期内77%以上的根系分布在植株两侧30 cm范围内,而沙壤质栗钙土田该范围内根系占比随生育期推移呈下降趋势,至结荚末期降至66%以上。根系的等值线图表明,轻壤质栗钙土田芸豆根系的总体分布呈“瘦长型”,沙壤质栗钙土田呈“扁宽型”。本研究为坝上地区菜用架芸豆依根创新水肥高效利用技术奠定了基础。

滴灌次数和滴水量对春小麦产量和水分利用的影响

为探明河套灌区春小麦适宜的高产节水滴灌措施,以巴麦13号为供试材料,在田间设置裂区试验,主区为滴灌次数,副区为3个滴水量(300、450、600 m^(3)·hm^(-2)),以畦灌模式为对照,分析不同滴灌次数和滴水量处理下小麦耗水特性、产量形成及水分利用效率的差异。结果表明,土壤蒸发量从播种—拔节期明显增加,拔节期—灌浆期逐渐减少,灌浆期—成熟期明显增加;小麦生育期耗水量呈先升后降趋势,在分蘖期—拔节期达到最大。随滴灌次数和滴水量的增加,蒸发量和耗水量逐渐增加,小麦产量呈先增后降趋势。相较于对照,少量多次滴灌可显著降低土壤蒸发量和耗水量。生育期滴灌6次、每次300 m^(3)·hm^(-2)处理的灌水量较对照减少50%,耗水量降低了26.3%;产量和水分利用效率则分别提高16.3%和57.6%,差异均显著。河套灌区滴灌小麦高产、高效生产的适宜灌溉措施为分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期、开花期、灌浆初期、灌浆中期进行滴灌,每次滴水量300 m^(3)·hm^(-2)。

Influences of Surface Drip Irrigation on the Growth, Yield and Quality of Several New Species of Guitang Sugarcane

[Objective] This paper discussed the influences of surface drip irrigation on the growth, yield and quality of several new species of Guitang, in order to provide references for the promotion of new species and high-yield cultivation. [Method] One species is planted in each region, and there were two controls dripping technology or no-dripping technology in each region. [Results] The average yield of dripping-pro- cessed land was 115.91 t/hm2, which was 19.73 t/hm2 higher than the control. The maximum output was GT31, followed by GT34. The output of all Guitang new species was higher than the control ROC22. The average sucrose of dripped sug- arcane was 14.68%, which was 0.19% less than the control of 14.83%. The drip- ping technology was economically beneficial, rising by 15.2% compared with the control. The highest dripping efficiency was GT31, while the lowest one was ROC22. The increasing ratios of drip irrigation efficiency of the tested new Guitang species were higher than ROC22. [Conclusions] Under the drip irrigation condition, the sugarcane yield was extremely higher than the control of non-dripping irrigation, and the economic efficiency was significant. However, the sugar in the sugarcane declined slightly. The sensitivity of several new Guitang species to water was higher than the control ROC22.

Effects of Different Irrigation Amounts on Water Consumption and Water Use Efficiency of Dripirrigated Celery

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different irrigation amounts on water consumption and water use efficiency of celery under the condition of drip irrigation, so as to provide a scientific basis for high-yielding, high-quality and highefficiency cultivation and water-saving irrigation of greenhouse celery. Total five irrigation amounts were designed, 117.5 （T1）, 160.0 （T2）, 202.5 （T3）, 245.0 （T4） and 287.5 （CK） mm/hm2, and the effects of different irrigation amounts on yield, water consumption and water use efficiency of celery were studied by plot experiment. The results showed that at the soil depth of 0-40 cm, the soil water storages of different treatments ranked as T3＇s〉T4＇s〉CK＇s〉T2＇s〉T1＇s, and the celery water consumptions ranked as CK＇s〉T4＇s〉T3＇s〉T2＇s〉T1＇s. At the same time, the soil water storage in different treatment group declined with the growth of celery, and finally increased at the harvest period. Among different irrigation amounts, the water use effi- ciency and irrigation water use efficiency all ranked as T1＇s〉T2＇s〉T3＇s〉T4＇s〉CK＇s. The water consumption of celery was positively related to irrigation amount （P〈 0.01）, and was negatively related to water use efficiency （P〈0.01） and irrigation water use efficiency （P〈0.05）. When the irrigation amount was below 253 mm/hm2, the celery yield was positively related to irrigation amount （P〈0.01）. There was also a positive correlation between celery output and irrigation amount. Compared with those of CK, the benefit of the T4 treatment group was equal, and the water consumption was reduced by 14.78%. In high-efficiency solar greenhouse, the irrigation amount of drip-irrigated celery is recommended as 245 mm/hm2.

膜下滴灌减量施肥对甘蔗脱毒原种苗田间繁育效率和养分利用率的影响

本研究探讨不同膜下滴灌减量施肥模式对甘蔗脱毒原种苗生长、繁育效率及肥料利用率的影响,并分析最佳减量施肥模式,旨在为科学指导甘蔗脱毒原种苗田间繁育过程中滴灌施肥技术的应用提供理论依据。在所有对照和处理均配备膜下滴灌系统并进行水分管理的条件下,以空白对照(CK_(0))、常规施肥(CK_(1))为对照,设置1个膜下滴灌施肥处理T_(100)(施肥量同CK_(1))以及3个膜下滴灌减量施肥处理T_(80)、T_(70)和T_(60)(减量施肥20%、30%和40%),对甘蔗脱毒原种苗繁育过程中主要农艺性状、种茎产量、总芽数、繁育效率及养分利用率等指标进行比较分析。研究结果表明:在各项农艺指标中,2022、2023年T_(100)和T_(80)的平均分蘖率略低于CK_(1),但在成茎率、单株芽数、有效茎数方面较CK_(1)均有显著提升。在繁育总种芽数上,T_(100)和T_(80)最高,年平均分别达到(1480.87×10^(3))/hm^(2)和(1477.87×10^(3))/hm^(2),显著高于CK_(1)的(1302.50×10^(3))/hm^(2);T_(70)与CK_(1)间差异不显著;T_(60)最低仅为(1170.53×10^(3))/hm^(2)。在繁育效率方面,原种苗田间繁育倍数T_(100)和T_(80)最高,分别达到66.64倍和66.50倍;其次为T_(70)和CK_(1),繁育倍数为59.61倍和58.61倍;T_(60)繁育倍数最低,为52.67。在繁育收益方面,相较于CK_(0),T_(100)和T_(80)收益增幅最高,分别达到5.82和5.87万元/hm^(2);其次为T_(70),收益增幅为4.19万元/hm^(2),略高于CK_(1)(3.84万元/hm^(2));T_(60)最低,仅为2.51万元/hm^(2)。在肥料投入产出比方面,T_(80)最高,达到1∶21.89,明显高于T_(100)(1∶17.36);CK_(1)最低,为1∶11.45。在肥料利用率方面,所有施肥处理中,氮、磷、钾肥的利用率均为CK_(1)最低。而T_(80)最高,试验平均氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别达到51.57%、27.37%和67.45%,分别较CK_(1)提高了21.21、10.37和23.13个百分点。综上所述,在中等肥力红壤蔗区,采用T_(80)膜下滴灌减量施肥模式,可以同时获得较理想的甘蔗脱毒原种苗繁育效率和收益。

Study on Liquid Special Fertilizer for Drip Irrigation of Sugarcane and Its Irrigation Mode in Guangxi Lateritic Red Soil Region

[Objective] Liquid special fertilizer for drip irrigation of sugarcane was de- veloped and the fertilizer patterns were explored in the production to provide techni- cal support for fertigation production of modern agriculture. [Method] ROC22 was selected as experimental material, two formulas of liquid special fertilizer for sugar- cane developed by the cooperation between Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sci- ences and New Orientation （Guangxi） Chemical Industry Co.,Ltd. were selected, namely, balanced 21-21-21 ~ TE of Xinfangxiang and hyperkalemic 13-6-39-TE of Xinfangxiang. Taking conventional fertilization as the control （CK）, two modes of ap- plying base fertilizer at the earlier stage ＋ fertigation in the tillering stage and ferti- gation in the whole growth period were set. [Result] The two modes of fertilization had not significant effects on the emergence of sugarcane, but applying base fertil- izer at the earlier stage ＋ timely applying water soluble fertilizer in the tillering stage was conducive to the tillering of sugarcane. Harvest results showed that the effects of different treatments on plant height and yield were significant, in which the yield of sugarcane under the treatment of hyperkalemic water-soluble fertilizer increased by 13.04% compared with conventional treatment, and the income increased by 4 500 yuan/hm2, [Conclusion] Liquid special fertilizer for drip irrigation of sugarcane signifi- cantly promoted the growth of sugarcane, moreover, under the same condition, the effect of hyperkalemic water-soluble fertilizer was better.

不同种植模式及滴灌带配置对菠菜产量和水分利用效率的影响

以墨西哥2号为试材,设置撒播(S)、等行距条播(T)、宽窄行条播(TR)3种种植模式,并在宽窄行条播模式下设置1管滴灌3行(TR3)、1管滴灌4行(TR4)、1管滴灌5行(TR5)3种滴灌带配置,研究不同种植模式及滴灌带配置对菠菜生长、产量以及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:宽窄行条播和等行距条播处理的菠菜产量均显著高于撒播处理,水分利用效率也高于撒播处理;宽窄行条播配套1管滴灌3行处理的菠菜成熟期单株叶面积、单株干质量、产量、水分利用效率均最高,品质指标也显著高于其他处理。

基于熵权-TOPSIS综合评价法的苜蓿最适灌溉方式研究

为探求不同灌溉方式对苜蓿的影响并优选最适宜该地区的灌溉方式,本研究以紫花苜蓿为研究对象,通过小区对比试验,探讨新疆乌昌地区3种主要灌溉方式(W1浅埋式滴灌、W2地表滴灌和W3平移式喷灌)对苜蓿生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响,并采用熵权-TOPSIS综合评价法,优选适宜于该地区苜蓿生产的节水灌溉方式。结果表明,W1处理能够有效提高土壤水分含量,在苜蓿生长期内0~60 cm土壤含水量都显著高于W2和W3处理(P<0.05)。W1处理苜蓿三茬总产量最高,为14379.4 kg·hm^(-2),较W2和W3三茬平均灌溉水利用效率分别提高了11.76%、46.15%。W1处理和W2处理三茬相对饲喂价值没有显著差异(P<0.05),其中W1处理三茬平均相对饲喂价值最高为121.3,其营养品质最好。利用熵权-TOPSIS法加权计算相对贴近度Si,最终得出W1处理贴近度最大,为0.522,是本试验中最优的方案,该处理既能获得较高的产量和品质,又能提高水分生产效能。研究表明,浅埋滴灌可以明显提高苜蓿产量和水分利用效率,在水资源短缺的干旱地区可选用浅埋滴灌作为苜蓿适宜的节水灌溉方式。

林业苗圃一体化灌溉技术研究与展望

旨在探究一体化灌溉在林业苗圃的研究现状以及未来的展望,从一体化灌溉的基本理论、应用现状、研究进展和发展趋势等方面进行综述。首先,介绍一体化灌溉的定义和原理,分析一体化灌溉对林木生长和土壤肥力的影响机制。其次,总结一体化灌溉的应用效果和存在问题,如水肥匹配、施肥制度、设备管理等。并概述一体化灌溉在林业苗圃的研究方法和技术,评价一体化灌溉的研究成果和影响。最后,展望一体化灌溉在林业苗圃的发展趋势和前景,如技术创新和优化、应用推广和产业化等。

基于改进NSGA-Ⅱ算法的加压滴灌管网优化设计

【目的】加快滴灌管网技术快速普及,提高管网系统的经济性与可靠性。【方法】以单位面积成本最低为经济目标,以不利节点的富余水头方差为可靠性目标,并考虑实际管网工程投资中的折旧费与运行管理费用建立加压滴灌管网优化设计数学模型,开展优化设计。以新疆某大型灌区内某加压滴灌管网系统为例,采用改进NSGA-Ⅱ算法方法与NSGA-Ⅱ算法对其进行优化。【结果】改进NSGA-Ⅱ算法的Pareto前沿解优于NSGA-Ⅱ算法;相同单位面积成本费用下,改进NSGA-Ⅱ算法求得的管网系统可靠性更高;经50次独立计算,改进NSGA-Ⅱ算法的均匀性指数(0.371)低于NSGA-Ⅱ算法的均匀性指数(0.404);基于改进NSGA-Ⅱ算法求解得到的单位面积成本费用为792.92元/hm^(2),较原工程方案的单位面积成本费用851.89元/hm^(2)降低了6.92%。不利节点的富余水头方差从0.15降至0.06。【结论】改进NSGA-Ⅱ算法的探索能力较NSGA-Ⅱ算法强,能够提供更优的解决方案,得到的优化方案能够同时提高管网系统的经济性和可靠性。

麝香通心滴丸调控HIF-1α/HO-1通路抑制铁死亡缓解心肌缺血再灌注损伤研究

目的:探究麝香通心滴丸(STDP)对心肌缺血再灌注损伤(MIRI)的保护作用及其潜在机制。方法:采用AnaeroPack方法构建H9c2细胞缺氧复氧损伤(H/R)模型以模拟MIRI。将细胞随机分为对照组、模型组和麝香通心滴丸组,分别在不含药或含药的培养液中培养24 h后收集细胞。采用细胞计数试剂盒法(CCK-8)检测细胞增殖与活性,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定细胞上清液乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)水平,荧光探针法检测活性氧(ROS)水平以评估细胞的氧化应激状态,透射电镜(TEM)观察线粒体超微结构变化,Western blot检测低氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)、血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)信号通路相关蛋白的表达水平。结果:麝香通心滴丸在H9c2心肌细胞中未表现出明显细胞毒性,同时在H/R条件下显著抑制了细胞损伤。麝香通心滴丸通过降低ROS生成和LDH释放,显著缓解了H/R诱导的氧化应激。TEM观察显示,与对照组相比,模型组的线粒体呈现明显的萎缩并伴随典型的铁死亡特征,而麝香通心滴丸组的线粒体形态显著改善,趋于正常。进一步通过Western blot检测发现,模型组HIF-1α和HO-1蛋白表达显著上调,而麝香通心滴丸组显著抑制了这些蛋白的过度表达(P<0.05)。结论:麝香通心滴丸可能通过抑制HIF-1α/HO-1信号通路介导的铁死亡,减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤。

覆膜与滴灌对玉米生态系统碳足迹和净生态系统经济效益的影响研究

为探讨不同覆膜和灌溉方式下玉米农田温室气体排放、作物产量、净生态系统经济效益及碳足迹的综合效应,于2021—2022年开展不同覆膜(垄作半膜和垄作无膜)和灌溉方式(滴灌和沟灌)的组合试验,研究其对玉米产量和温室气体排放的影响,并对灌溉水利用效率和施氮部分要素生产率、经济效益和碳足迹进行分析与评估。结果表明,滴灌和覆膜均有效降低了温室气体排放峰值,滴灌处理玉米整个生育期N_(2)O、CH_(4)和CO_(2)平均排放通量分别为0.27~0.51、-0.04~-0.05 mg·m^(-2)·h^(-1)和2 090.98~2 160.71 mg·m^(-2)·h^(-1),较沟灌处理分别降低12.00%~30.30%、7.36%~21.45%和7.48%~11.68%。覆膜处理下N_(2)O、CH_(4)和CO_(2)平均排放通量分别为0.27~0.39、-0.03~-0.47 mg·m^(-2)·h^(-1)和2 090.98~2 290.50 mg·m^(-2)·h^(-1),较不覆膜处理分别降低33.54%~47.35%、4.03%~19.40%和2.57%~6.64%,故垄作半膜滴灌处理的温室气体全球变暖潜势显著低于其他处理(降幅为5.30%~16.89%)。与其他处理相比,垄作半膜滴灌处理的作物产量、作物水分生产力、灌溉水利用效率和施氮部分要素生产率分别增加6.33%~19.83%、6.10%~33.17%、14.72%~45.87%和6.90%~19.44%。滴灌系统的经济效益和净生态系统经济效益分别较沟灌系统增加9.37%~14.85%和43.88%~55.56%,覆膜技术的经济效益和净生态系统经济效益分别较不覆膜处理提升0.90%~5.95%和16.23%~20.88%。滴灌和覆膜均降低了玉米生育期内总碳排放和单位产量碳足迹。综上,垄作半膜滴灌方式在提升玉米产量和经济效益的同时,显著减少了温室气体的全球变暖潜势和碳足迹,是较为理想的玉米种植方式。

沙地地下滴灌不同灌溉量对苜蓿产量及品质的影响

该文研究沙地地下滴灌不同灌溉量对苜蓿产量及品质的影响,以期为沙地苜蓿节水高效生产提供技术参考。利用地下滴灌系统设置5个灌溉梯度,分别测定播种当年和第2年苜蓿株高、干草产量、鲜草产量及粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维等营养品质。结果表明,当灌水定额在20 mm时株高表现最好;灌水定额在25 mm时,鲜草产量、干草产量、酸性洗涤纤维表现最好;灌水定额在30 mm时,粗蛋白和中性洗涤纤维表现最好。综合节水、高产优质因素,建议沙地苜蓿地下滴灌灌水定额20~25 mm,结合土壤墒情,每茬灌水次数2~3次。

Effects of Irrigation Water Quality and Drip Tape Arrangement on Soil Salinity,Soil Moisture Distribution,and Cotton Yield (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Under Mulched Drip Irrigation in Xinjiang,China

More and more attention is being focused on saline water utilization in irrigation due to the shortage of fresh water to agriculture in many regions. For purpose of reducing the risks of using of saline water for irrigation, the mechanism of soil moisture and salinity distribution and transport should be well understood for developing optimum management strategies. In this paper, field experiments were carried out at Junggar Basin, China, to study the effects of drip irrigation water quality and drip tape arrangement on distribution of soil salinity and soil moisture. Six treatments were designed, including two drip tape arrangement modes and three irrigation water concentration levels （0.24, 4.68, and 7.42 dS m^-l）. Results showed that, soil moisture content （SMC） directly beneath the drip tape in all treatments kept a relatively high value about 18% before boll opening stage; the SMC in the narrow strip in single tape arrangement （Ms） plot was obviously lower than that in the double tapes arrangement （Md） plot, indicating that less sufficient water was supplied under the same condition of irrigation depth, but there was no significant reduction in yield. Mulching had not significant influence on salt accumulation but the drip tape arrangement, under the same condition of irrigation water depth and quality, compared with Md, Ms reduced salt accumulation in root zone and brought about relatively high cotton yield.

Drip Irrigation Scheduling for Tomato Grown in Solar Greenhouse Based on Pan Evaporation in North China Plain

This study has investigated the suitable drip irrigation scheduling for tomato grown in solar greenhouse based on 20-cm pan evaporation （Epan） in North China Plain. Irrigation treatments included three irrigation frequencies （11 10, 12 20 and 13 30 mm, and irrigation interval of 2-6 d for 11, 4-9 d for 12 and 8-12 d for 13） based on accumulated pan evaporation （Epan）, and four plant-pan coefficients （Kcp1 0.5, Kcp2 0.7, Kcp3 0.9 and Kcp4 1.1）. Results indicate that total irrigation amount, seasonal crop evapotranspiration （ET） and tomato yield （Y） were 185.1-365.8 mm, 249.1-388.0 mm and 99.6-151.8 t ha^-1, respectively. Irrigation frequency and amount increased the yield, and second-degree polynomial relationship was found between Y and ET （R2=0.8671）. Irrigation frequency did not increase mean fruit weight, diameter and length significantly but increased fruit number, total soluble solids content （TSS）, TSS yield, fruit firmness and water use efficiency （WUE） and irrigation WUE （IWUE） significantly. Irrigation amount increased external quality of tomato but reduced TSS content, TSS yield, fruit firmness, WUE and IWUE significantly. Kep3 and gep4 treatments had the highest fruit yield, but Kep2 and Kep3 treatments had the highest WUE. 11Kcp3 treatment （irrigation interval of 2-6 d, and Kop=0.9） had higher IWUE, WUE, external quality, yield, and TSS yield, so it is recommended as the suitable irrigation scheduling for tomato grown in solar greenhouse in North China Plain.

滴灌水肥调控技术对河西走廊梨树生长土壤环境及果实品质的影响

为解决河西走廊灌区经济林栽培中施肥量大、水分利用效率不高的问题,以早酥梨为研究对象,采用膜下滴管水盐调控模式,在张掖市林业科学研究院梨良种栽培基地进行大田滴灌试验。设置9组水肥处理试验,包括3种灌水梯度(灌水定额3750、4500、5250 m~3/hm~2)和3种肥料(有机肥、水溶性固体肥料、微生物菌肥),以实际生产大水漫灌、磷酸二铵正常施肥量作为对照,在生长期内对梨树生长及其果实品质各指标进行分析,研究了不同水肥组合处理对梨树根系不同土层有机质含量、土壤盐分分布和新梢生长、品质等代表性指标的影响。结果表明:(1)各处理对土壤有机质含量、土壤盐分、梨树生长指标、果品品质等指标影响差异不显著,但均比CK更具有优势;(2)随着滴灌次数的增多,土壤有机质含量呈增长的趋势;F_2处理土壤有机质含量最高,均值达5.33 g/kg,比CK高1.28%,F_1处理土壤有机质含量较CK高0.54%,F_3处理土壤有机质含量较CK高0.24%;(3)水肥调控对土壤盐分有显著的影响,各处理土壤各层浸提液电导率均值呈逐渐降低的趋势;F_1、F_2和F_3处理土壤浸提液电导率均值较CK分别降低了6.22%、8.21%和4.90%,其中F_2处理的降低幅度最大;(4)各处理对枝条生长长度和果实品质均具有积极影响作用,最优处理组合为G_2F_2。综上所述,灌溉定额为4500 m~3/hm~2、水溶性固体肥料为5000 kg/hm~2、生长期内灌水7次、施肥2次为最优组合,可为河西走廊灌区梨树栽培最佳水肥管理模式提供一定的参考。