Optimal coordination of directional over current relays using evolutionary programming

Co-ordination of directional over current relays(DOCR) requires the selection and setting of relays so as to sequentially isolate only that portion of the power system where an abnormality has occurred.The problem of coordinating protective relays in electrical power systems consists of selecting suitable settings such that their fundamental protective function is met,given operational requirements of sensitivity,selectivity,reliability and speed.Directional over current relays are best suited for protection of an interconnected sub-station transmission system.One of the major problems associated with this type of protection is the difficulty in coordinating relays.To insure proper coordination,all the main/back up relay pairs must be determined.This paper presents an effective algorithm to determine the minimum number of break points and main/back up relay pairs using relative sequence matrix(RSM).A novel optimization technique based on evolutionary programming was developed using these main/back up relay pairs for directional over current relay coordination in multi-loop networks.Since the problem has multi-optimum points,conventional mathematics based optimization techniques may sometimes fail.Hence evolutionary programming(EP) was used,as it is a stochastic multi-point search optimization algorithm capable of escaping from the local optimum problem,giving a better chance of reaching a global optimum.The method developed was tested on an existing 6 bus,7 line system and better results were obtained than with conventional methods.

Analysis and design of over-current limit control strategies applied in aeronautical power supplies

Some Over-Current Limit Control strategies are analyzed and designed to meet the demands of high reliability and rapid dynamic response in the aeronautical power supply applications. The control schemes are both effective in DC-DC converters and DC-AC converters. Controller models are set up, and the over-current limit operation principles of analogy and digital control are analyzed too. An 800VA aeronautical power supply has been constructed to verify the performance of the proposed control strategy in various cases such as the sudden load change and the constant load. The analysis and experiments confirm the advantages of the proposed over-current limit strategies as follows: simple,effective and reliable.

Coordination of Overcurrent Relay in Distributed System for Different Network Configuration

This paper presents a study on protection coordination of over current relays (OCRs) in a distributed system by considering its different operating modes. Two different case studies which are considered in present work for protection coordination include: (i) DG interfaced distribution system in grid connected mode and (ii) DG interfaced distribution system in islanded mode of operation. The proposed approach is tested on the Canadian urban benchmark distribution system consisting of 9 buses. On the occurrence of fault, level of fault current changes which in turn changes the operating time of various OCRs. Therefore, it is important to calculate and suggest method of the relay setting in order to minimize the operating time of relays and also to avoid its mal-operation. In this paper, the protection scheme is optimally designed by taking into account the above mentioned conditions. The operating time of relays can be decreased and, at the same time, coordination can be maintained by considering the optimum values of time dial setting (TDS). Genetic Algorithm (GA) has been used for determining the optimum values of TDS and hence operating time.

黑龙江省15岁及以上人群电子烟使用现状分析

目的了解黑龙江省15岁及以上人群电子烟使用现状,为及时更新黑龙江省烟草控制策略提供数据支持。方法于2020年采用多阶段分层概率抽样法,抽取全省15岁及以上常住居民,利用平板电脑进行面对面问卷调查。使用SAS 9.3及SPSS 19.0统计软件进行数据清洗,并对电子烟使用比例、知晓率、知晓途径等指标进行分析。结果本次调查共收集有效个人问卷6608份。共有41.5%的15岁及以上人群听说过电子烟,其中65.0%通过朋友知晓电子烟,其次是通过电视(54.3%)和互联网(43.9%);曾经使用过、12个月内使用过、现在使用电子烟的比例分别为3.9%、1.4%、0.8%;电子烟的主要获取途径是网上购物(40.3%),其次为他人给予(36.1%);使用电子烟的主要原因是为了戒烟(49.6%),其次是认为电子烟危害小、身边的其他人在使用、觉得时尚,分别占比18.9%、12.5%、9.6%。结论黑龙江省有部分15岁及以上人群通过不同途径知晓电子烟,现在使用电子烟的比例不高,仍需在宣传传统卷烟危害的同时,增加电子烟危害知识的宣传内容。

适配变压器全档位切换暂态分析的有载分接开关电路模型构建

有载分接开关(on-loadtap-changer,OLTC)是换流变压器的核心组件,其可靠切换过程关乎换流变的安全。然而目前国内在运特高压换流变用OLTC完全依赖进口,仿真获取OLTC不同运行状态的暂态特性数据是支撑OLTC关键电气参数设计与国产化制造的基础。经典的OLTC模型仅改变变压器变比或仅模拟单级档位切换过程,难以满足全档位电压调整与各级档位暂态特性数据同步获取的需求,导致OLTC设计优化、参数选型及故障分析缺乏足够的仿真数据支持。该文首先以真空OLTC为研究对象建立切换开关和极性开关等效电路模型,根据OLTC复杂的调压功能建立分层控制系统。其次,在PSCAD中搭建交流仿真系统,获取有载调压过程的暂态特性数据波形,与解析计算得到的电压和电流相比误差小于0.2%,证明该模型满足OLTC电磁暂态仿真研究的精度要求。最后,开展循环调压仿真,获得负载电压数据与波形。结果表明:该文提出的OLTC模型能够接收外部控制信号,进行全档位调压与极性转换仿真分析,能够为OLTC的调压研究、故障溯源分析和过渡电阻设计选型等提供基础模型。

基于临界超标样本扩充的数据驱动短路电流超标精准校验方法

短路电流超标校验中,针对现有技术在临界超标场景下存在计算精度不足、易误判的缺陷,提出一种基于临界超标样本扩充的数据驱动短路电流超标精准校验方法。首先,在短路电流领域首次采用生成对抗网络(generative adversarial networks,GAN)产生与蒙特卡洛模拟具有相同效力的大量样本,再筛选其中的临界超标样本;其次,设计了一种临界超标占比高、非临界超标占比低的新型样本构成方式,据此融合GAN生成临界超标样本与蒙特卡洛仿真样本以形成数据驱动样本集;继而,采用数据驱动的代表性回归算法LightGBM开展短路电流超标校验;最后,仿真结果表明所提方法能有效提高短路电流超标的校验准确度,相比其他物理计算方法和数据驱动方法具有更高效率和计算精度,以及更快的计算速度。

可编程双重过压过流保护电路设计

基于保护后端负载电路稳定运行的目的,采用过压过流保护芯片PW1555作为第一级保护电路,微控制器HC32F005与功耗监测芯片INA3221联合构成第二级保护电路的设计方法,实现了可编程双重过压过流保护功能,通过调整保护电路输入电压和保护电路后端负载的方式进行过压过流保护实验,实验结果表明,可编程双重过压过流保护电路的过压阈值误差小于0.750 9%,过流阈值误差小于1.07%,同时微控制器具备IAP升级功能,可通过串口升级进行固件更新与维护。

一种过流与过压保护电路的设计方法

根据机载电台电源设计要求,为避免在负载过流或过压时损坏,提升电路可靠性,需对电源部分增加保护功能。本文设计了一种具有过流与过压保护功能的电路方案,硬件部分由电流转换电路、跟随电路、迟滞比较电路、驱动电路组成。软件部分由FPGA实现软滤波保护功能。与传统保护功能相比,实现了发生故障时自动控制关断和恢复功能,使机载电台电源的设计得到了提升,满足了过流、过压使用要求,降低了因过流或过压导致负载损坏风险。

一种用于低压差稳压器的过流保护电路

提出了一种用于低压差稳压器的过流保护电路,该过流保护电路基于SMIC 180 nm CMOS工艺,采用1.8 V供电电源,在不影响原有LDO功率管管压降的同时,提高了输出电流的采样精度,限制LDO功率管的最大输出电流及LDO输出电压过低时降低功率管的电流输出。达到过流限后,负载电流与功耗下降比成正相关,负载电流越大,整体功耗下降越多。随着负载电流的增加,至触发电流折返之前,功耗下降比由0%开始逐渐提高至20%~30%;电流开始折返后,功耗下降比由20%~30%开始逐渐提高至99%。在负载电流未达到电流折返的临界点时,LDO瞬态性能不受影响;在负载电流达到电流折返临界点时,输出电压下降约500 mV,但其余瞬态性能不受影响。

超大功率国产变频器在芳烃装置中的应用

石化企业连续生产的高危特性,对重要设备安全稳定要求极高,多数企业在设计大型驱动时,首先需要对汽轮机组配套方案进行设计。伴随着各地供电能力和稳定性的提高,加之国家从节能角度对热电产业的调控,近年来较多的新建项目陆续尝试变频电驱方案。本文主要就芳烃装置丙烯压缩机驱动用电动机配套大型国产变频器的应用与业内同行做交流与分享。

变频器过流故障问题分析

针对船用变频器过流故障,通过构建故障树,从位置采样异常、电流检测异常等底事件对问题发生的根本原因进行分析,根据分析结果采取有效措施,验证了分析过程的有效性。

浅析大功率电动机起动与变压器容量的匹配

针对苏州某工厂的冷冻机设备起动过程中发生高压柜跳闸事故及安徽滁州某家电园大型冷冻机起动和运行过程中出现变压器过载事故,分析了这两个事故,发生事故的根本原因在于大型电动机的起动功率和变压器容量选择不相匹配。提出合理选择变压器容量并与大功率电动机设备功率相匹配,提高电动机电压供电等级,降低软起动器的起动设定上限值等预防技术措施,避免此类事故再次发生。

微细电铸Over-plating成型过程的数值模拟与实验研究

微细电铸的Over-plating过程对电铸成型金属器件的质量有直接影响。通过有限元方法对微细电铸过程的电场进行建模分析,利用迭代边界法对Over-plating动态过程的阴极电流密度分布进行数值模拟;通过对直径300μm、深100μm微孔结构的电铸实验,得到了不同时间下Over-plating过程的电铸层形貌;实验结果与数值模拟有着很好的一致性,表明基于有限元的迭代边界分析方法是合理的,也为后续对微细电铸Over-plating成型过程的定量分析提供了参考。

The Study on New Solid-State Breaker and Its Over-voltage Suppression Technique

A design scheme of the intelligent SSB (Solid State Breaker) based on the IGCT (Integrated Gate Commutated Thyris- tor) is presented. The topology of switch module and the structure of the SSB are proposed. Firstly, to the IGCT’s over-voltage sensitivity problem, a new technique of reducing the over-voltage is introduced, which releases the elect romantics energy of faulty line by a capacitive current branch to reduce the amplitude of over-voltage. Secondly, the principle of over-voltage suppression with current release branch is analyzed, and the overall control scheme of solid- state breaker is put forward. Finally, the simulation results also demonstrate its obvious effectiveness in over-voltage suppression after adding a current release branch into the SSB.

Reversal current observed in micro-and submicro-channel flow under non-continuous DC electric field

In practical applications of biochips and bio-sensors, electrokinetic mechanisms are commonly employed to manipulate and analyze the characteristics of single bio-molecules. To accurately and flexibly control the movement of single molecule within micro-/submicro-fluidic channels, the characteristics of current signals at the initial stage of the flow are systematically studied based on a three-electrode system. The current response of micro-/submicro-fluidic channels filled with different electrolyte solutions in non-continuous external electric field are investigated. It is found, there always exists a current reversal phenomenon, which is an inherent property of the current signals in micro/submicro-fluidics Each solution has an individual critical voltage under which the steady current value is equal to zero The interaction between the steady current and external applied voltage follows an exponential function. All these results can be attributed to the overpotentials of the electric double layer on the electrodes. These results are helpful for the design and fabrication of functional micro/nano-scale fluidic sensors and biochips.

巨型水轮发电机中性点新型接地方式分析

水轮发电机采用的主流接地方式为经消弧线圈接地和经配电变压器高阻接地两种方式,但随着发电机容量的增加,这两种接地方式难以同时将故障电流和暂态过电压控制在标准范围内。文中以某水电站巨型水轮发电机为对象,对电阻加补偿电抗的新型组合接地方式进行研究。首先通过理论分析得到“电阻—电抗”串联、“电阻—电抗”并联接地方式在短路电流限值下电阻、电抗的取值区间,其次建立MATLAB/Simulink仿真模型对4种不同接地方式下的暂态过电压进行计算。结果表明:相同短路电流限值下,“电阻—电抗”并联的接地方式抑制暂态过电压的效果好于“电阻—电抗”串联的接地方式,可以将其限制在标准范围内。采用并联接地方式时会使脱谐度减小,但位移过电压增大。本研究可以为巨型水轮发电机中性点的接地方式提供参考。

一种基于开关电源的过流保护电路

文章设计一种基于谷值限流方式的过流保护电路,利用整流开关管自身导通阻抗进行采样,通过正负电压叠加的方式消除工艺偏差对限流阈值的影响。采用0.18μm的BCD(bipolar-CMOS-DMOS)工艺进行设计,电路结构简单、精确度高、响应速度快。在Cadence软件的Spectre环境下进行仿真验证,该电路对电源电压和温度变化引起的过流阈值偏移有很强的抑制能力,在3~6 V的电源电压和-55~125℃的温度范围内,过流阈值的最大误差仅为3.5%,传输延时仅为28 ns。

水轮机转轮参数优化研究

通过分析水轮机转轮流态,确定不同流态下水轮机工作状态。通过计算叶栅前后速度差,确定转轮过流截面平均速度,在相同的单位转速及效率条件下,分析过流能力与单位流量之间的关系,以此优化水轮机叶栅稠密度。分析叶片扭角、单位转速与单位流量之间的关系,确定轮缘及轮毂截面相对半径,以此优化叶片扭角参数。计算转轮圆柱截面轴向速度,优化叶片厚度参数。由仿真实验结果可知,该方法在轮毂空蚀和桨叶空蚀情况下,水轮机最终运行速度比优化前分别快2.2和6.1 m/s,具有较好的优化效果。

变频载荷供电系统中的典型过流故障影响分析

针对变频调速系统传输线特性对变频电机供电系统故障特性的影响,文中通过对含变频器和不含变频器两类供电系统分别进行Matlab/Simulink建模仿真,分析了两相短路、三相短路和电机堵转三种最为典型的过流故障,通过对比过流故障下的时域波形及技术指标揭示了变频器引入对电流波形和故障响应速度造成的影响。仿真结果表明:两相短路发生时变频器引入了新的高频谐波,堵转故障和三相短路发生时,系统不会出现新的高频谐波。短路故障发生时含变频器的系统具有更为剧烈的瞬态响应以及更高的调节时间,电流突变峰值甚至达到未装设避雷器时的3倍以上。研究填补了传输线特性对变频电机供电系统故障特性影响的研究空白,对于提升供电系统整体安全性和故障监测系统的可靠性具有重要理论参考价值。

多路电磁阀及比例阀驱动接口复用的设计与实现

电磁阀的驱动信号通常是开关量(高电平阀门开通、低电平关断),比例阀的驱动信号通常是脉宽调制(PWM),驱动电流一般在3 A甚至更大。文中设计一种基于数字信号处理器(DSP)TMS320F28335的电磁阀、比例阀驱动系统,创新地设计使用隔离电源模块替代半桥驱动芯片自举电容的方式,实现电磁阀、比例阀驱动接口复用,即一个接口既可以输出开关量信号,也可以输出PWM信号。所设计系统可以驱动多路电磁阀或比例阀,以4路输出驱动接口为例,设计一种基于互锁电路的每一支路硬件过流保护,各支路经过并入串出移位器将其过流状态输入给DSP。试验结果表明,系统不仅占用接口资源少,而且占用片上资源少,具有可靠性和稳定性高等特点,对于片上资源紧缺的项目具有较高的实用价值。