Analysis of Oxygen Consumption in Lead and Zinc Metallurgy

This article analyzes the role of oxygen in lead zinc metallurgy,including shortening the metallurgical process,promoting energy conservation and environmental protection,improving metallurgical strength,enhancing raw material adaptability,and enhancing comprehensive recovery efficiency.This article introduces different lead zinc metallurgical processes and their oxygen consumption characteristics,including oxygen enriched side blowing lead smelting,oxygen bottom blowing lead smelting,oxygen enriched top blowing lead smelting,flash smelting lead,oxygen pressure leaching zinc smelting,and atmospheric pressure oxygen leaching zinc smelting.It is pointed out that oxygen enhanced metallurgy is the direction for the transformation and upgrading of lead zinc metallurgy.

Oxidation of Fe-Cr-Ni Alloys in a Low Oxygen Partial Pressure Atmosphere to Mitigate Coke Formation

Anti-coking oxide films were prepared on a 25Cr35Ni and 35Cr45Ni alloy surface under the low oxygen partialpressure atmosphere of a H2-H2O mixture. The composition and phase structure of the oxide films were analyzed by energydispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The anti-cokingperformance of a mini tube made of a HP40 (25Cr35Ni) alloy was evaluated on a bench scale pyrolysis and coking test unit.The results showed that the surface Fe and Ni content decreased after the oxidation of the two alloys in a low oxygen partialpressure atmosphere. The oxide films were mainly composed of MnCr_(2)O_(4) and Cr_(2)O_(3). The average mass of coke in the minitube with oxide film decreased by 87% relative to that of a tube without an oxide film when the cracking temperature was 900℃. The ethylene, propylene, and butadiene yields in the pyrolysis tests were almost the same for the mini tubes withand without an oxide film. The oxide film on the alloy surface effectively inhibited catalytic filamentous coke formation.An industrial test showed that the run length of the cracking furnace with the in-situ coating technology was significantlyextended.

Efficacy of Huangma Ding or autologous platelet-rich gel for the diabetic lower extremity arterial disease patients with foot ulcers

BACKGROUND Diabetes foot is one of the most serious complications of diabetes and an important cause of death and disability,traditional treatment has poor efficacy and there is an urgent need to develop a practical treatment method.AIM To investigate whether Huangma Ding or autologous platelet-rich gel(APG)treatment would benefit diabetic lower extremity arterial disease(LEAD)patients with foot ulcers.METHODS A total of 155 diabetic LEAD patients with foot ulcers were enrolled and divided into three groups:Group A(62 patients;basal treatment),Group B(38 patients;basal treatment and APG),and Group C(55 patients;basal treatment and Huangma Ding).All patients underwent routine follow-up visits for six months.After follow-up,we calculated the changes in all variables from baseline and determined the differences between groups and the relationships between parameters.RESULTS The infection status of the three groups before treatment was the same.Procalcitonin(PCT)improved after APG and Huangma Ding treatment more than after traditional treatment and was significantly greater in Group C than in Group B.Logistic regression analysis revealed that PCT was positively correlated with total amputation,primary amputation,and minor amputation rates.The ankle-brachial pressure and the transcutaneous oxygen pressure in Groups B and C were greater than those in Group A.The major amputation rate,minor amputation rate,and total amputation times in Groups B and C were lower than those in Group A.CONCLUSION Our research indicated that diabetic foot ulcers(DFUs)lead to major amputation,minor amputation,and total amputation through local infection and poor microcirculation and macrocirculation.Huangma Ding and APG were effective attreating DFUs.The clinical efficacy of Huangma Ding was better than that of autologous platelet gel,which may be related to the better control of local infection by Huangma Ding.This finding suggested that in patients with DFUs combined with coinfection,controlling infection is as important as improving circulation.

Extracting vanadium from stone-coal by oxygen pressure acid leaching and solvent extraction

Vanadium extraction from stone-coal was investigated by oxygen pressure acid leaching and solvent extraction.The mineralogy of the stone-coal from Tongren City of Guizhou Province,China,was investigated by various determination methods. The effects of leaching time,leaching temperature,leaching agent concentration,leaching L/S ratio,granularity of material,additive consumption were investigated based on the mineralogy.The results show that under the conditions of leaching time of 3-4 h, temperature of 150℃,sulfuric acid consumption of 25%?30%,ratio of liquid to solid of 1.2:1,the granularity less than 0.074 mm, additive consumption of 3%-5%,and oxygen pressure of 1.2 MPa,and the vanadium leaching rate can be more than 92%by the method of two-step pressurized acid leaching.The powdery V2O5 product with 99.52%in V2O5 content is obtained by the flowsheet of acid recovery,removing iron by reduction process,solvent extraction,precipitating vanadium with ammonium water,and pyrolysis from the stone-coal oxygen pressure acid-leaching solution.The total recovery efficiency of vanadium is above 85%,which is more than 20%higher than that obtained in the conventional process.Furthermore,the new process does not cause air pollution since no HCl or Cl2 is released by calcination of the raw material.

An investigation of oxygen pressure acid leaching of Gacun complex Cu-Pb bulk concentrate

The treatment of the Gacun complex Cu-Pb bulk concentrate with high Zn,Ag,etc.,by oxygen pressure acid leaching was studied.The pri-mary copper and leadminerals in the concentrate are tetrahedrite and galena.The treatment of tetrahedrite was rarely studied,and most of silver occurred in themineral too.The optimum operating parameters of oxygen pressure acid leaching were established by conditional tests.Under these parameters,the result of pilot scale test showed that the leaching percentages of copper and zinc were separately as high as 98.9 wt.% and 94.9 wt.%,while lead and silver were transformed into sulfate and sulfide precipitations,respectively.The copper and zinc in lixivium were reclaimed by extraction-electrowinning and purification-electrowinning,respectively,and the lead and silver in the residue were reclaimed separately by carbonate transformation-silicofluoric acid leaching and thiourea leaching.

Effect of oral garlic on arterial oxygen pressure in children with hepatopulmonary syndrome

AIM： To study the effect of oral garlic on arterial oxygen pressure in children with hepatopulmonary syndrome, METHODS： Garlic powder in a capsule form was given to 15 children with hepatopulmonary syndrome （confirmed by contrast echocardiography） at the dosage of 1 g/1.73 m^2 per day. Patients were evaluated clinically and by arterial blood gas every four weeks. RESULTS： The garlic capsule was administered to 15 patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome. There were 10 boys and 5 girls with a mean age of 9.4 ± 3.9 years. The underlying problems were biliary tract atresia （4 patients）, autoimmune hepatitis （4 patients）, cryptogenic cirrhosis （4 patients） and presinusoidal portal hypertension （3 patients）. Eight patients （53.3%） showed an increase of 10 mmHg in their mean arterial oxygen pressure. The baseline PaO2 was 65.6 ± 12.1 mmHg in the responder group and 47.1 ± 11.2 mmHg in nonresponder group. At the end of treatment the mean PaO2 in responders and non-responders was 92.2 ± 7.75 mmHg and 47.5 ± 11.87 mmHg, respectively （P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Garlic may increase oxygenation and improve dyspnea in children with hepatopulmonary syndrome.

Effect of ambient oxygen pressure on structural, optical and electrical properties of SnO_2 thin films

PolycrystaUine SnO2 thin films were deposited on sapphire substrates at 450℃ under different ambient oxygen pressures by pulsed laser deposition technique. The effect of ambient oxygen pressure on the structural, optical and electrical properties of SnO2 thin films was studied. X-my diffraction and Hall measurements show that increasing the ambient oxygen pressure can improve crystallization of the films and decrease resistivity of the films. A violet emission peak centered at 409 nm was observed from photoluminescence measurements for SnO2 films under deposition ambient oxygen pressure above 5 Pa, which is related to the improvement of crystalline of the films.

Influence of oxygen partial pressure on properties of N-doped ZnO films deposited by magnetron sputtering

N-doped ZnO films were radio frequency(RF)sputtered on glass substrates and studied as a function of oxygen partial pressure(OPP)ranging from 3.0×10-4 to 9.5×10-3 Pa.X-ray diffraction patters confirmed the polycrystalline nature of the deposited films.The crystalline structure is influenced by the variation of OPP.Atomic force microscopy analysis confirmed the agglomeration of the neighboring spherical grains with a sharp increase of root mean square(RMS)roughness when the OPP is increased above 1.4×10-3 Pa.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed that the incorporation of N content into the film is decreased with the increase of OPP,noticeably N 1s XPS peaks are hardly identified at 9.5×10-3 Pa.The average visible transmittance(380-700 nm) is increased with the increase of OPP(from～17%to 70%),and the optical absorption edge shifts towards the shorter wavelength.The films deposited with low OPP(≤3.0×10-4 Pa)show n-type conductivity and those deposited with high OPP(≥9.0×10-4 Pa)are highly resistive(>105Ω·cm)

Oxygen pressure leaching-flotation joint process for Jinbaoshan platinum group minerals

An oxygen pressure leaching-flotation joint process was proposed to treat Jinbaoshan platinum group minerals to produce a desired concentrate. The result demonstrates that leaching parameters which include particle size, stirring speed, liquid-solid ratio, and the dosage of calcium lignosulfonate, simultaneously affect the leaching rates of base metals and the recovery of platinum group metals (PGMs). The complete dissolution of base metals sulfides leads to a reduction in the amount of flotation carrier for enriching PGMs, decreasing the recovery of PGMs. The optimum leaching conditions are determined as follows: liquid-solid ratio of 10 mL/g, 73% occupancy of ore particle size below 0.043 mm, stirring speed of 400 r/min, and 0.6 g dosage of calcium lignosulfonate. Under optimal conditions, the leaching rates of Cu, Ni and Fe are 87.6%, 87.6% and 90.3%, respectively. The grade of PGMs enriched in the flotation concentrate is 420 g/t through the flotation technology.

Recovery of gallium from zinc concentrate by pressure oxygen leaching

Zinc concentrate with high gallium content is one of the main resources of gallium.The gallium presents in the form of isomorphism in tetrahedron coordination with sulfur in sphalerite.The research was to investigate the amenability of zinc concentrate with high gallium to pressure oxygen leaching.The particle size,sulfuric acid concentration,oxygen partial pressure,additive amount,and time of reaction were studied.The extraction yields of gallium and zinc are 86%and 98%,respectively.The optimal condition is 100 g of zinc concentrate with particle size smaller than 38 lm,sulfuric acid concentration150 g L-1,leaching temperature 150℃,leaching time120 min,oxygen partial pressure 0.7 MPa,additive amount of 0.2 wt%.

The Effect of Oxygen Partial Pressure during Active Layer Deposition on Bias Stability of a-InGaZnO TFTs

The effect of oxygen partial pressure （Po2） during the channel layer deposition on bias stability of amorphous indium-gallium-zinc oxide （a-IGZO） thin film transistors （TFTs） is investigated. As Po2 increases from 10% to 30%, it is found that the device shows enhanced bias stress stability with significantly reduced threshold voltage drift under positive gate bias stress. Based on the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement, the concentration of oxygen vacancies （Or） within the a-IGZO layer is suppressed by increasing Po2. Meanwhile, the low-frequency noise analysis indicates that the average trap density near the channel/dielectric interface continuously drops with increasing Po2. Therefore, the improved interface quality with increasing Po2 during the channel layer deposition can be attributed to the reduction of interface Ov-related defects, which agrees with the enhanced bias stress stability of the a-IGZO TFTs.

Influence of oxygen pressure on critical current density and magnetic flux pinning structures in YBa_2 Cu_3 O_(7-x) fabricated by chemical solution deposition

This paper studies the effect of oxygen partial pressure on the fabrication of YBa2Cu307-x films on （00/） LaAIO3 substrates by metalorganic deposition using trifluoroacetates （TFA-MOD）. As the oxygen partial pressure increases to 1500 Pa, a great increase in the superconducting properties is observed at high magnetic fields parallel to the YBCO c axis. The cross-sectional transmission electron microscope images show that a high density of stacking faults in the size range of 10-15 nm may act as flux pinning centres to enhance the critical current density of the YBCO films

Influence of Ambient Gas and Oxygen Pressure on Nd∶LuVO_4 Films Grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition

The （ 200 ） dominated Nd： LuVO4 films were fabricated successfully on polished SlOE under different ambient gases and different oxygen pressures. By XRD, it is shown that a film with good crystallization is deposited under oxygen and the optimal pressure is 20 Pa. The surface morphology of Nd：LuVO4 films was observed by AFM, and it is found that oxygen pressure influences the surface morphology of Nd ：LuVO4 films. The ratio of content of Nd：LuVO4 films was estimated according to the yields of Lu and V by using RBS spectra, this ratio is in good agreement with the target composition. The effective index refractive of every mode is 2.0044, 1.7098, measured by prism coupler method.

Oxygen pressure acid leaching of Gacun complex Cu concentrates

The treatment of the Gacun complex Cu concentrate with high contents of Pb,Zn,Ag,etc by oxygen pressure acid leaching was studied.It is unusual that tetrahedrite,whose treatment was rarely studied,is the primary copper mineral of the concentrates.Most of silver also occurs in the mineral.The optimum operating parameters of oxygen pressure acid leaching were established by conditional tests.Pilot scale test was carried out under the parameters,and the leaching rates of copper and zinc are as high as 97.10% and 89.83% while lead and silver are transformed into sulfate and sulfide respectively and stay in leaching residue.The copper and zinc in lixivium were reclaimed by extraction-electrowinning and purification-electrowinning,respectively,and the lead and silver in the residue were reclaimed separately by chloride leaching and thiourea leaching.The extraction rate of copper achieves 96%,and the leaching rates of lead and silver reach 90% and 95%,respectively.

Influence of moderate hypothermia on cerebral oxygenation in pigs with intracranial hypertension

BACKGROUND： Moderate hypothermia is one of the effective therapeutic methods for head injury in recent years, there are many mechanisms of moderate hypothermia for brain protection, and its influence on cerebral oxygenation is also one of them. OBJECTIVE： To observe the influence of moderate hypothermia on cerebral oxygenation of animals with acute intracranial hypertension, and further investigate the protective mechanism of moderate hypothermia. DESIGN： A randomized controlled trial. SETTING： Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital affiliated to the Medical College of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. MATERIALS： Twenty healthy little pigs, either male or female, weighing 4.5-5.5 kg, were used. Neurotrend-typed multiparameter monitoring system （Diametrics Company, British）; CMA/100 micro-injection pump （Carnegie Company, Sweden）. METHODS： The experiment was conducted in the Changzheng Hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA in November, 2001. The pigs were randomized into two groups： the normothermia group （control group, n =10） and moderate hypothermia group （n =10）. ① Bilateral femoral arteries were separated, one was connected to pressometer for monitoring mean arterial pressure （MEP）, and the other for analysis of blood gases [including peripheral blood pH value, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide （PaCO2）, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide （PaCO2）, HCO3-]. ② Rectal temperature was monitored with mercurial thermometer. ③ Intracranial pressure was monitored using Camino optic ICP probe placed in the subdural space. ④ Neurotrend multiparameter monitoring sensor was inserted into the white matter for about 4 cm to determine cerebral perfusion pressure （CPP, CPP=MAP（ICP）, brain tissue partial oxygen pressure （PO2）, partial pressure of carbon dioxide （PCO2）, HCO3- and brain temperature. The rectal temperature of animals in the moderate hypothermia group was lowered to 34 ℃ using ice bags, and the body temperature was maintained at 33-35 ℃ for 2 hours. The changes of the parameters were observed continuously, and the pigs in the normothermia group were not treated with cooling. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： ① MAP, ICP, rectal temperature, CCP; Indexes of cerebral oxygenation detected with Neurotrend-typed multiparameter monitoring system; ② Results of blood gases analysis in the moderate hypothermia group. RESULTS： All the 20 pigs were involved in the analysis of results. ① MAP, ICP, rectal temperature, CCP and indexes of cerebral oxygenation： In the moderate hypothermia group, the ICP after cooling was obviously lower than that before cooling [（3.31±1.19）, （5.33±0.95） kPa, P 〈 0.05], CCP was higher, brain tissue PCO2 [（12.03±1.73）, （10.59±2.01） kPa, P 〈 0.05], and brain tissue pH value was higher [（7.03± 1.63）, （9.40±1.30） kPa, P 〈 0.05], whereas the brain temperature was decreased as compared with that before cooling [（34.9±0.3）, （37.2±0.2） ℃, P 〈 0.05]. ② Results of blood gases analysis in the moderate hypothermia group： There were no significant differences in the parameters of peripheral arterial blood gases analysis before and after cooling in the moderate hypothermia group （P 〉 0.05） CONCLUSION： Moderate hypothermia will not impair the cerebral oxygenation, and it can reduce brain tissue CO2 and decrease brain tissue acidosis.

Study on Oxygen Supply and Protection of Bone Marrow in Acute Radiation injured Mice

After irradiated by & Gy 60Co γ-ray, mice were intraperitoneally injected immediately with 0.2 ml 100 % compound blood-activating soup twice a day for 10 days. The in situ ulnar bone marrow partial pressure of oxygen (PbO2) was determined in vivo before, during and after irradiation respectively. The bone marrow sections in the same part were observed. Our results showed that the normal murine ulnar PbO2 was 12.72±1. 05kpa. During irradiation, the level of PbO2 decreased to 10. 78±1. 17 kpa (P＜0. 001). And 3 days after irradiation, PbO2 decreased to 9. 75±0. 52 kpa, suggesting that the commonly used 'blood-activating and stasis-eliminating' Chinese drugs could promote the rehabilitation and proliferation of bone marrow microvessels in the acute radiation injured mice, expand their areas, increase the oxygen supply of bone marrow microenviroment, thereby leading to PbO2 much higher increase than that of control group. It is also helpful in the proliferation and rehabilitation of hematopoietic cells.

Co-oxidation of arsenic(Ⅲ) and iron(Ⅱ) ions by pressurized oxygen in acidic solutions

The co-oxidation of As(Ⅲ) and Fe(Ⅱ) in acidic solutions by pressured oxygen was studied under an oxygen pressure between 0.5 and 2.0 MPa at a temperature of 150℃. It was confirmed that without Fe(Ⅱ) ions, As(Ⅲ) ions in the solutions are virtually non-oxidizable by pressured oxygen even at a temperature as high as 200℃ and an oxygen pressure up to 2.0 MPa. Fe(Ⅱ) ions in the solutions did have a catalysis effect on the oxidation of As(Ⅲ), possibly attributable to the production of such strong oxidants as hydroxyl free radicals (OH ) and Fe(Ⅳ) in the oxidation process of Fe(Ⅱ). The effects of such factors as the initial molar ratio of Fe(Ⅱ)/As(Ⅲ), initial pH value of the solution, oxygen pressure, and the addition of radical scavengers on the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) and Fe(Ⅱ) were studied. It was found that the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) was limited in the co-oxidation process due to the accumulation of the As(Ⅲ) oxidation product, As(Ⅴ), in the solutions.

Effect of Oxygen Partial Pressure on Epitaxial Growth and Properties of Laser-Ablated AZO Thin Films

Al-doped ZnO（AZO） thin films were grown on c-sapphire substrates by laser ablation under different oxygen partial pressures（P_（O2））.The effect of P_（O2） on the crystal structure,preferred orientation as well as the electrical and optical properties of the films was investigated.The structure characterizations indicated that the as-grown films were single-phased with a wurtzite ZnO structure,showing a significant c-axis orientation.The films were well crystallized and exhibited better crystallinity and denser texture when deposited at higher P_（O2）.At the optimum oxygen partial pressures of 10- 15 Pa,the AZO thin films were epitaxially grown on c-sapphire substrates with the（0001） plane parallel to the substrate surface,i e,the epitaxial relationship was AZO（000 1） // A1_2O_3（000 1）.With increasing P_（O2）,the value of Hall carrier mobility was increased remarkably while that of carrier concentration was decreased slightly,which led to an enhancement in electrical conductivity of the AZO thin films.All the films were highly transparent with an optical transmittance higher than 85%.

TcPO_(2)changes are more pronounced than SpO_(2)changes during simulated altitude changes in a hypobaric oxygen chamber:a nonrandomized controlled trial

Background:Hypoxia is a significant risk factor of hypertension.However,no studies have used transcutaneous tissue partial pressure of oxygen(TcPO_(2))and partial pressure of carbon dioxide(TcPCO_(2))monitors to measure the respective partial pressures in healthy individuals.Oxygen saturation(SpO_(2))is often used for traditional monitoring of vital signs.This study investigated the changes in TcPO_(2)and SpO_(2)values during rapid changes in altitude.The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov(registration no.NCT06076057).Methods:Healthy adult volunteers were instructed to sit vertically in a hypobaric oxygen chamber,which ascended from 0 m to 2500 m at a uniform speed within 10 min.The Danish Radiometer TCM4 was used to measure TcPO_(2)and TcPCO_(2)with the ventral side of the upper arm as the measurement site.The Shenzhen Kerokan P0D-1 W pulse oximeter was used to measure heart rate and SpO_(2),with values recorded once every 500 m.Results:Altogether,49 healthy volunteers were recruited between March 2023 and August 2023.With increasing altitude,TcPO_(2)and SpO_(2)decreased significantly(P<0.01).During the ascent from 0 m,TcPO_(2)began to change statistically at 500 m(P<0.05),whereas SpO_(2)began to change statistically at 1000 m(P<0.05).At the same altitude,the difference in TcPO_(2)was greater than the difference in SpO_(2).At 1000 m,there were statistically significant changes in TcPO_(2)and SpO_(2)(P<0.001).At altitudes>500 m,statistical significance was identified between TcPO_(2)in both sexes(P<0.05).Statistical significance in TcPCO_(2)and heart rate was observed at the different elevations(P<0.05).Conclusion:In acutely changing low-pressure hypoxic environments,TcPO_(2)changed more dramatically than SpO_(2).

Preparation of ultrafine rhenium powders by CVD hydrogen reduction of volatile rhenium oxides

A novel CVD process for the preparation of ultrafine rhenium powders was investigated using ammonium perrhenate as starting materials. In the process, volatile rhenium oxides, such as ReO4 and Re2O7, were vaporized under a controlled oxidizing atmosphere via the pyrolysis of ammonium perrhenate, and carried into reduction zone by carrier gas, and there reduced into rhenium powders by hydrogen gas. Thermodynamic calculations indicated that Re207 could be prevented from further decomposition through controlling the oxygen partial pressure higher than 10 1.248 Pa in the pyrolysis of ammonium perrhenate. This result was further validated via DSC-TGA analysis of ammonium perrhenate. The typical rhenium powders prepared by the CVD method proposed show irregular polyhedron morphology with particle size in the range of 100-800 nm and a Ds0 of 308 nm. The specific surface area and oxygen content were measured to be 4.37 m^2/g and 0.45%, respectively.