Three novel umami peptides derived from the alcohol extract of the Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas):identification,characterizations and interactions with T1R1/T1R3 taste receptors

Oyster(Crassostrea gigas),the main ingredient of oyster sauce,has a strong umami taste.In this study,three potential umami peptides,FLNQDEEAR(FR-9),FNKEE(FE-5),and EEFLK(EK-5),were identified and screened from the alcoholic extracts of the oyster using nano-HPLC-MS/MS analysis,i Umami-Scoring Card Method(i Umami-SCM)database and molecular docking(MD).Sensory evaluation and electronic tongue analysis were further used to confirm their tastes.The threshold of the three peptides ranged from 0.38 to 0.55 mg/m L.MD with umami receptors T1R1/T1R3 indicated that the electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bond interaction were the main forces involved.Besides,the Phe592 and Gln853 of T1R3 were the primary docking site for MD and played an important role in umami intensity.Peptides with two Glu residues at the terminus had stronger umami,especially at the C-terminus.These results contribute to the understanding of umami peptides in oysters and the interaction mechanism between umami peptides and umami receptors.

Non-Targeted Metabolomics Reveals the Metabolic Alterations in Response to Artificial Selective Breeding in the Fast-Growing Strains of Pacific Oyster

Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas)is one of the most important mollusks cultured all around the world.Selective breeding programs of Pacific oysters in China is initiated since 2006 and developed the genetically improved strain with fast-growing trait.However,little is known about the metabolic signatures of the fast-growing trait.In the present study,the non-targeted metabolomics was performed to analyze the metabolic signatures of adductor muscle tissue in one-year old Pacific oysters from fast-growing strain and the wild population.A total of 7767 and 10174 valid peaks were extracted and quantified in ESI^(+)and ESI^(−)modes,resulting in 399 and 381 annotated metabolites,respectively.PCA and OPLS-DA revealed that considerable separation among samples from fastgrowing strain and wild population,suggesting the differences in metabolic signatures.Meanwhile,81 significantly different metabolites(SDMs)were identified in the comparisons between fast-growing strain and wild population,based on the strict thresholds.It was found that there were highly correlation and conserved coordination among these SDMs.KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that the SDMs were tightly related to pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis,steroid hormone biosynthesis,riboflavin metabolism,and arginine and proline metabolism.Of them,the CoA biosynthesis and metabolism,affected by pantetheine and pantothenic acid,might be important for the growth of Pacific oysters under artificial selective breeding.The study provides the comprehensive views of metabolic signatures in response to artificially selective breeding,and is helpful to better understand the molecular mechanism of fastgrowing traits in Pacific oysters.

Characterisation of the Bacteria and Archaea Community Associated with Wild Oysters, At Three Possible Restoration Sites in the North Sea

With 85% of the global oyster reefs destroyed, there is an urgent need for large scale restoration to benefit from the ecosystem services provided by biogenic oyster reefs and their associated biodiversity, including microorganisms that drive marine biogeochemical cycles. This experiment established a baseline for the monitoring of the bacterial and archaeal community associated with wild oysters, using samples from their immediate environment of the Voordelta, with cohabiting Crassostrea gigas and Ostrea edulis, Duikplaats with only C. gigas attached to rocks, and the Dansk Skaldyrcentre, with no onsite oysters. The microbial profiling was carried out through DNA analysis of samples collected from the surfaces of oyster shells and their substrate, the sediment and seawater. Following 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and bioinformatics, alpha indices implied high species abundance and diversity in sediment but low abundance in seawater. As expected, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Thaumarchaeota dominated the top 20 OTUs. In the Voordelta, OTUs related to Colwellia, Shewanella and Psychrobium differentiated the oysters collected from a reef with those attached to rocks. Duikplaats were distinct for sulfur-oxidizers Sulfurimonas and sulfate-reducers from the Sva 0081 sediment group. Archaea were found mainly in sediments and the oyster associated microbiome, with greater abundance at the reef site, consisting mostly of Thaumarchaeota from the family Nitrosopumilaceae. The oyster free site displayed archaea in sediments only, and algal bloom indicator microorganisms from the Rhodobacteraceae, Flavobacteriaceae family and genus [Polaribacter] huanghezhanensis, in addition to the ascidian symbiotic partner, Synechococcus. This study suggests site specific microbiome shifts, influenced by the presence of oysters and the type of substrate.

Near-infrared spectroscopy method for rapid proximate quantitative analysis of nutrient composition in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

Glycogen,amino acids,fatty acids,and other nutrient components affect the flavor and nutritional quality of oysters.Methods based on near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy(NIRS)were developed to rapidly and proximately determine the nutrient content of the Pacific oyster Crassostreagigas.Samples of C.gigas from 19 costal sites were freeze-dried,ground,and scanned for spectral data collection using a Fourier transform NIR spectrometer(Thermo Fisher Scientific).NIRS models of glycogen and other nutrients were established using partial least squares,multiplication scattering correction first-order derivation,and Norris smoothing.The R_(C) values of the glycogen,fatty acids,amino acids,and taurine NIRS models were 0.9678,0.9312,0.9132,and 0.8928,respectively,and the residual prediction deviation(RPD)values of these components were 3.15,2.16,3.11,and 1.59,respectively,indicating a high correlation between the predicted and observed values,and that the models can be used in practice.The models were used to evaluate the nutrient compositions of 1278 oyster samples.Glycogen content was found to be positively correlated with fatty acids and negatively correlated with amino acids.The glycogen,amino acid,and taurine levels of C.gigas cultured in the subtidal and intertidal zones were also significantly different.This study suggests that C.gigas NIRS models can be a cost-effective alternative to traditional methods for the rapid and proximate analysis of various slaughter traits and may also contribute to future genetic and breeding-related studies in Pacific oysters.

Biological oyster shell waste enhances polyphenylene sulfide composites and endows them with antibacterial properties

To date,there is no research that deals with biological waste as fillers in polyphenylene sulfide(PPS).In this study,oyster shells were recycled and treated to prepare thermally-treated oyster shells(TOS),which were used as PPS fillers to make new bio-based antibacterial composite materials.The effect of varying the content of TOS was studied by means of structure and performance characterization.PPS/TOS composites were demonstrated to have an antibacterial effect on the growth of E coli and S.aureus.Qualitative analysis showed that when the TOS content was≥30%and 40%,the composite materials had an apparent inhibition zone.Quantitative analysis showed that the antibacterial activity increased with the TOS content.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated the formation of hydrogen bonds between the molecular chains of TOS and PPS and the occurrence of a coordination reaction.At 10%TOS,the composite tensile strength reached a maximum value of 72.5 MPa,which is 9.65%higher than that of pure PPS.The trend of bending properties is the same as that of tensile properties,showing that the maximum property was reached for the composite with 10%TOS.At the same time,the crystallinity and contact angle were the highest,and the permeability coefficient was the lowest.The fatigue test results indicated that for the composite with 10%TOS,the tensile strength was 23%lower than static tensile strength,and the yield strength was 10%lower than the static yield strength.The results of the study showed that TOS not only could reduce the cost of PPS,but also could impart antibacterial properties and enhance the mechanical and,barrier properties,the thermostability,as well as the crystallinity.

Purification of β-Glucan of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) and Its Application in Model Food

Mushrooms are recognized as sources of β-glucan. The aim of this study was to purify β-glucan from oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus pulmonarius) by alkaline extraction. The extracted β-glucan was added to a cracker recipe and the sensory, physical and estimated glycemic index of the final product were evaluated. Optimum extraction parameters were determined to be 80˚C, 90 minutes and 30% KOH. The β-glucan crackers had a glycemic index ranging from 88.07 to 67.32, while glucose had a glycemic index of 100. Based on the sensory study, it can be concluded that crackers enriched with β-glucan and possessing functional qualities may meet consumer expectations.

Preparation of Iron-Pillared Bentonite/Oyster Shell Composite and Phosphate Adsorption in Water

Iron-pillared bentonite(FB)was prepared by Fe(III)modified bentonite,and then the composites(FB-OS)were prepared by iron-pillared bentonite and oyster shell powder.The composites were characterized by FTIR,SEM,TGA,and EDS,and the phosphorus removal test was carried out.The results showed that FB-OS contained a large amount of CaO.Its structure was compact,but there were gaps in it.The maximum bending stress and compressive strength were 43.7 N and 0.927 MPa,respectively.The phosphorus removal test showed that the phosphorus removal rate of FB-OS was more than 90%,and measured the maximum adsorption capacity was 48.31 mg/g.A large amount of spherical products were produced on the surface and inside of FB-OS after phos-phorus removal,it was speculated that spherical products were amorphous calcium phosphate in the paper.Ana-lysis indicated that there was chemical adsorption during phosphorus removal.The kinetic equation of phosphorus adsorption by FB-OS was qt=10:193t/1+2:574t (R^(2)=0.995).The adsorption rate was mainly controlled by outerfilm diffusion and intraparticle diffusion.

The dual-function of bioactive peptides derived from oyster (Crassostrea gigas) proteins hydrolysates

Oysters(Crassostrea gigas)have a wide range of functionality due to their nutritional and bioactive components. However, the bioactive peptides of oyster proteins are rarely reported, particularly their antidiabetes effects and antioxidants. Oyster proteins were extracted from fresh oysters using phosphatebuffered saline and simulated gastrointestinal digestion was performed. The degree of hydrolysis(DH), structural characterization, molecular weight(Mw)distribution, free amino acid, anti-diabetic activity, and antioxidant activity were studied during in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The results showed that the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, α-amylase inhibitory activity, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and ABTS radical scavenging activity of the oyster protein gastrointestinal digest were increased(P < 0.05)from 0 to 33.96%, from 9.17% to 44.22%, from 9.01 μg trolox/mg protein to 18.48 μg trolox/mg protein, and from 21.44 μg trolox/mg protein to 56.21 μg trolox/mg protein, respectively. Additionally, the DH, β-turn structure, fluorescence intensity, free amino acid, and short peptide content(Mw < 1 000 Da)increased in the simulated gastrointestinal digestion. These results indicate that the digestive hydrolysates obtained from oyster proteins could be used as natural anti-diabetic and antioxidant agents.

Detection and quantification of Pb and Cr in oysters using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

The quantitative determination of heavy metals in aquatic products is of great importance for food security issues.Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS)has been used in a variety of foodstuff analysis,but is still limited by its low sensitivity when targeting trace heavy metals.In this work,we compare three sample enrichment methods,namely drying,carbonization,and ashing,for increasing detection sensitivity by LIBS analysis for Pb and Cr in oyster samples.The results demonstrate that carbonization can remove a significant amount of the contributions of organic elements C,H,N and O;meanwhile,the signals of the metallic elements such as Cu,Pb,Sr,Ca,Cr and Mg are enhanced by3–6 times after carbonization,and further enhanced by 5–9 times after ashing.Such enhancement is not only due to the more concentrated metallic elements in the sample compared to the dried ones,but also the unifying of the matter in carbonized and ashed samples from which higher plasma temperature and electron density are observed.This condition favors the detection of trace elements.According to the calibration curves with univariate and multivariate analysis,the ashing method is considered to be the best choice.The limits of detection of the ashing method are 0.52 mg kg-1 for Pb and0.08 mg kg-1 for Cr,which can detect the presence of heavy metals in the oysters exceeding the maximum limits of Pb and Cr required by the Chinese national standard.This method provides a promising application for the heavy metal contamination monitoring in the aquatic product industry.

黄岐湾三倍体牡蛎养殖区浮游植物群落特征及其影响因子分析

为研究三倍体牡蛎养殖区浮游植物群落特征及其影响因子,于2021年12月—2022年9月,对福建省连江县黄岐湾三倍体牡蛎养殖区开展逐月调查,并分析了浮游植物种类组成、丰度变化及其与环境因子的相关性。结果表明:养殖区浮游植物共有6门65属133种,其中硅藻门101种,甲藻门28种,蓝藻门、金藻门、裸藻门和原生动物门各1种,以广温广盐种最为常见且丰度占绝对优势,优势种为中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)和柔弱拟菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima),优势度分别为0.798和0.027;浮游植物丰度月平均值范围为1.80×10^(4)~4.14×10^(6)cells/L,平均值为5.33×10^(5)cells/L,湾外养殖区丰度显著高于湾内(P<0.05);浮游植物多样性水平较高,群落结构较稳定;冗余分析显示,影响浮游植物优势种丰度的主要环境因子为总磷、活性磷酸盐、盐度和化学需氧量,其中,中肋骨条藻受水温、活性磷酸盐影响最大,柔弱拟菱形藻受Si/P值影响最大。研究表明,中肋骨条藻的高优势度与其广温广盐特性、较强的光适应生理特征及海水中丰富的硅酸盐有关;在磷相对限制的河口海湾,磷含量和盐度是影响浮游植物优势种丰度的主要环境因子。

黄河口西南侧小岛河河口天然牡蛎礁的牡蛎种群结构

牡蛎礁是生态系统服务价值高、但退化最严重及受关注度最高的海洋生境之一,牡蛎礁修复亦成为国际海洋生态修复的热点。掌握牡蛎自然种群状况及动态变化是评估牡蛎礁修复效果的基础。目前,我国天然牡蛎礁的牡蛎种群状况相关的背景资料较为缺乏。在黄河口西南侧的小岛河河口新发现天然活体牡蛎礁,但该牡蛎礁曾被大规模的商业采捕,亟需推进针对性的保护和修复研究工作。基于2021年11月对该牡蛎礁开展的牡蛎种群生态调查,分析其种类组成、年龄结构及生长特征。结果显示:该牡蛎礁分布有近江牡蛎(Crassostrea ariakensis)和长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)。牡蛎礁上以活体牡蛎为主,死亡牡蛎壳体数仅占6.1%—6.7%。活体牡蛎的密度和生物量分别为(2811±778)个/m^(2)和(21.97±30.43)kg/m^(2),近江牡蛎较多,其密度和生物量分别占比55.7%和76.4%。近江牡蛎和长牡蛎的年龄分别介于0+—4+龄和0+—2+龄,它们都以壳高介于30—40 mm及壳质量<5 g的0+龄个体数量居多(>80%)。近江牡蛎的壳体形态参数均值都高于同龄组长牡蛎的相应值。两种牡蛎壳体均呈负异速增长,不同龄级的壳体延展方向不同。拟合von Bertalanffy生长方程得到,近江牡蛎和长牡蛎的渐近壳高分别为286 mm和173 mm,估算的拐点年龄分别为5.47龄和2.56龄,两种牡蛎的生长曲线分布存在极显著差异(P<0.001)。以上结果表明,小岛河河口的天然牡蛎礁的牡蛎自然种群资源较丰富,具有高密度、低龄和低死亡率等特点,有较好的活力和扩张潜力,有利于被采捕后的礁体的恢复。两种牡蛎中,近江牡蛎因其具有较高的生物量和较长的生长年龄,对礁体形成和扩繁可能更为重要。建议对该天然牡蛎礁及牡蛎种群开展周期>3年的原位保护、修复和连续监测计划。

改性剂对高密度聚乙烯复合材料的性能研究

采用回收的牡蛎壳经高温煅烧改性后为增强填料,马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯(PE-g-MAH)为改性剂与高密度聚乙烯采用熔融共混法制备了纳米复合材料。使用电子万能拉力机、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对复合材料的结构、形貌和结晶性能进行了表征。探究了改性剂以及牡蛎壳粉含量对高密度聚乙烯复合材料综合性能的影响。结果表明:煅烧后的牡蛎壳粉可以提升复合材料的力学性能,且改性剂可以很好改善牡蛎壳粉与高密度聚乙烯之间的相容性,当牡蛎壳粉的质量含量为1%时,复合材料的综合性能最好。

茄子与平菇、甘蓝、甘薯间作对其长势、产量及根际环境的影响

为避免因茄子连年种植导致的土传病害增加而对茄子生产造成影响,形成健康、生态的解决办法,以茄子不间作为对照,研究分析了茄子与平菇、甘蓝、甘薯3种作物分别间作后对其长势、产量及根际环境的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,茄子与3种作物间作对茄子株高日均生长量、茎粗、单株坐果数、单果质量、667 m^(2)平均产量以及根际土壤干质量、含水量、EC值、碳氮比、有机碳含量、无机碳含量、有机质含量、速效磷含量均未造成显著影响;茄子与甘蓝间作较与平菇、甘薯间作可显著降低土壤干质量和速效钾含量,且较对照分别降低了8.58%和11.11%,这有利于土壤孔隙度的增加,同时较对照极显著提高了茄子根际细菌总量,显著提高了根际真菌总量及根际细菌与真菌总量比值,分别较对照提高114.44%、42.18%和49.56%,这有助于茄子连作障碍的消减及土传病害的防治;茄子与平菇间作极显著降低了根际土壤的pH值,较对照降低5.36%,极显著降低了土壤全碳含量和全氮含量,分别降低16.99%和17.10%,但显著提高了土壤速效氮含量,增幅达36.10%,极显著提高了根际细菌总量和真菌总量,分别提高71.84%和156.98%;茄子与甘薯间作,极显著降低了根际土壤的pH值,降幅达7.39%,但显著提高了土壤速效钾含量和根际真菌总量,极显著增加了根际细菌总量,增幅分别达27.76%、56.98%和99.67%。综合上述分析认为,茄子与甘蓝间作有利于改善土壤团粒结构,丰富、稳定土壤生态系统,有助于作物植株健康生长,但间作时需要及时补充钾肥;而茄子与平菇、甘薯间作会降低土壤pH值,提高土壤肥力,可用于盐碱土或“生”土的改良。

牡蛎壳粉对水产品废水中化学需氧量吸附特性的研究

采用废弃牡蛎壳粉热改性对水产品废水中化学需氧量(CODcr)进行吸附试验,研究了天然牡蛎壳粉、热改性400,850℃条件下牡蛎壳粉用量、温度、pH值、振荡时间对牡蛎壳粉吸附水产品废水中的CODcr影响。同时,以热改性850℃牡蛎壳粉为研究对象进行正交试验。结果表明,牡蛎壳粉对CODcr的最佳吸附条件为牡蛎壳用量1.5 g,温度35℃,pH值8,振荡时间30 min。在此条件下,牡蛎壳粉对废水中CODcr的吸附率可达到72.52%。影响牡蛎壳粉对水产品废水中CODcr的吸附的因素依次是牡蛎壳粉用量、温度、pH值、振荡时间,热改性850℃牡蛎壳粉可用于水产品废水处理。

不同温度胁迫条件下太平洋牡蛎挥发性化合物的变化

为探究温度胁迫后太平洋牡蛎挥发性成分的变化,该研究采用感官评定、气相色谱-离子迁移谱(Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectroscopy,GC-IMS)、气相色谱-质谱联用(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer,GC-MS)结合多元统计分析的方法,对不同温度胁迫条件(12、22、32℃)的太平洋牡蛎挥发性成分进行了检测,同时测定了其存活率以及脂肪酸含量的变化。结果显示,胁迫6 d后,低温12℃组的存活率达到97.90%,n-3型多不饱和脂肪酸(Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid,PUFA)含量升高。感官评定、GC-IMS以及GC-MS结果显示辛醛等鱼腥味醛类成分含量下降,而呈紫罗兰气味的(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛升至12.15%,提供了愉悦的气味。高温32℃胁迫后存活率降至26.00%,n-3 PUFA含量下降从46.07%下降至39.59%,同时饱和醛等腥味醛类含量显著上升,加重了太平洋牡蛎的腥味,导致牡蛎的品质严重下降。最后通过统计分析筛选6种关键成分:己醛、辛醛、(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛、(E)-2-壬烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛以及3-辛酮。温度对太平洋牡蛎的存活率、n-3 PUFA含量及挥发性成分有较大影响,该研究为提升太平洋牡蛎品质提供了有益参考。

水分管理配施锰肥对牡蛎壳粉调控水稻镉吸收的影响

为研究水分管理配施锰肥对牡蛎壳粉调控水稻Cd吸收转运的效果,采用盆栽试验,在两种水分管理(持续淹水、干湿交替)条件下,分析了水稻抽穗前后牡蛎壳粉配施不同用量硫酸锰肥(0、50、100 mg·kg-1)对根际土壤Cd、Mn形态及含量和水稻Cd、Mn含量分布以及水稻根系Cd吸收转运OsNramp5基因表达的影响。结果表明:单施牡蛎壳粉(OS处理)在两种水分条件下均显著降低了土壤有效态Cd和有效态Mn含量,在持续淹水条件下对糙米Cd含量没有显著影响,但在干湿交替条件下显著降低了糙米中Cd含量。在持续淹水条件下,与OS处理相比,牡蛎壳粉配施锰肥(OSMn处理)可使土壤有效态Mn含量显著增加5.4%~10.9%;OSMn处理根OsNramp5相对表达量上调85.6%~105.9%,促进了水稻对Cd的吸收;OSMn50处理铁膜、根和秸秆中Cd含量分别增加了46.9%、52.9%、33.7%,但秸秆-糙米中Cd的转移系数降低了47.8%,糙米中Cd含量降低了30.0%,随着Mn肥添加量增加,OSMn100处理铁膜-根、秸秆-糙米中Cd的转移量分别增加了35.3%、23.9%,糙米中Cd含量增加了25.2%。在干湿交替条件下,随着Mn肥添加量增加,OSMn处理土壤有效态Mn、土壤无定形和游离态Mn氧化物含量显著增加,而土壤有效态Cd含量逐渐降低;与OS处理相比,OSMn50处理根OsNramp5的相对表达量增加了256.8%~322.8%,显著增加了水稻不同部位Mn含量,但对糙米和根中Cd含量没有显著影响;OSMn100处理秸秆-糙米中Cd的转移系数增加了38.9%,水稻糙米中Cd含量增加了15.3%。研究表明,在持续淹水条件下,牡蛎壳粉配施50 mg·kg-1Mn肥可进一步降低水稻糙米中Cd含量,但过量配施Mn肥会促进水稻籽粒中Cd的累积,与干湿交替相比,牡蛎壳粉配施Mn肥在持续淹水条件下能更有效地降低糙米Cd累积。

临海东矶海域人工鱼礁大型底栖动物群落的早期发育

为养护渔业资源和修复受损海岸带生态系统,人工鱼礁通常被投放至沿岸海域的海底,为海洋生物提供新的栖息地。于2022年5月(投放后10个月)和10月(投放后15个月)调查了临海东矶人工鱼礁大型底栖动物群落,分析了不同礁龄间大型底栖动物种类组成、密度、生物量和群落结构的差异。两次调查共记录到5类17种大型底栖动物,优势种为猫爪牡蛎Talonostrea talonata和侧花海葵Anthopleura sp.。礁体投放10个月后大型底栖动物群落的平均密度和平均生物量分别为(3519±289)个/m^(2)和(3657±273)g/m^(2),15个月后平均密度和平均生物量分别为(10056±1858)个/m^(2)和(8300±2045)g/m^(2),15个月的密度和生物量均显著高于10个月的(P>0.05)。不同礁龄间大型底栖动物群落结构具有显著性差异(Globe R=0.573,P=0.029),导致群落结构差异的物种主要是曲膝薮枝螅Obelia genicutata、侧花海葵、褐蚶Didimarca tenebricum、丽核螺Tritonoharpa leali、双纹须蚶Barbatia bistrigata和疣荔枝螺Thais clavigera。礁体投放10个月后和15个月后人工鱼礁附着猫爪牡蛎的平均密度分别为(2075±37)个/m^(2)和(2194±397)个/m^(2),不同礁龄间没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。发现临海东矶人工鱼礁表面分布有低物种丰度和高密度的大型底栖动物群落,并发育成为以猫爪牡蛎为造礁种的人工牡蛎礁。

发酵牡蛎酶解液的工艺探究及其风味成分分析

为了探究添加戊糖乳杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus pentosus)发酵牡蛎酶解液对蚝汁品质和风味的影响,本文首先确定了适合蚝汁加工的牡蛎品种并建立了蚝汁专属感官描述词库,后以氨基酸态氮含量和感官评分为指标,确定了发酵菌种、发酵温度、发酵时间、接种量和调味的工艺参数,并对未发酵、发酵后牡蛎酶解液和调味发酵牡蛎酶解液进行了游离氨基酸、挥发性化合物和感官品质的分析。结果表明,乳山牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)为蚝汁加工适用品种;当戊糖乳杆菌接种量为7%、发酵温度为37℃、发酵时间为3 h时,牡蛎酶解液中氨基酸态氮含量最高,整体风味协调性最好;当发酵牡蛎酶解液中葡萄糖添加量为8%、食盐添加量为2%时进行短时高温高压(100 kPa、121℃、20 min)处理,并将体积浓缩为原来的50%后感官品质提升,此时调味发酵牡蛎酶解液的氨基酸态氮含量为1.06±0.03 g/100 g。发酵使牡蛎酶解液鲜甜味氨基酸含量显著上升(P<0.05),苦味氨基酸含量显著下降(P<0.05),发酵和调味处理可降低牡蛎酶解液中己醛、1-戊烯-3-醇、3-甲基丁醛和(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛等腥味物质的含量,增加具有焙烤香味的吡嗪等香气愉悦的挥发性化合物,有效改善牡蛎酶解液的风味。总之,戊糖乳杆菌发酵有利于提高牡蛎酶解液品质,为蚝汁加工工艺改进提供了新思路。

重构本草——牡蛎

通过古籍文献调研、中医药现代研究成果的梳理,结合中医临床及中药学等学科领域内知名专家学者的认识及应用经验,归纳出牡蛎:功效主要为潜阳补阴,重镇安神,软坚散结,收敛固涩,制酸止痛。症靶为眩晕,失眠,汗出过多,白带过多,反酸。标靶为甲状腺结节、乳腺增生、子宫肌瘤、淋巴结结节。现代药理研究发现牡蛎及其有效成分具有抗氧化、抗肝损伤、镇静、抗惊厥、抗癫痫、镇痛、增强免疫、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗衰老、抗胃溃疡等作用,牡蛎多糖具有降血脂、抗凝血、抗血栓等作用。在临床应用经验与使用注意事项中,牡蛎质重,宜先煎。潜阳补阴、重镇安神、软坚散结生用,收敛固涩、制酸止痛煅用。临床使用牡蛎煎服剂量多为9~120 g,内服时当根据不同疾病,或同一疾病的不同阶段进行辨证使用,并积极探索牡蛎用量与症靶、标靶的量效关系构建。

牡蛎药性升降浮沉与功效的本草考证

本文通过对古代本草典籍中有关牡蛎名称、药性、气味厚薄、升降浮沉、功用、炮制进行本草考证,梳理出牡蛎性微寒,气薄味厚,降沉优于升浮。牡蛎的功效早期涉及方面较广泛,包括伤寒、温疟、虚劳、盗汗、鼠瘘等;金元时期,重点向软坚与收敛方向转移;明清时期,牡蛎功效体系较为完善,并且深入探究牡蛎功效背后的隐喻含义。牡蛎炮制方面,为分别发挥牡蛎软坚散结和收敛固涩两方面的功效,古代常用火煅、生研、盐水煮、裹泥煅、童便淬的炮制方法;而现代牡蛎炮制方法仅保留了煅赤法。