Purification of β-Glucan of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) and Its Application in Model Food

Mushrooms are recognized as sources of β-glucan. The aim of this study was to purify β-glucan from oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus pulmonarius) by alkaline extraction. The extracted β-glucan was added to a cracker recipe and the sensory, physical and estimated glycemic index of the final product were evaluated. Optimum extraction parameters were determined to be 80˚C, 90 minutes and 30% KOH. The β-glucan crackers had a glycemic index ranging from 88.07 to 67.32, while glucose had a glycemic index of 100. Based on the sensory study, it can be concluded that crackers enriched with β-glucan and possessing functional qualities may meet consumer expectations.

Comparison Test of Black Grey Oyster Mushrooms in Shandong Province in Winter and Spring

[Objectives]This study was conducted to screen high-yield and high-quality strains suitable for promotion and cultivation in Shandong Province in winter and spring,and provide production enterprises with better production strains.[Methods]The clinker bag cultivation method was used to compare the cultivated products of 30 Pleurotus spp.strains,and the data on mycelial growth rate,growth morphology,biological characteristics of fruit bodies and yield were collected for comparison.[Results]Compared with other strains,such four strains as Pinggu 8633,Gaochan 8105,Tekang 650 and Ping 8129 had significantly higher adaptability,higher yield and better marketability.[Conclusions]Pinggu 8633,Gaochan 8105,Tekang 650 and Ping 8129 can be used as the main varieties for winter and spring oyster mushrooms production in Shandong Province.

Rapid Survey of Total Protein Content in Mycelia of Oyster Mushroom Based on Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Using the total protein content in mycelia of oyster mushroom cultured in plate medium as the index, the spectral information in 1 000-1 799 nm region was collected to establish a quantitative prediction model for the parameters of strains through partial least squares regression combined with chemometrics. The results showed that the optimal spectral pretreatment method was the combination of Savitzky-Golay smoothing＋Savitzky-Golay derivative＋MSC＋Mean-Centefing. Parameters of the quantitative model including RC, SEC, RP, SEP, MF, SEP /SEC were all in the reasonable regions. The correlation coefficient of the real value and predictive value of the model was 0.672 63. The prediction model had better reliability, robustness and predictive effects, so it could be used for protein content detection in mycelia.

Solid-State Cultivation of Edible Oyster Mushrooms, <i>Pleurotus</i>spp. under Laboratory Conditions

Oyster mushrooms of genus Pleurotus are well known as valuable edible mushrooms which are broadly cultivated in the world as well as wildly propagated in forests of the temperate climate zones including Russia. Indoor cultivation conditions adapted for a laboratory with non-specialized facilities were suggested for effective solid-state cultivation and fruit bodies’ production of Pleurotus species. Seven of 9 Pleurotus species of different origin produced fruit bodies successfully. The best fructification was shown for species P. sajor-caju, P. ostreatus, and P. pulmonarius with fruit body yields of 74%, 72%, and 61% by dry substrate weight in the first flushing cycle. Fruit bodies appeared in five to 10-day flushes. “Spawn run” stage was completed within 17 to 24 days, the longest colonization stage (26 days) being for the pink oyster, P. djamor. The cultivation parameters proposed in this study can be employed with ease for laboratory and “home” cultivation of oyster mushrooms. The species and strains’ identification was confirmed by restriction analysis of ITS region of rRNA gene cluster. Molecular barcodes based on restriction enzyme (AluI, and BsuRI) profiles of ITS sequences were shown to be applicable for molecular genotyping of Pleurotus species of different origin.

Assessment of Oyster Mushrooms Found on Polluted Soil for Consumption

Aim: A simulation experiment was carried out in which oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus?pulmonarius) was grown on used engine oil. This study was designed to evaluate the remnant hydrocarbon in the sporophore (fruiting body) of?Pleurotuspulmonarius?and to assess its suitability for human consumption. Method: The mycelia of the mushroom were used to inoculate Spent Engine Oil (SEO, 10% (v/w)) polluted soil. After four weeks of incubation, fruiting bodies growing on the polluted soil were analyzed for remnant hydrocarbon profile. Results: Results showed that total Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) was 10 mg/kg and Aliphatic Hydrocarbon (AH) was 23 mg/kg. The hydrocarbon profile indicated some AH and PAH were within the non-cancer reference dose while a few others were above the non-cancer daily reference dose range. Conclusion: The detection of some hydrocarbon profile above the non-cancer daily reference dose makes the test-mushroom used for bioremediation not safe for human consumption. This underscores the need for caution in consuming mushrooms found in oil polluted environment.

Bioactive compounds,nutraceutical values and its application in food product development of oyster mushroom

Oyster mushroom(Pleurotus ostreatus)is one of the popular edible mushrooms and is widely cultivated throughout the world for its unique delicacy in flavor,aroma and taste.They exhibit excellent sources of biological proteins,fber,vitamins,and minerals.Moreover,their demands are increasing due to the presence of bioactive components such as phenol,flavonoid,terpenes,polysaccharides and reported to possess anti-microbial,anti-cancer,anti-hyperlipidemia,anti-diabetic,anti-inflammatory and immunostimulant activity.Owing to their beneficial health effects,they act as a potential source for formulation of functionalσr value added food products.The objective of the review is to emphasize the remarkable nutitional properties and their signifcant relationship concening hea1th-promoting properties which view oyster mushrooms as a superfood and plant-based-mutraceuticals food.

Comparative evaluation of polysaccharides isolated from Astragalus,oyster mushroom,and yacon as inhibitors of α-glucosidase

The incidence of diabetes has increased considerably, and become the third serious chronic disease following cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Though acarbose, metformin, and 1-deoxynojirimycin have good efficacy for clinical application as hypoglycemic drugs, their expensive costs and some degree of side effects have limited their clinical application. Recently, increasing attention has concentrated on the polysaccharides from natural plant and animal sources for diabetes. In order to illustrate the pharmaceutical activity of polysaccharides as natural hypoglycemic agents, polysaccharides isolated from Astragalus, oyster mushroom, and Yacon were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase. Polysaccharides were extracted and purified from Astragalus, Oyster mushroom, and Yacon with hot water at 90 °C for 3 h, respectively. The total sugar content of the polysaccharide was determined by the phenol-sulfuric acid method. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was measured by the glucose oxidase method. The results exhibited that the inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase were in decreasing order, Astragalus > oyster mushroom > Yacon. The α-glucosidase inhibition percentage of Astragalus polysaccharide and oyster mushroom polysaccharide were over 40% at the polysaccharide concentration of 0.4 mg·mL-1. The IC50 of Astragalus polysaccharide and oyster mushroom polysaccharide were 0.28 and 0.424 mg·mL-1, respectively. The information obtained from this work is beneficial for the use polysaccharides as a dietary supplement for health foods and therapeutics for diabetes.

茄子与平菇、甘蓝、甘薯间作对其长势、产量及根际环境的影响

为避免因茄子连年种植导致的土传病害增加而对茄子生产造成影响,形成健康、生态的解决办法,以茄子不间作为对照,研究分析了茄子与平菇、甘蓝、甘薯3种作物分别间作后对其长势、产量及根际环境的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,茄子与3种作物间作对茄子株高日均生长量、茎粗、单株坐果数、单果质量、667 m^(2)平均产量以及根际土壤干质量、含水量、EC值、碳氮比、有机碳含量、无机碳含量、有机质含量、速效磷含量均未造成显著影响;茄子与甘蓝间作较与平菇、甘薯间作可显著降低土壤干质量和速效钾含量,且较对照分别降低了8.58%和11.11%,这有利于土壤孔隙度的增加,同时较对照极显著提高了茄子根际细菌总量,显著提高了根际真菌总量及根际细菌与真菌总量比值,分别较对照提高114.44%、42.18%和49.56%,这有助于茄子连作障碍的消减及土传病害的防治;茄子与平菇间作极显著降低了根际土壤的pH值,较对照降低5.36%,极显著降低了土壤全碳含量和全氮含量,分别降低16.99%和17.10%,但显著提高了土壤速效氮含量,增幅达36.10%,极显著提高了根际细菌总量和真菌总量,分别提高71.84%和156.98%;茄子与甘薯间作,极显著降低了根际土壤的pH值,降幅达7.39%,但显著提高了土壤速效钾含量和根际真菌总量,极显著增加了根际细菌总量,增幅分别达27.76%、56.98%和99.67%。综合上述分析认为,茄子与甘蓝间作有利于改善土壤团粒结构,丰富、稳定土壤生态系统,有助于作物植株健康生长,但间作时需要及时补充钾肥;而茄子与平菇、甘薯间作会降低土壤pH值,提高土壤肥力,可用于盐碱土或“生”土的改良。

塔城地区夏季耐高温型平菇品种筛选试验

引进国内5个主栽的高温型平菇菌株,并对其多项指标进行栽培比较试验。结果表明,在菌丝体生长情况及形态特征、子实体生长情况、抗病性、产量、商品性等方面,LTP369946和LTP507708菌株表现较好,适宜在塔城地区的日光温室内进行夏季栽培。

富硒平菇和壶瓶碎米荠中含硒化合物的研究

硒具有多种生理功能,是人体必不可少的微量元素之一。人体不能合成硒,必须从食物中摄取。当前,有机硒因其安全性和高效性已经取代无机硒并成为主流的补硒选择。本文分析了市场上常见的两种富硒农产品中有机硒的含量,并初步研究了其含硒有机化合物的类别及硒代氨基酸的组成。结果表明,富硒壶瓶碎米荠和富硒平菇的有机硒含量分别为(1 607.81±24.66)mg·kg^(-1)和(240.14±8.96)mg·kg^(-1),有机硒占比分别为76.36%±7.81%和99.93%±0.02%。相较于富硒壶瓶碎米荠,富硒平菇含有更多硒多糖和硒蛋白。两个试样均含有丰富的硒代氨基酸,富硒平菇和富硒壶瓶碎米荠的主要硒代氨基酸分别为硒代蛋氨酸和硒代胱氨酸。

基于InDel标记的杏鲍菇遗传多样性评价

插入/缺失(insertion-deletion,InDel)标记作为快速鉴定品种间遗传多样性的方法之一,因具有对检测设备要求低、简单易行、成本低,且共显性遗传、变异稳定、准确性高、重复性好等特点,在医学、动植物遗传学的群体遗传分析、基因定位及遗传图谱构建等领域被广泛应用。为评价我国杏鲍菇菌株的遗传多样性,加快杏鲍菇遗传育种工作进程,通过比对杏鲍菇已公布的基因组组装数据,开发30~200 bp InDel标记便于常规电泳检测,随机选取合成36对引物对收集自国家食用菌标准菌株库、国内企业和市场的65份杏鲍菇菌株进行验证,筛选出25对有效引物,进行遗传多样性分析并构建UPGMA聚类树。结果表明,65份供试菌株遗传多样性丰富,遗传相似系数最低为0.362,在相似系数0.616时可分为5个类群。

平菇杂交品种产量及其构成因素的相关性及回归分析

为了研究平菇一茬菇产量及产量构成要素之间的关系,为平菇工厂化高产育种及管理提供依据,测量了41个平菇菌株的产量及产量构成的8个因素,即出菇率、平均朵片数、20片菇质量、菌盖长度、菌盖宽度、菌盖厚度、菌柄长度、菌柄直径,应用SPSS 22对各性状因子与产量之间进行相关性、逐步多元回归及通径分析。结果表明,一茬菇产量与菌盖宽度、菌盖厚度、菌柄直径、出菇率这4个性状显著相关;进一步进行通径分析的结果表明,菌盖宽度(X2)和出菇率(X6)两者与一茬菇产量呈极显著正相关,菌盖厚度(X3)与一茬菇产量呈极显著负相关,出菇率对产量的直接通径系数为0.552,相关系数达到0.704,是对产量直接作用最大的性状,与逐步回归分析结果一致,以出菇率、菌盖厚度、菌盖宽度为3要素的一茬菇产量最优的回归模型为Y=0.270 X2-0.359 X3+0.552 X6。提高出菇率能够显著提高平菇一茬菇产量,适当增加菌盖宽度、减少菌盖厚度可以提高平菇产量,应综合考虑各因素之间互相协调。

槟榔蒂水提物对3种食用菌菌丝体品质及抗氧化活性的影响

目的:再利用槟榔副产物——槟榔蒂,并提高食用菌菌丝体品质。方法:以平菇、榆黄蘑、金针菇为供试菌种,以菌丝长速、生物量、菌丝体活性成分含量、抗氧化活性为指标,研究槟榔蒂水提物对3种菌菌丝体品质以及菌种生长代谢相关酶活性和变化趋势的影响。结果:槟榔蒂水提物添加量为6.4 mg/mL时,平菇生长效果最好,添加量为4.8 mg/mL时,榆黄蘑、金针菇生长效果最好;与对照组相比,添加4.8~6.4 mg/mL槟榔蒂水提物时,菌丝体活性成分含量显著提高,其中平菇、榆黄蘑、金针菇菌丝体三萜含量分别提高95.24%,70.91%,75.00%;槟榔蒂水提物提高了菌丝体抗氧化活性,菌丝体抗氧化活性由大到小依次为榆黄蘑>金针菇>平菇;槟榔蒂水提物在一定程度上提高了3种菌的淀粉酶、纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、漆酶活性,但对酶活性变化趋势的影响不显著。结论:添加适量槟榔蒂水提物可有效提高3种食用菌的菌丝体品质和抗氧化活性。

发酵料中促平菇生长菌株的分离与鉴定

平菇发酵培养料含有吲哚乙酸(IAA),IAA促进平菇生长发育。为了找到产生IAA能力强的微生物菌株,首先,采集不同时期的平菇发酵料样品,采取稀释涂布平板法分离细菌菌株。其次,挑选120株菌利用显色反应进行产IAA能力的定性分析及定量测定,并对高产IAA菌株进行平菇促生试验研究。最后,利用GUTC法提取产IAA能力强的菌株的基因组DNA并进行16S rRNA基因扩增及测序分析,基于构建的16S rRNA基因进化树进行系统发育分析,确定菌株的分类学地位。结果表明,120株菌中有116株菌产生显色反应,即证明这116株菌有产IAA的能力。相对于对照组显色程度,有88株菌的IAA显色程度较低,28株菌的IAA显色程度相对较高。挑取这28株菌进行定量测定,其中,AFX-13-3、XWW-4-3、LTX-11-3、AMB-8-2、AMB-10-2、AMB-14-3、ST-1-2、ST-3-2、ST-4-2等9株菌所产IAA的质量浓度达到20 mg/L以上。AFX-13-3产IAA的能力最强,其IAA平均质量浓度达到85.18 mg/L;其次为AMB-10-2、ST-3-2、AMB-8-2、XWW-4-3,其IAA平均质量浓度分别为39.35、34.12、30.94、30.71 mg/L;ST-1-2、ST-4-2、LTX-11-3、AMB-14-3产IAA的能力相对较弱,其IAA平均质量浓度分别为24.41、24.09、22.26、21.94 mg/L。平菇促生试验结果表明,AFX-13-3、XWW-4-3、LTX-11-3均有较好的促生作用。通过16S rRNA基因测序和系统发育分析,确定AFX-13-3属于巨大芽孢杆菌属,XWW-4-3、LTX-11-3属于谷氨酸杆菌属。

Utilization of spent substrates and waste products of mushroom cultivation to produce new crops of Pleurotus ostreatus,Pleurotus eryngii and Agaricus bisporus

Five agro-industrial residues,their corresponding spent mushroom substrates(SMS),commercial fresh and spent mushroom compost of Agaricus(SMC)and Pleurotus ostreatus(SMS GZ)cultivation,Pleurotus and Agaricus waste(stipes/mishappen mushrooms)were combined and re-utilized as novel substrates for the cultivation of P.ostreatus,P.eryngii and A.bisporus mushrooms.SMSs/SMC were used up to 40%(treatment 1 and 2),while 20%of mushroom waste were added in fresh and spent substrates(treatment 3 and 4).The impact of different substrates on mycelial growth rate and biomass production was examined.Then,Pleurotus spp.were cultivated on the most promising substrates and essential cultivation aspects(earliness,total mushroom yield,biological efficiency-BE)and carposomes’quality parameters(weight,morphological characteristics)were evaluated.Laccase and endoglucanase production by Pleurotus species were also determined at 50 and 100%of colonization stages.All species showed their fastest mycelial growth rate(up to 5 mm/day)on substrates consisted of SMC,whereas many combinations of species/substrate enhanced biomass production.The SMS GZ supplementation positively affected laccase activity;in the cultures of P.ostreatus and P.eryngii the highest values were 62,539 and 17,584 U/g d.w.,respectively.On the contrary,small amounts of endoglucanase were produced(0.007 to 0.322 U/g d.w.);the greatest production was recorded for P.ostreatus at full colonization.Regarding fermentation in bags,significant amount of total mushroom yield was produced in all substrates and those with SMS GZ supported the fastest earliness period and the highest BE for both Pleurotus species.BE values ranged from 54 to 133%for P.ostreatus and from 53 to 121%for P.eryngii.Concerning morphological characteristics,mushroom waste addition seemed to affect them positively.The data included in this paper support the effective re-utilization of different types of SMS and mushroom waste for fungal mass and enzymes’production and for new high quality Pleurotus spp.carposomes.

不同LED光质对平菇子实体性状与产量的影响

以平菇为试材,采用LED光源照射方法,研究了白光(CK,对照)、红光(R)、绿光(G)、蓝光(B)和红绿光(R∶G=1∶1)、红蓝光(R∶B=1∶1)组合光对平菇子实体性状、产量和水分含量的影响,以期筛选出菇阶段适宜的光质条件。结果表明:白光和蓝光出菇最快,绿光出菇最晚,蓝光处理子实体数和成菇率最高;白光和蓝光主要促进子实体菌盖的生长,相反,红光抑制菌盖生长,促进菌柄生长;相对于红光和绿光处理,蓝光和红蓝光处理下菌盖颜色较深;白光和蓝光处理下单棒产量较高,分别达到292.44 g和284.97 g,红光处理下产量最低,为178.74 g;除红光外,其它光质处理下子实体水分含量均在90%以上,其中蓝光处理下水分最高。总体来说,白光和蓝光处理下平菇子实体农艺性状、菇形表现较好,产量和水分含量均高于其它光质,为子实体生长发育阶段的适宜光质。

不同秸秆培养基对平菇生长影响的比较研究

为了解不同作物秸秆主料培养基对栽培平菇所表现出的差异,以便于因地制宜指导生产,特进行试验。设置12种秸秆材料作主料配制培养基栽培平菇,观察并记录。结果表明,平菇菌丝在各培养基中的生长速度、长势及头茬子实体产量都表现出明显差异。根据各培养基的成分特点,主要表现在以下几个方面:当C/N在20～50之间,且培养基中可溶性糖与粗纤维的质量比在1附近时,菌丝生长情况最好,产量最高;当C/N在20～50之间,可溶性糖与粗纤维的质量比大于1.5以上时,菌丝长势差,易死菇或不出菇;当可溶性糖与粗纤维质量比在1附近,但C/N过大,超过50以上,菌丝生长速度慢,长势差,产量低。综上,秸秆成分影响平菇生长,用不同秸秆作主料栽培平菇时,必须根据其成分特点作适当调整。

平菇培养料中纤维素、半纤维素的降解及其酶活性的变化

在平菇菌丝长满期、菇蕾期、一茬菇和二茬菇时,分别测定培养料中纤维素、半纤维素酶活性及其底物的含量。结果表明,从接种起到一茬菇期间,纤维素和半纤维素酶活性逐步升高,一茬菇时达到高峰,此后迅速降低。培养料中纤维素和半纤维素的含量从接种起即开始降低。其中菇蕾期之前半纤维素降解较快,一茬菇后纤维素降解较快。

平菇在12种秸秆主料基质中生长情况的初步研究

为了解不同作物秸杆主料基质在栽培平菇时所表现出的结果,特配制12种不同秸杆材料基质来栽培平菇。结果表明:平菇菌丝在各基质中的长速、长势及头茬子实体产量都表现出明显差异。平菇菌丝在油菜秸秆基质中长速最快,长势为优,结菇最早;在以黄豆秸秆、棉花秸秆和棉籽壳为主料的基质中,长速稍慢,结菇稍晚,头茬菇产量最好;在以高粱糠和高粱秸秆为主料的基质中,长速波动大,长势为良,头茬菇产量低,且出现死菇;在以玉米芯为主料的基质中,长速慢,长势良,头茬菇产量中等;在花生秧主料基质中,长速最慢,但长势为优,试验结束时未形成产量;在甘薯藤、小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和白杨树叶为主料的基质中,长速最慢,且长势最差,实验结束未形成产量。根据各基质成分特点分析,只有当C/N在20～50之间,且基质中可溶性糖与粗纤维质量比在1附近时,菌丝才能生长最好,产量最高。因此,用不同秸杆主料栽培平菇时,必须根据其成分特点配制基质。

河南省栽培平菇品种的种质资源评价

通过拮抗试验,将供试的61个菌株划分为13个营养亲和群,酯酶同工酶电泳显示同一营养亲和群的菌株其同工酶带型一致.而从13个营养亲和群中分别选出1个菌株,酯酶同工酶分析,具有丰富的多态性;ISSR扩增共获得106个位点,多态性位点比例(P)为95.4%;对13个菌株进行ITS扩增,扩增片段测序比对结果表明,13个菌株中1株为糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)、1株为肺形侧耳(Pleurotus pulm onarius)、4株为佛罗里达侧耳(Pleurotus florida)、7株为白黄侧耳(Pleurotus cornucopiae).栽培试验结果表明,13个菌株之间子实体形态差异较大,分别属于侧耳属不同的品种;而同一营养亲和群的菌株之间子实体形态无明显差异.研究表明,河南省现常用的61个栽培平菇品种属于13个营养亲和群,4个侧耳类型,它们之间有丰富的遗传多样性.