Efficient removal of Al(Ⅲ)and P507 from high concentration MgCl_(2)solution based on in-situ reaction strategy

For a highly efficient recycling of a wastewater containing a high concentration of MgCl_(2),Al(Ⅲ)and P507 were scheduled to be removed in advance.In this study,the in-situ removal of Al(Ⅲ)and P507 from a high concentration MgCl_(2)solution at different pH values and Al/P molar ratios was investigated.The results showed that P507 formed organic complexes of Al_(x)(OH)_y^(Z+)-P507 at pH of 2.0-4.0.At pH of 4.0-5.0,Al(Ⅲ)precipitated and transferred into Al(OH)_(3)with a flocculent amorphous morphology.Active sites on the Al(OH)_(3)surface enhanced the removal efficiency of P507.At pH of 6.0-6.5,Al(Ⅲ)and Mg(Ⅱ)formed layered crystalline Al(OH)_(3)and MgAl_(2)(OH)_(8with)small pore channels and fewer active sites,resulting in a reduced removal efficiency of P507.When the Al/P molar ratio exceeded 13 and the pH was between 4.0 and 5.0,the removal rates of both Al(Ⅲ)and P507 were higher than98%,while the concentration loss of Mg(Ⅱ)was only 0.2%-0.9%.

SiC_(p)/Al复合材料内冲液电火花喷爆加工试验研究

在电火花加工小孔时,随着加工深度的增加,电蚀产物排出困难,影响加工效率。因此,设计了电火花喷爆加工下有内冲液和无内冲液的单因素对比试验,分析了内冲液作用下SiC_(p)/Al复合材料电火花喷爆加工冲液压力、电极内径和SiC质量分数对小孔加工性能和表面质量的影响规律。结果表明:在3 MPa冲液压力下,采用内径1.5 mm的管电极加工质量分数55%的SiC_(p)/Al复合材料,较无内冲液加工时,加工效率提高了26.9%,电极相对损耗率降低了29.6%,加工锥度降低了29.2%,表面粗糙度值降低了19.2%。

预热温度对激光选区熔化成形30%SiC_(p)/AlSi10Mg复合材料力学性能的影响

基板常温工况下激光选区熔化成形中等体积分数SiC_(p)/Al复合材料存在孔洞、裂纹等冶金缺陷,从而导致成形零件致密度低、力学性能差等问题。首先研究了固定优化成形工艺参数时,基板预热温度(200~400℃)对45μm的30%(质量分数,下同)SiC_(p)/AlSi10Mg成形零件表观致密度和力学性能的影响;进一步提高SiC_(p)质量分数至50%,再次评价了上述基板预热温度对成形性能的影响。结果表明,当SiC_(p)质量分数为30%时,升高基板预热温度可以减少成形零件的孔洞和裂纹,成形零件的表观致密度及力学性能显著提高;当基板预热至400℃时,成形零件表观致密度最高达到97.98%,与此同时极限抗压强度和极限抗拉强度分别为578 MPa和56 MPa;随着SiC_(p)质量分数进一步增加至50%,基板预热温度对成形零件致密化和力学性能的强化效果逐步减弱。本研究证明高温预热基板能够有效抑制激光选区熔化成形中等体积分数SiC_(p)/Al复合材料的冶金缺陷,为增材制造SiC_(p)/Al复合材料提供了工程应用解决方案。

刃口钝圆半径对SiC_(p)/Al复合材料铣削表面质量和切屑形貌影响研究

碳化硅颗粒增强铝基复合材料(SiC_(p)/Al)具有卓越的物理力学性能,广泛应用于航空航天、电子、军事等高端领域。本文以体积分数为20%的SiC_(p)/Al复合材料为研究对象,采用单因素试验方法进行干式铣削,分析刀具刃口钝圆半径和切削速度对切削力、表面形貌、表面粗糙度(Ra)和切屑形貌的影响。结果表明:切削力随着刃口钝圆半径的增加而降低,随着切削速度的增加先降低后增加;随着刃口钝圆半径的增加,加工表面的凹坑和犁沟缺陷减少,表面Ra呈降低趋势。随着切削速度的增加,加工表面的划痕缺陷增多,表面Ra呈现先增加后降低的趋势;在不同刃口钝圆半径和不同切削速度下,切屑形状均呈不规则锯齿状。切屑非自由表面微观形貌随着刃口钝圆半径的增加逐渐变得光滑,随着切削速度的增加出现更严重的裂纹。

双尺度SiC_(p)增强Al基复合材料的制备及耐磨性研究

采用粉末冶金法制备了双尺度SiC_(p)增强Al基复合材料,SiC_(p)双粒径50μm:10μm的比例分别为1∶1、2∶1、3∶1、4∶1及5∶1,添加总含量为20vol%。通过销盘式摩擦磨损试验机对复合材料及对比试样HT300材料的耐磨性能进行了测试,使用SEM、EDS对复合材料及HT300摩擦磨损前后的微观形貌进行了表征,并对复合材料摩擦磨损机理进行了分析。结果表明,SiC_(p)与Al基体界面结合良好,无界面脱粘及孔隙产生。任一碳化硅颗粒粒径配比的SiC_(p)/Al基复合材料的耐磨性能均优于HT300,其中颗粒粒径配比为3∶1时耐磨性能最优,HT300磨损量约为颗粒粒径配比3∶1时的7~13倍。

重掺杂p型SiC晶片Ni/Al欧姆接触特性

系统研究了Al和Ni/Al两种金属体系在重掺杂p型SiC晶片上的欧姆接触特性和电学性质。利用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和综合物性测量系统对这两种电极表面的微观结构和样品的电学性质进行了表征。结果表明:在真空环境下经过800℃退火后Al电极可呈现出欧姆接触行为,其比接触电阻率为1.98×10^(-3)Ω·cm^(2),退火处理后Al电极与SiC在接触界面形成化合物Al_(4)C_(3),有助于提高接触界面稳定性。在Ni/Al复合体系中,当Ni金属层厚度为50 nm时,其比接触电阻率显著降低至4.013×10^(-4)Ω·cm^(2)。退火后Ni与SiC在接触界面生成的Ni_(2)Si有利于欧姆接触的形成和降低比接触电阻率。研究结果可为开发液相法生长的p型SiC晶片电子器件提供参考。

SiC_(p)/Al复合材料多能场复合加工机理分析与试验

为实现SiC_(p)/Al复合材料的高精高效加工,采用复合旋转超声与磨削、电加工等特种加工方法,研究了旋转超声机械-电解复合加工机理,分析了多能场加工参数的作用效果,探讨了加工效率、表面质量等指标,建立了数学分析模型,设计构建旋转超声复合多能场加工系统。采用直径4 mm电极和4 V电解电压,对碳化硅质量分数为30%的SiC_(p)/Al复合材料进行旋转超声及一维、二维超声多能场加工对比试验。结果表明:超声多能场加工能显著降低表面粗糙度,可加工出较光滑的平面和微结构;二维旋转超声复合加工相较于一维加工的效率提高20%以上,加工精度可达0.01 mm,表面粗糙度达Ra1.6μm。超声多能场加工过程稳定,具有显著的技术复合优势。

通过基体晶粒和颗粒分布异质结构的调控协同提升AlN_(p)/Al复合材料的强度-塑性

为了获得优异的强塑性能,采用液固反应结合后续的热机械处理方法制备了3种具有不同微观组织构型的异构AlNp/Al复合材料,详细研究了AlN颗粒分布和基体晶粒组织构型对拉伸强度和塑性的影响。结果表明,复合材料的强度和塑性同时提高。其中,具有较弥散颗粒分布的Uniformed-AlNp/Al复合材料表现出优异的极限抗拉强度(~387 MPa)和断裂伸长率(~9.1%)。与其他文献报道的颗粒增强铝基复合材料相比,该复合材料具有较好的比强度和延展性组合。此外,计算了异质变形诱导(HDI)应力。结果表明,在Uniformed-AlNp/Al复合材料中,HDI应力显著增加。揭示了HDI应力在提高AlNp/Al复合材料的强度和塑性中起着至关重要的作用。

虑及颗粒-基体摩擦行为影响的SiC_(p)/Al切削仿真研究

摩擦系数是影响切削过程中切削力、切削热以及已加工表面形貌的重要参数。通过搭建力—热可控摩擦实验平台,探究温度—压力影响下SiC_(p)/Al切削过程中颗粒—基体两相摩擦行为。基于摩擦工件表面粗糙度与表面形貌,揭示了温度—压力影响机理。结果表明,温度—压力作用本质是影响SiC颗粒磨削深度;摩擦系数受压力影响较大,而温度、压力与颗粒自锐性三者的共同作用决定摩擦后工件表面粗糙度。考虑颗粒—基体摩擦行为影响的SiC_(p)/Al切削仿真模型能有效预测切削力,平均误差为3.28%;提高切削速度可有效改善SiC颗粒犁耕基体形成的三角形缺陷宽度,平均减少38.3%。该研究为进一步理解SiC_(p)/Al切削过程中的摩擦特性与提高仿真预测精度提供了理论基础。

Comparison of foliar nutrient concentrations between natural and artificial forests of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica on sandy land, China

In order to examine the causes of degradation of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations on sandy land, the foliar concentrations of N, P, K and C were analyzed and compared between the field grown P. sylvestris var. mongolica trees from two provenances （natural forests and plantations）. The results indicated that natural tree needles had lower N, P and C concentrations, and higher K concentrations than those of plantation tree needles. For plantation tree needles, ratios of N： P, P. K and N： K increased with tree age before 45 years old; but they were not clear for the natural tree needles. Compared with the conclusions reported on Pinus spp., we found that the foliar N and P concentrations were in the optimal range for both natural and plantation tree needles. This result suggested that N or P might not be the absolute limit factors in plant nutrient for P sylvestris var. mongolica on sandy land. However, foliar K concentrations in both natural and plantation tree needles were much lower than those reported on Pinus spp. （〉4.80 g kg-1）.The N： P ratio of natural needles was in the adequate ranges, but N： P ratio of plantation needles was out of the adequate ranges. These results indicated that there was a better balanced nutrition status in the natural forest than in the plantations. If only considering the foliar nutrient concentrations of P sylvestris var. mongolica from different provenances, it might be concluded that the degradation phenomenon of P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations was not induced by nutrition deficiency of absolute nutrients of N and P, but might be induced by other mineral nutrients or by the effectiveness of N and P nutrients. The unbalanced nutrition status and relatively quick decomposition of needles in the plantations might also contribute to the degradation.

Preparation, Characterization of Hydrotalcites and the Catalytic Properties in Synthesis of o-Phenylphenol over Pt/CHT

Mg/Al mixed oxides with molar ratios of 2_6 of Mg to Al used as supports for platinum catalysts were obtained by the thermal decomposition method. The effect of the composition of the mixed oxides on the physicochemical properties was studied by TPD, nitrogen sorption, XRD and TG-DTA characterization methods. The synthesis of o-phenylphenol(OPP) from a dimer(obtained from cyclohexanone condensation) was investigated over Pt/CHT catalysts and compared with those over Pt/MgO and Pt/Al 2O 3 catalysts. These catalysts show a high activity and selectivity for OPP, with a conversion reaching 93.8% and a selectivity reaching 87.9% in some experiments. For Pt/CHTx catalysts, the calcined hydrotalcites exhibited strong base sites, which were necessary to catalyze the synthesis of OPP.

Research on the Characters of the Cutting Force in Vibration Cutting Particle Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites SiC_p/Al

In this paper, turning experiments of machining particle reinforced metal matri x composites(PRMMCs) SiC p/Al with PCD tools have been carried out. The cutting force characteristics in ultrasonic vibration turning compared with that in com mon turning were studied. Through the single factor experiments and multiple fac tor orthogonal experiments, the influences of three kinds of cutting conditions such as cutting velocity, amount of feed and cutting depth on cutting force were analyzed in detail. Meanwhile, according to the experimental data, the empirica l formula of main cutting force in ultrasonic vibration turning was conclude d. According to the test results, the cutting force is direct proportion to cutt ing depth basically according to the relation between cutting force and other fa ctors, which is similar to that of common cutting, so is the feed rate, but the influence is not so big. The influence of cutting speed is larger than that of f eed rate on cutting force because the efficient cutting time increases in vibrat ion cycle with the increase of cutting speed, which causes cutting force to incr ease. The research results indicate: (1) Ultrasonic vibration turning possesses much lower main cutting force than that in common turning when adopting smaller cutting parameters. If using larger cutting parameters, the difference will inco nspicuous. (2) There are remarkable differences of cutting force-cutting veloci ty characteristics in ultrasonic vibration turning from that in common turning m ainly because built-up edge does not emerge in ultrasonic turning unlike common turning in corresponding velocity range. (3) In ultrasonic vibration cutting, t he influence of cutting velocity on cutting force is most obvious among thre e cutting parameters and the influence of feed is smallest. So adopting lower cu tting velocity and larger cutting depth not only can reduce cutting force effect ively but also can ensure cutting efficiency. (4) The conclusions are useful in precision and super precision manufacturing thin-wall pieces.

Experiment and Modeling of Pure and Binary Adsorption of n-Butane and Butene-1 on ZSM-5 Zeolites with Different Si/Al Ratios

Four ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts with different Si/Al ratios for the catalytic cracking of C4 fractions to produce ethylene and propylene were prepared in this study.First,the adsorption isotherms of pure n-butane and butene-1 and their mixtures on these catalysts at 300K and p=0—100kPa were measured using the intelligent gra- vimetric analyzer.The experimental results indicate that the presence of Al can significantly affect the adsorption of butene-1 than that of n-butane on ZSM-5 zeolites.Then,the double Langmuir(DL)model was applied to study the pure gas adsorption on ZSM-5 zeolites for pure n-butane and butene-1.By combining the DL model with the ideal adsorbed solution theory(IAST),the IAST-DL model was applied to model the butene-1(1)/n-butane(2)binary mixture adsorption on ZSM-5 zeolites with different Si/Al ratios.The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data,indicating that the IAST-DL model is effective for the present systems.Finally,the adsorp- tion over a wide range of variables was predicted at low pressure and 300K by the model proposed.It is found that the selectivity of butene-1 over n-butane increases linearly with the decrease of Si/Al ratio.A correlation between the selectivity and Si/Al ratio of the sample was proposed at 300K and p=0.08MPa.

固溶时间对Ti@(Al-Si-Ti)_(p)/A356复合材料组织及力学性能的影响

采用粉末触变成形技术制备了原位自生心-壳结构增强A356铝基复合材料,并研究了固溶时间对Ti@(Al-Si-Ti)_(p)/A356复合材料显微其组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着固溶时间增加,初生α-Al相颗粒粗化长大;共晶Si相不断溶解,晶界上残余的共晶Si粗化、球状化;Al基体、Ti心部继续反应,增强体颗粒壳层发生相转变。复合材料在545℃固溶处理1 h时,力学性能达到峰值,其抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别为263.9 MPa、175.1 MPa、20%,比制备态复合材料分别提高了7.3%、21.4%和12.4%,维氏硬度也从59.3 HV提高到72.8 HV。

SiC_(p)/Al复合材料超声振动划痕试验及仿真研究

针对SiC_(p)/Al复合材料加工质量较差的问题提出了超声振动辅助微尺度加工的策略。通过Python软件构建了SiC陶瓷颗粒随机分布的有限元模型,对普通刻划和超声刻划两种条件下陶瓷颗粒和铝合金基体的材料去除机理进行分析。在有限元仿真分析的基础上,设计了维氏压头超声振动刻划试验,对刻划力、划痕表面形貌和表面粗糙度进行了研究。研究结果表明:普通刻划过程中主要为SiC陶瓷颗粒的脱离和压入,超声刻划过程中主要为陶瓷颗粒破损;超声振动可以有效降低刻划力和划痕粗糙度,从而提高SiC_(p)/Al复合材料的加工质量;普通刻划和超声刻划试验的刻划力均值分别为12.818N和9.258N,仿真和试验之间刻划力的误差为8.7%;普通刻划和超声刻划试验的粗糙度均值分别为0.933μm和0.581μm,仿真和试验之间粗糙度的误差为5.5%。

高体积分数SiC_(p)/Al复合材料的螺旋铣削试验研究

目的分析体积分数为55%的SiC_(p)/Al复合材料在螺旋铣削加工条件下的材料去除机理,提高制孔的孔径精度和表面质量,降低表面粗糙度,为螺旋铣削加工提供一定理论基础。方法首先,基于螺旋铣削运动规律分析复合材料中单一碳化硅颗粒的受力状况及不同去除形式。其次,对铝基体、碳化硅颗粒以及刀具进行建模,模拟碳化硅颗粒在加工过程中的去除形式,并分析3种典型去除形式对表面粗糙度的影响。再次,以螺旋铣削的方式,采用直径为4mm的PCD铣刀在8mm厚的SiC_(p)/Al复合材料上制备直径为6mm的孔。通过响应面法,以主轴转速、进给速度和螺距作为优化变量,孔径精度和表面粗糙度作为优化指标,建立相应的响应分析模型,得到切削参数与优化指标的多元回归方程,研究各工艺参数之间的交互作用。最后,对响应面法得到的较优工艺参数进行试验验证。结果当主轴转速为3388 r/min(切削速度为42.575m/min)、进给速度为175mm/min、螺距为0.26mm时,制孔满足孔径H7的技术要求,表面粗糙度Ra值为1.5303μm。结论适当提高切削速度可增大颗粒被切断的概率,相较于颗粒被挤压和颗粒被拔出,颗粒被切断时已加工表面质量更好。

形变参数对B_(4)C_(P)/6061Al复合材料热变形行为的影响

通过对B_(4)C_(P)/6061Al复合材料进行热压缩实验,系统研究了不同温度和应变速率对其流变应力和微观组织演变的影响。采用EBSD表征方法分析了复合材料的晶粒形貌、取向差角分布和晶粒尺寸的演变规律。结果表明,动态再结晶是复合材料热变形过程中的主要软化机制。随着温度的升高和应变速率的降低,平均晶粒尺寸和大角度晶界比例逐渐增大,在高温低应变速率下,B_(4)C的加入限制了DRX晶粒的生长,导致生长的DRX晶粒被拉长。

Effects of COD to Phosphorus Ratios on the Metabolism of PAOs in Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal with Different Carbon Sources

To elucidate the phosphorus removal and metabolism under various COD / P ratio,a sludge highly enriched in PAOs was used to investigate the impacts of COD / P in batch tests under different carbon supply conditions. Acetate,propionate and a mixture of acetate and propionate at a ratio of 3 ∶ 1( COD basis) was used as carbon sources with the COD / P of 20,15,10 and 5. 0 g COD /gP,respectively. The minimum COD / P ratios for complete P removal were found to be 8. 24 g COD /gP for acetate,11. 40 g COD /gP for propionate and9. 10 g COD /gP for the 3 ∶ 1 mixture of acetate and propionate. Converted to a mass basis,all three cases had a very similar ratio of 7. 7 g VFA /gP,which represented a useful guide for operation of EBPR plants to identify possible shortages in VFAs. The trend in PHV accumulation during the anaerobic period along with the decrease of COD / P ratios suggested that,PAOs may use the TCA pathway for anaerobic VFA uptake to maintain the required NADH production with reduced glycogen degradation. During the aerobic phase,the glycogen pool was reduced but remained enough compared to the requirement for anaerobic VFA uptake,and the synthesis and degradation of glycogen was not the inhibition factor of PAOs.

Effect of melt-to-solid volume ratio and preheating temperature on Mg/Al bimetals interface by centrifugal casting

Compound casting is an efficient method for bonding dissimilar metals,in which a dramatic reaction can occur between the melt and solid.The centrifugal casting process,a type of compound casting,was applied to cast Al/Mg dissimilar bimetals.Magnesium melt was poured at 700 °C,with melt-to-solid volume ratios(Vm/Vs) of 1.5 and 3,into a preheated hollow aluminum cylinder.The preheating temperatures of the solid part were 320,400,and 450 °C,and the constant rotational speed was 1,600 rpm.The cast parts were kept inside the casting machine until reaching the cooling temperature of 150 °C.The result showed that an increase in preheating temperature from 320 to 450 °C led to an enhanced reaction layer thickness.In addition,an increase in the Vm/Vs from 1.5 to 3 resulted in raising the interface thickness from 1.2 to 1.8 mm.Moreover,the interface was not continuously formed when a Vm/Vs of 3 was selected.In this case,the force of contraction overcame the resultant acting force on the interface.An interface formed at the volume ratio of 1.5 was examined using scanning electron microscopy(SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS),and the results demonstrated the formation of Al_(3)Mg_(2),Al_(12)Mg_(17) and(δ+Al_(12)Mg_(17)) eutectic structures in the interface.

Phase composition and luminescent properties of strontium aluminate long persistence phosphor synthesized by combustion synthesis method with different Sr/Al ratios

Strontium aluminate long persistence phos phors are synthesized by combustion method. By control- ling the raw material ratio （Sr/Al）, the effects of phase composition on subsequent spectroscopic properties of phosphors are studied. Results show that the phase com-position changes from strontium-rich phase to aluminum- rich phase with the decrease of Sr/AI： when the rate of Al/Sr changes from 3：1 to 1：1, the main crystal phase of samples is Sr3Al206, and it exhibits the characteristic fluorescence of Eu^3＋ in the lattice of Sr3Al206; when the rate of Al/Sr is between 1：2 and 2：7, phase composition is the mixture of SrAl204 and SrAl4OT, and it emits the characteristic fluorescence of Eu^2＋ in SrAl204 but not in SrAl4OT; when Al/Sr decreases to 1：4 or even 1：12, the main crystal phase of samples transform into SrAl12019, and the characteristic emission peak is about 470 nm, which corresponds to the characteristic emission of Eu2＋ in SrAl12019. At the end of the article, the influence laws of two different synthesis methods on phase composition of samples between high-temperature solid method and combustion method are compared. Compared with the high-temperature solid method, the rule of influence is similar, but the mole ratio of Al/Sr in products is always higher than the initial ratio of the raw material, and com-pounds like Sr4Al14025 are not obtained by combustion method.