Structural control of magnetic nanoparticles for positive nuclear magnetic resonance imaging

In addition to the tens of millions of medical doses consumed annually around the world,a vast number of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)contrast agents are being deployed in MRI research and development,offering precise diagnostic information,targeting capabilities,and analyte sensing.Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(SPIONs)are notable among these agents,providing effective and versatile MRI applications while also being heavy-metal-free,bioconjugatable,and theranostic.We designed and implemented a novel two-pronged computational and experimental strategy to meet the demand for the efficient and rigorous development of SPION-based MRI agents.Our MATLAB-based modeling simulation and magnetic characterization revealed that extremely small maghemite SPIONs in the 1-3 nm range possess significantly reduced transversal relaxation rates(R_(2))and are therefore preferred for positive(T_(1)-weighted)MRI.Moreover,X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption fine structure analyses demonstrated that the diffraction pattern and radial distribution function of our SPIONs matched those of the targeted maghemite crystals.In addition,simulations of the X-ray near-edge structure spectra indicated that our synthesized SPIONs,even at 1 nm,maintained a spherical structure.Furthermore,in vitro and in vivo MRI investigations showed that our 1-nm SPIONs effectively highlighted whole-body blood vessels and major organs in mice and could be cleared through the kidney route to minimize potential post-imaging side effects.Overall,our innovative approach enabled a swift discovery of the desired SPION structure,followed by targeted synthesis,synchrotron radiation spectroscopic studies,and MRI evaluations.The efficient and rigorous development of our high-performance SPIONs can set the stage for a computational and experimental platform for the development of future MRI agents.

Bandgap adjustment of a sandwich-like acoustic metamaterial plate with a frequency-displacement feedback control method

Several types of acoustic metamaterials composed of resonant units have been developed to achieve low-frequency bandgaps.In most of these structures,bandgaps are determined by their geometric configurations and material properties.This paper presents a frequency-displacement feedback control method for vibration suppression in a sandwich-like acoustic metamaterial plate.The band structure is theoretically derived using the Hamilton principle and validated by comparing the theoretical calculation results with the finite element simulation results.In this method,the feedback voltage is related to the displacement of a resonator and the excitation frequency.By applying a feedback voltage on the piezoelectric fiber-reinforced composite(PFRC)layers attached to a cantilever-mass resonator,the natural frequency of the resonator can be adjusted.It ensures that the bandgap moves in a frequency-dependent manner to keep the excitation frequency within the bandgap.Based on this frequency-displacement feedback control strategy,the bandgap of the metamaterial plate can be effectively adjusted,and the vibration of the metamaterial plate can be significantly suppressed.

Performance enhancement of a viscoelastic bistable energy harvester using time-delayed feedback control

This paper focuses on the stochastic analysis of a viscoelastic bistable energy harvesting system under colored noise and harmonic excitation, and adopts the time-delayed feedback control to improve its harvesting efficiency. Firstly, to obtain the dimensionless governing equation of the system, the original bistable system is approximated as a system without viscoelastic term by using the stochastic averaging method of energy envelope, and then is further decoupled to derive an equivalent system. The credibility of the proposed method is validated by contrasting the consistency between the numerical and the analytical results of the equivalent system under different noise conditions. The influence of system parameters on average output power is analyzed, and the control effect of the time-delayed feedback control on system performance is compared. The output performance of the system is improved with the occurrence of stochastic resonance(SR). Therefore, the signal-to-noise ratio expression for measuring SR is derived, and the dependence of its SR behavior on different parameters is explored.

A low-noise X-band microwave source with digital automatic frequency control for electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy

We report a new design of microwave source for X-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer.The microwave source is equipped with a digital automatic frequency control circuit.The parameters of the digital automatic frequency control circuit can be flexibly configured for different experimental conditions,such as the input powers or the quality factors of the resonator.The configurability makes the microwave source universally compatible and greatly extends its application.To demonstrate the ability of adapting to various experimental conditions,the microwave source is tested by varying the input powers and the quality factors of the resonator.A satisfactory phase noise as low as-135 d Bc/Hz at 100-k Hz offset from the center frequency is achieved,due to the use of a phase-locked dielectric resonator oscillator and a direct digital synthesizer.Continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance experiments are conducted to examine the performance of the microwave source.The outstanding performance shows a prospect of wide applications of the microwave source in numerous fields of science.

Adaptive rotor current control for wind-turbine driven DFIG using resonant controllers in a rotor rotating reference frame

This paper proposes an adaptive rotor current controller for doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), which consists of a proportional (P) controller and two harmonic resonant (R) controllers implemented in the rotor rotating reference frame. The two resonant controllers are tuned at slip frequencies ωslip+ and ωslip-, respectively. As a result, the positive- and negative-sequence components of the rotor current are fully regulated by the PR controller without involving the positive- and negative-sequence decomposition, which in effect improves the fault ride-through (FRT) capability of the DFIG-based wind power generation system during the period of large transient grid voltage unbalance. Correctness of the theoretical analysis and feasibility of the proposed unbalanced control scheme are validated by simulation on a 1.5-MW DFIG wind power generation system.

A Novel Resonant Frequency Tracking Control for Linear Compressor Based on MRAS Method

To optimize the efficiency of the linear compressor,its operating frequency must be controlled equal to the system resonant frequency.The traditional resonant frequency tracking control algorithm relies on the steady state characteristics of the system,which suffers from slow convergence speed,low accuracy and slow system response.In order to solve these problems,a novel resonant frequency tracking control for linear compressor based on model reference adaptive system(MRAS)is proposed in this paper,and the parameter adaptive rate is derived by the Popov's hyperstability theory,so that the system resonant frequency can be directly calculated through the parameter adaptive rate.Furthermore,the traditional algorithm needs to calculate the piston stroke signal by integrating the back-EMF,which has the problem of integral drift.The algorithm proposed in this paper only needs the velocity signal,and the accuracy of the velocity calculation can be ensured by utilizing the self-adaptive band-pass filter(SABPF),thereby greatly improving the accuracy of the resonance frequency calculation.Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Performance Analysis of PI and Fuzzy Control for Modified LCC Resonant Converter Incorporating Boost Converter

In this paper, the modified LCC type of series-parallel Resonant Converter (RC) was designed and state-space modeling analysis was implemented. In this proposed converter, one leg of full bridge diode rectifier is replaced with Synchronous Rectifier (SR) switches. The proposed LCC converter is controlled using frequency modulation in the nominal state. During hold-up time, the SRswitches control is changed from in-phase to phase-shifted gate signal to obtain high DC voltage conversion ratio. Furthermore, the closed loop PI and fuzzy provide control on the output side without decreasing the switching frequency. The parameter such as conduction loss on primary and secondary side, switching loss, core and copper also reduced. Simultaneously, the efficiency is increased about 94.79 is realized by this scheme. The proposed converter with an input of 40 V is built to produce an output of 235 V with the help of ZVS boost converter [1] even under line and load disturbances. As a comparison, the closed loop fuzzy controller performance is feasible and less sensitive than PI controller.

Active Current Sharing of LCLC Resonant Converter with Switch-Controlled-Capacitor Technology

In this paper,an interleaved LCLC converter with enhancement-mode(E-mode)GaN devices is introduced to achieve the accurate current sharing performance for data center applications. Any tolerance in the resonant tank elements can lead to large load imbalance between any two different phases. Due to the steep gain curves of LCLC converters,conventional current sharing methods are not effective. In the proposed converter,the impedances of the resonant networks are matched by switching a capacitor,i.e.,switch controlled capacitor(SCC),in series with the resonant capacitor in one or some of the phases,which results in accurate load current sharing among the phases with an accuracy around 0.025%. The load share of a phase is sensed through the resonant current on it,and the control logic applied to such current sharing can be achieved. By this method,accurate current sharing is achieved for a wide input voltage range required for the hold-up time in data center applications. Interleaving is applied in the proposed multiphase LCLC converter,resulting in low current stress on the output capacitor and allowing ceramic capacitor implementation. Moreover,phase shedding accomplishes high light load efficiency. The performance of the proposed interleaved LCLC converter is verified by a two-phase 1 k W prototype with an input voltage ranging from 250 V to 400 V and a fixed 12 V output voltage.

Fuzzy Logic Controlled Dual Active Bridge Series Resonant Converter for DC Smart Grid Application

Over the last few years, smart grids have become a topic of intensive research, development and deployment across the world. This is due to the fact that, through the smart grid, stable and reliable power systems can be achieved. This paper presents a fuzzy logic control for dual active bridge series resonant converters for DC smart grid application. The DC smart grid consists of wind turbine and photovoltaic generators, controllable and DC loads, and power converters. The proposed control method has been applied to the controllable load＇s and the grid side＇s dual active bridge series resonant converters for attaining control of the power system. It has been used for management of controllable load＇s state of charge, DC feeder＇s voltage stability during the loads and power variations from wind energy and photovoltaic generation and power flow management between the grid side and the DC smart grid. The effectiveness of the proposed DC smart grid operation has been verified by simulation results obtained by using MATLAB and PLECS cards.

The Mechanism of Eliminating Harmonic Resonance with Controllers and Application to the Power Systems

The phenomenon of anti-symmetrical bifurcation of periodic solutionsoccurring near an integral manifold is the intrinsic cause resulting in harmonic resonanceover-voltage in power systems. Due to this discovery, the principle of eliminating resonance byusing anti-bifurcation technique is presented, which makes that the theoretical bases of verymeasure to eliminate resonance are unified firstly from a point of view of basic theory. Ourdiscussion models depend on a class of nonlinear control model. Using the direct Lyapunov method, acomplete theoretical proof is given in accordance with the measure of eliminating resonance byconnecting nonlinear resistor in series to the neutral point of P. T., and the feedback control lawbeing applied. It comprises the action of parameters of resistor to eliminate resonance and theactual process of eliminating resonance, i.e., to go against bifurcation process which forces thebig harmonic solutions to retreat to the integral manifold gradually and disappear eventually, whichby using the nonlinear controllers. This makes it sure that the intrinsic cause of resonance iseliminated thoroughly. The obtained theory results and computing results are better than thepresented results.

具有p-Laplacian算子的分数阶问题共振正解的存在性

本文研究了具有p-拉普拉斯算子的分数阶微分方程在两种边界条件下的共振正解存在的问题.利用Leggett-Williams范型定理的方法,获得了一些新的存在性结果,推广了该类问题已有的研究结果.

基于储能PCS并联的微网谐振抑制及稳定控制

微网系统中的储能电力电子接口变换器通常呈并联结构,且通过LCL滤波器连接到公共母线。LCL滤波器自身具有谐振问题,特别是在储能PCS并联系统中,频域分析结果中存在额外的正向谐振尖峰和反向谐振尖峰。此处在分析微网中带有LCL滤波器的储能并联逆变器系统谐振特性的基础上,采用基于双二阶滤波器的主动阻尼方法,在不引入额外的传感器和控制闭环的情况下,对并联系统中多对不稳定极点同时进行调整。该方法通过在控制系统中添加两对零极点,改变根轨迹的走向,使得多对不稳定极点均移动到z平面单位圆之内,因此系统稳定性得以保证。基于dSPACE1103搭建的实时硬件在环实验平台验证了理论分析结果。

基于双补偿下垂—MQPR的直驱式风电机组并网控制

为了实现直驱式永磁风力发电系统安全稳定并网,提出一种基于双补偿下垂与多重准比例谐振(multiple quasi proportional resonance,MQPR)相结合的并网控制策略。该策略源于传统下垂控制,在电压控制环节引入直流电压补偿量,能快速调节直流母线电压达到稳定;在电流控制环节引入电容电流补偿量,能有效减小滤波电容造成的电流误差影响;同时,设计出MQPR控制器替代内环电流的PI控制器,可以滤除系统中多次谐波电流。通过建立仿真模型,与双闭环PI和传统下垂控制策略进行对比,验证所提控制策略的有效性。

一种融合电能变换与可见光通信VPPM调制的控制策略

面对独立光伏发电系统的小卫星间可见光通信应用,提出一种谐振三端口LED驱动电路,实现软开关高效光伏电能变换,对所提出驱动电路稳态特性和关键参数进行具体分析设计。结合驱动电路,提出一种融合电能变换与可见光通信的可变脉冲位置调制(VPPM)调制控制策略,利用输出脉冲电流的位置实现数据传输,通过调节输出脉冲电流宽度完成通信所需亮度调节,适用于较远距离可见光通信调制,同时实现照明恒流控制。详细分析融合控制原理和控制过程,最后进行计算机仿真验证,并设计制作一台所提出驱动电路与融合控制策略的额定输出0.6 A/20 W实验样机,样机效率最高可达95.6%,通信原理样机数据传输速率为10~20 kbps,验证了所提出的驱动电路和融合控制策略的有效性。

定频PWM控制混合桥双LLC谐振变换器研究

针对宽输出电压应用中传统频率控制LLC谐振变换器工作频率范围宽且存在较大循环电流的问题,提出1种定频PWM控制混合桥双LLC谐振变换器。根据原边侧结构的不同,所提变换器有3种拓扑结构形式,分别为半桥-半桥双LLC谐振变换器、半桥-全桥双LLC谐振变换器、全桥-全桥双LLC谐振变换器。其中,原边侧结构并联输入,2个变压器二次侧串联输出。相较于传统频率控制LLC变换器,3种拓扑形态始终在谐振频率点工作,缩小了开关频率范围;在PWM控制策略下,可以分别实现2倍电压增益、3倍电压增益和4倍电压增益以适应宽电压场合;电路中循环电流损耗低,软开关性能良好。Simulink仿真和实验结果验证了所提方案的可行性。

基于LADRC和准PR控制的风电并网逆变器控制策略

为了稳定风电并网逆变器直流母线电压的波动,提高其动态响应速度并减少并网电流中的谐波含量,本文提出了LADRC+准PR双环控制策略.首先根据两电平风电并网逆变器的拓扑结构建立其数学模型;然后,根据数学模型设计电压外环二阶LADRC控制器和电流内环准PR控制器代替传统的PI控制器,同时对两种控制器的参数进行了设计并整定;最后,在Matlab软件中构建仿真模型,进行了仿真分析和波形对比.结果表明:相较于传统的双闭环PI控制策略,新型控制策略不仅能够快速地稳定直流母线电压,而且交流侧电流的总谐波失真小;并且在电网电压发生扰动的工况下,仍有较好的控制性能.综上所述,基于LADRC和准PR控制的风电并网逆变器控制策略具有较好的抗扰性和优越的鲁棒性.

基于虚拟阻抗VPI谐振控制器的MMC环流抑制策略

针对MMC相间环流包含的二倍频以及偶次高倍频问题,该文提出了基于虚拟阻抗VPI谐振控制器的新型环流抑制策略,该策略通过虚拟阻抗与VPI谐振控制器结合,从而有效抑制环流中二倍频及偶次高倍频。首先建立了模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)的数学模型,分析了内部环流;其次将环流二倍频分量利用陷波器精准提取之后采用VPI谐振控制器进行抑制;最后设计了虚拟阻抗,抑制环流中的高频谐波分量。利用Matlab/Simulink搭建三相MMC仿真模型并进行验证。

三相PWM逆变器直接并联系统零序环流分析与抑制

环流抑制是实现三相PWM逆变器直接并联系统重要关键技术之一。首先在同步旋转坐标下建立了三相PWM逆变器直接并联系统的零序环流数学模型,结合逆变器空间矢量调制算法详细分析了环流抑制原理。在此基础之上,提出一种基于比例谐振与非零矢量占空比前馈控制的环流抑制策略。该策略可通过调整逆变器空间矢量中的零矢量,在减小环流幅值/有效值的同时,可进一步抑制并联零序环流中的工频波动。最后通过试验给出了不同控制策略下的环流抑制波形,充分证明了所提策略的有效性,为三相PWM逆变器直接并联系统可靠稳定运行提供技术支持。

Adaptive Control of Helicopter Ground Resonance with Magnetorheological Damper

The methodology for adaptive control of helicopter ground resonance with magnetorheological （MR） damper is presented. The adaptive inverse control method is used to control the output damping force of MR damper and the range of the damping force is given. Through the adaptive inverse control, the damping force of MR damper is fit to a desired damping force. With the background of applying MR damper to control of helicopter ground resonance, a model of loss force and an adaptive arithmetic for stabilization of the coupled rotor/fuselage system are presented. The simulation shows that the controller presented in this paper can stabilize the rotor/fuselage coupling system quickly and control the helicopter ground resonance effectively.

Overview and progress of X-nuclei magnetic resonance imaging in biomedical studies

Proton nuclear(^(1)H)is the observed nucleus on which most magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)applications depend.Most traditional^(1)H MRI can provide structural and functional information about organisms,while various non-proton nuclei(X-nuclei)MRI can provide more metabolic information.However,due to the relatively poor signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of X-nuclei MRI,their applications are quite rare compared to^(1)H.Benefit from the rapid developments of MRI hardware and software technologies,X-nuclei MRI has recently attracted increasing interests in biomedical research.This review firstly introduces some current methods to improve the SNR of X-nuclei MRI.Secondly,this review describes biomedical applications of X-nuclei MRI,especially focusing on the current use of X-nuclei(^(13)C,^(17)O,^(19)F,^(23)Na and^(31)P)MRI to study related diseases in different organs,including the brain,liver,kidney,heart and bone.Finally,perspectives studies on X-nuclei imaging and its potential applications are described in biomedical research.