Converted wave AVO inversion for average velocity ratio and shear wave reflection coefficient

Based on the empirical Gardner equation describing the relationship between density and compressional wave velocity, the converted wave reflection coefficient extrema attributes for AVO analysis are proposed and the relations between the extrema position and amplitude, average velocity ratio across the interface, and shear wave reflection coefficient are derived. The extrema position is a monotonically decreasing function of average velocity ratio, and the extrema amplitude is a function of average velocity ratio and shear wave reflection coefficient. For theoretical models, the average velocity ratio and shear wave reflection coefficient are inverted from the extrema position and amplitude obtained from fitting a power function to converted wave AVO curves. Shear wave reflection coefficient sections have clearer physical meaning than conventional converted wave stacked sections and establish the theoretical foundation for geological structural interpretation and event correlation. ＂The method of inverting average velocity ratio and shear wave reflection coefficient from the extrema position and amplitude obtained from fitting a power function is applied to real CCP gathers. The inverted average velocity ratios are consistent with those computed from compressional and shear wave well logs.

Stepwise joint inversion of surface wave dispersion,Rayleigh wave ZH ratio,and receiver function data for 1D crustal shear wave velocity structure

Accurate determination of seismic velocity of the crust is important for understanding regional tectonics and crustal evolution of the Earth. We propose a stepwise joint linearized inversion method using surface wave dispersion, Rayleigh wave ZH ratio （i.e., ellipticity）, and receiver function data to better resolve 1D crustal shear wave velocity （Vs） structure. Surface wave dispersion and Rayleigh wave ZH ratio data are more sensitive to absolute variations of shear wave speed at depths, but their sensi- tivity kernels to shear wave speeds are different and complimentary. However, receiver function data are more sensitive to sharp velocity contrast （e.g., due to the existence of crustal interfaces） and Vp/Vs ratios. The stepwise inversion method takes advantages of the complementary sensitivities of each dataset to better constrain the Vs model in the crust. We firstly invert surface wave dispersion and ZH ratio data to obtain a 1D smooth absolute vs model and then incorporate receiver function data in the joint inver- sion to obtain a finer Vs model with better constraints on interface structures. Through synthetic tests, Monte Carlo error analyses, and application to real data, we demonstrate that the proposed joint inversion method can resolve robust crustal Vs structures and with little initial model dependency.

Study of the Change in Wave Velocity Ratio before and after Two Strong Earthquakes Using Airgun Source Data

Using the signals excited by the large-volume airgun source at the Binchuan transmitting seismic station from January to June,2016,arrival-time data was acquired at four stations near the epicenter of the Eryuan MS4.5 and MS4.0 earthquakes on February 8,2016,as well as the epicenter of the Yunlong MS5.0 and Eryuan MS4.6 earthquakes on May 18,2016 through the waveform cross-correlation technique.The wave velocity ratio of the four stations was calculated using the single-station method.At the same time,the b-value and the focal mechanism consistency parameters of the study area were also calculated.The results show that:(1)the wave velocity ratio of each station experienced a process of decline-recovery-fast rise before the two strong earthquakes,and a significant quasi-synchronous rapid rise occurred within 3-12 days before the earthquake;(2)the timing of the rapid rise of the wave velocity ratio of the four stations before the Yunlong MS5.0 and Eryuan MS4.6 earthquakes were related to the epicentral distance.The station which observed the earliest increase in rapid rise is the farthest one from the epicenter,and the station where the rapid rise appeared in the latest is closest to the epicenter;(3)the form of change of the wave velocity ratio before the earthquake was different between stations located at different directions in the epicenter area;(4)the b-value and the focal mechanism consistency parameter which is commonly used to characterize the stress level both showed a downward trend before the two strong earthquakes,and were consistent with the change in the wave velocity ratio.According to the preliminary analysis,the wave velocity ratio obtained by using airgun source can better reflect the change in the stress state of the underground medium.

Study on Shear Wave Velocity Structure and Velocity Ratio Beneath Ordos Block and Its Eastern and Southern Margins

Using pure S wave fitting method, we studied the shear wave velocity structures under the Ordos block and its eastern and southern marginal areas. The results show that the velocity structure beneath Yulin station in the interior of Ordos block is relatively stable, where no apparent change between high and low velocity layers exists and the shear wave velocity increases steadily with the depth. There is a 12km thick layer at the depth of 25km under this station, with an S wave velocity (V S=3.90km/s) lower than that at the same depth in its eastern and southern areas (V S≥4.00km/s). The crust under the eastern margin of Ordos block is thicker than that of the Yulin station, and the velocity structures alternate between the high and low velocity layers, with more low velocity layers. It has the same characteristic as having a 10km-thick low velocity layer (V S=3.80km/s) in the lower crust but buried at a depth of about 35km. Moreover, we studied the V P/V S ratio under each station in combination with the result of P wave velocity inversion. The results show that, the average velocity ratio of the Yulin station at the interior of Ordos block is only 1.68, with a very low ratio (about 1.60) in the upper crust and a stable ratio of about 1.73 in the mid and lower crust, which indicates the media under this station is homogenous and stable, being in a state of rigidity. But at the stations in the eastern and southern margins of the Ordos block, several layers of high velocity ratio (about 1.80) have been found, in which the average velocity ratio under Kelan and Lishi stations at the eastern margin is systemically higher than that of the general elastical body waves (1.732). This reflects that the crust under the marginal areas is more active relatively, and other materials may exist in these layers. Finally, we discussed the relationship among earthquakes, velocity structures beneath stations and faults.

Time-space evolution characteristics of abrupt variation of wave velocity ratio in the seismogenic process of recent strong earthquakes in Yunnan area

Within a short period of 7 months from July 12, 1995 to February 3, 1996, three earthquakes occurred continually to west Menglian in the border area of China Myanmar ( M =7.3), in Wuding county M =6.5 and in Lijiang ( M =7.0) in Yunnan area. In this paper, the authors have studied the time space evolution characteristics of wave velocity ratio ( γ ) in observed at 5 single stations and the average value of several stations before the recent strong earthquakes. It is discovered that 5～8 years before the earthquake with M =7, source precursors of long medium term, with high (low) drastic variations of wave velocity ratio, appeared within 120 km from the epicenters, and the source precursors of long medium term entered into medium short term stage when the amplitude of wave velocity ratio suddenly increased (decreased) or times of earthquake increase drastically. Three to five years before M =6 earthquakes, source precursors of long medium term and near field precursors of long medium term, with abrupt velocity change of high values, appeared within 40 and 150 km; however, the indicator is not clear in the period of transition to medium short stage. The anomaly of γ within 150 km from the epicenter reaches as much as 3.0, while the maximum value is 2.36 in the area 250 km away, showing the characteristics that the shorter the distance the bigger the abrupt change. Namely, the anomalous amplitudes of source precursors and near field precursors are 20%～60% bigger than that of far field precursors. The reliability of abrupt variation data of γ and its physical mechanism have also been explored in this paper.

Time-space Evolution Pattern and Numerical Analysis of Wave Velocity Ratios Before Lijiang and Ninglang Earthquakes

Dynamic tracing of space-time evolution pattern of wave velocity ratio before the Lijiang earthquake with M=7.0 occurred on February 3, 1996 in northwestern Yunnan. We compared the Ninglang earthquakes with M=6.7 and M=6.4 which occurred on November 7 and December 13. 1976, 90 km away from the Lijiang earthquake. We found that the space-time evolution patterns of velocity that various authors’ studied at different times are very similar.Anomaly areas of wave velocity ratio with high values appeared in the seismogenic areas 5 -7 years before the strong earthquake. Anomalies with low values in large areas appeared 3-4 years before the earthquake. Once again the anomaly areas of wave velocity ratio with high values appear in a lower range 1 ~2 years before. The strong earthquake occurred in the overlapping area of two high value anomaly areas, surrounded by the anomaly areas with low values. The monthly mean values of wave velocity ratio before the two strong earthquakes had maintained low value

Numerical Simulation of the Response Features of Apparent Seismic Wave Velocity Ratio in a Horizontal Layered Medium

This paper deals with the response features of AR(apparent ratio of seismic wave velocities to the changes of TR(true ratio of wave velocities)in the horizontal layered model by mathematical modeling.The results show that:(1)the response features of AR are associated with the parameters of the structure and its dynamic changes,and the relative position between the hypocenters and the monitoring networks,showing complicated patterns strongly related to the concrete paths of propagation of seismic waves from the source to the receiver in the observatories of the network;(2)the depth of the seismic source would have important influence on the response features of AR,especially the capacity to carry the anomalous information in the condition of the earth media,being in the anomalous state would be greater for those earthquakes which occur inside the anomalous layers than those underneath the anomalous layers;(3)the response features of AR are clearly related to the changes of TR(true ratio of wave velocities)instead of changes of wave velocities themselves,i.e.the response could be small as the changes in TR is small even in the case of large changes in the wave velocities.It is suggested that more attention must be paid to all these features in combination with detailed investigation of the velocity structure of the earth media in the study region and best fitting of precise hypocenter locations when one wants to obtain the reliable precursors from the changes in AR.

Analysis of the Wave Velocity Ratio Anomalies in the Tianshan Region of Xinjiang

Based on the seismic observation report data provided by the Xinjiang Digital Seismic Network from 2009 to 2014,we calculate the wave velocity ratio and its background value for medium and small earthquakes by using the multi-station method in Tianshan,Xinjiang.This paper analyzes the variation of the wave velocity ratio disturbance value to highlight the abnormal,and also back-traces 7 moderate earthquakes at the research area.The results show that:(1)the background value of the wave velocity ratio is almost 1.70,the wave velocity ratio obviously decreases in the middle-eastern part of Tianshan and the region near the Puchang fault;(2)the wave velocity ratio disturbance value is mostly low in the epicenter before four earthquakes of M≥5.0 from 2011 to 2013 in the study area;(3)before 7 moderate strong earthquakes,the earthquake events with low value of the wave velocity ratio account for over 60% of corresponding total events near the epicenters,and the low value of the wave velocity ratio is relatively obvious before moderate earthquakes.

Shear wave velocity-based evaluation and design of stone column improved ground for liquefaction mitigation

The evaluation and design of stone column improvement ground for liquefaction mitigation is a challenging issue for the state of practice. In this paper, a shear wave velocity-based approach is proposed based on the well-defined correlations of liquefaction resistance （CRR）-shear wave velocity （V）-void ratio （e） of sandy soils, and the values of parameters in this approach are recommended for preliminary design purpose when site specific values are not available. The detailed procedures of pre- and post-improvement liquefaction evaluations and stone column design are given. According to this approach, the required level of ground improvement will be met once the target V of soil is raised high enough （i.e., no less than the critical velocity） to resist the given earthquake loading according to the CRR-V relationship, and then this requirement is transferred to the control of target void ratio （i.e., the critical e） according to the V-e relationship. As this approach relies on the densification of the surrounding soil instead of the whole improved ground and is conservative by nature, specific considerations of the densification mechanism and effect are given, and the effects of drainage and reinforcement of stone columns are also discussed. A case study of a thermal power plant in Indonesia is introduced, where the effectiveness of stone column improved ground was evaluated by the proposed V-based method and compared with the SPT-based evaluation. This improved ground performed well and experienced no liquefaction during subsequent strong earthquakes.

Indirect determination of shear wave velocity in slow formations using full-wave sonic logging technique

This article presents a case study concerning a seismic characterization project.Full-wave sonic logging was used to characterize the shallow compressional wave and shear wave velocity profiles in the site.Anomalous values of the Poisson’s ratio derived from the velocity profiles suggested that the boreholes might have traversed slow formations(i.e.with shear wave velocity smaller than the borehole fluid compressional wave velocity or“mud-wave speed”)and that conventional processing of the sonic logs might have misinterpreted the direct arrivals of fluid acoustic waves as arrivals caused by shear wave propagation in the rock.Consequently,the shear wave velocity profiles provided by the contractor were considered to be unreliable by the project team.To address these problems,a non-conventional determination of the shear wave velocity was implemented,based on the relationship between the Poisson’s ratio of the rock formation and the shape of the first train of sonic waves which arrived to the receivers in the sonic probe.The relationship was determined based on several hundreds of finite element simulations of the acoustic wave propagation in boreholes with the same diameter as used in the perforations.The present article describes how this non-conventional approach was developed and implemented to obtain the shear wave velocity profiles from the raw sonic logs.The approach allows an extension of the range of applicability of full-wave sonic logging to determination of shear wave velocity profiles in formations with low compressional wave velocities.The method could be used to obtain shear wave velocity profiles where compressional wave velocity is as low as slightly larger than the mud-wave speed.A sample sonic log in Log ASCII Standard(LAS)format is provided as supplementary material to this paper via Mendeley Data,together with the FORTRAN source code used to process the log following the approach described in this study.

P-SV与P-P波的时间匹配

本文针对叠前联合反演中的P-P波与P-SV波时间匹配问题进行了研究,认为将叠前时间偏移速度分析拾取的纵、横波速度比作为P-P波与P-SV波时间匹配的纵、横波速度比,匹配效果不是很好。文中利用数学模型正演模拟的数据,运用速度比扫描方法校正纵、横波匹配中的偏差,在扫描过程中根据构造成像的主要标志性层位确定大致时间及速度范围,选定计算时窗进行速度比扫描得到最佳速度比因子,从而完成匹配。将P-P波和P-SV波叠前时间匹配流程归纳为:①由P-P波和P-SV波速度分析得到速度比;②根据速度比模型进行叠前时间道集匹配;③如果匹配结果好则退出,反之则进行速度比扫描,更新速度比模型并转向②;④结束匹配,输出匹配道集或叠加剖面。数学模型数据和实际野外陆上地震资料的时间匹配效果表明,文中的P-P波与P-SV波时间匹配方法解决了纵、横波反演过程中来自同一地层界面反射同相轴的时间匹配问题,为后续的纵、横波联合反演提供了准确的道集数据。

用VSP数据中下行P-SV转换横波求取横波速度

探讨了用零偏移距三分量VSP数据中的下行P-SV转换横波,求取厚度相当于VSP采集点距的地层横波速度。从井下检波器方位校正得到横向垂直分量,对其二维谱中各类波的能量和特点进行分析,通过二维滤波得到信噪比较高的下行转换横波,选取振幅较强的同相轴提取波至时间,获取了横波速度及泊松比。结果表明,即使是零偏移距VSP数据,只要其上有明显可见的转换横波,也能以采集点距的量级计算横波层速度。

准噶尔盆地东南缘页岩油储层脆性预测与评价

准噶尔盆地东南缘二叠系中下部发育页岩油致密储层,脆性预测与评价对其勘探和开发有重要意义。本文利用岩石物理实验、测井资料和叠前地震资料计算了准噶尔盆地东南缘二叠系页岩油致密储层脆性指数,对Rickman经典公式法、杨氏模量与泊松比比值法、拉梅系数法和剪切模量法进行了比较、分析与评价。研究认为:1)杨氏模量相对泊松比对岩性有更好的区分度,由拉梅系数表征的泥岩分布率较高;2)根据文献所得测井多参数计算脆性指数的方法应用效果不佳,在Castagna经验公式换算横波速度基础上计算的脆性指数具有较好的应用效果;3)由YPD(Young's modulus-Poisson's ratio-density)式和LMR(拉梅系数-密度)式反演的弹性参数变化率也能较好地指示有利储层,尤以密度变化率为最佳,该属性在扇三角洲前缘及分流河道特征上得到很好的展示;4)岩石物理实验和实际资料应用均表明,ρE/σ为研究区脆性的最佳表征公式,效果好于Rickman经典公式与其他方法。

基于XGBoost算法的v_(P)/v_(S)预测及其在储层检测中的应用

鄂尔多斯盆地碳酸盐岩地层蕴含着丰富的油气资源。在勘探实践中发现,大牛地气田马家沟组断层发育、断距小,类型多样且成因复杂,给勘探、开发带来了较多挑战。为了应对这些挑战,提高储层预测的精度变得至关重要。在分析大牛地气田敏感弹性参数的基础上,建立地震属性与储层纵横波速度比(v_(P)/v_(S))的关系,提出一种基于XGBoost算法的地震多属性v_(P)/v_(S)预测方法。为了进一步提升XGBoost算法的预测精度和泛化能力,采用贝叶斯算法对XGBoost算法的超参数进行优化,从而找到最佳的超参数组合,以确保模型在训练集和测试集上的性能均能得到提升。将XGBoost算法应用于Marmousi 2模型进行横波速度预测,预测值与实际值相关系数超过0.88,而均方误差、平均绝对百分比误差分别低于6.55×10^(-7)和4%,验证了该方法的准确性和可靠性。在鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田,应用该方法获得的v_(P)/v_(S)成功识别出含气储层,结果与实际钻井数据一致。理论模型和实际数据应用结果表明,XGBoost作为一种强大的机器学习算法预测精度较高,为直接由叠后地震属性预测v_(P)/v_(S)提供了一种有效的途径。

基于线性调频连续波的合作式通信辐射源测距

针对加速运动目标参数估计中,离散多项式变换方法无法进行非整数估计的问题,本文提出基于瑞夫算法的离散多项式变换法和基于Chirp-Z变换的离散多项式变换法2种新型离散多项式变换算法,对加速运动目标速度和加速度进行估计,并对2种算法的估计误差和计算量进行了分析比较。结果表明:2种算法在信噪比-20 dB时均方误差开始接近克拉美罗界。基于瑞夫算法的离散多项式变换法与3次迭代基于Chirp-Z变换的离散多项式变换法均可在较低信噪比下可实现任意频率的有效估计且性能接近,二者均可实现低信噪比下速度、加速度的有效估计,但基于瑞夫算法的离散多项式变换法计算量远小于3次迭代基于Chirp-Z变换的离散多项式变换法。

利用机器学习与改进岩石物理模型预测页岩油层系横波速度

传统的横波速度预测方法包括经验公式法和岩石物理模型法。前者适用于岩石矿物组分相对单一的储层,且受区域限制等因素的影响,不具有普适性,预测精度较低。后者需要根据不同的实际情况选择合适的岩石物理模型,才能达到预期的目的。大多数机器学习横波速度预测方法基于纯数据驱动,数据集的质量和数量将直接决定横波预测模型精度,并缺乏充分的物理内涵。为此,基于深度神经网络(DNN)的方法,假设研究区储层波传播方程的数学形式已知,通过测井数据训练DNN得到未知的弹性参数,以确立目的层的波传播方程。利用平面波分析法得到相应的纵波、横波速度,实现神经网络与理论模型的结合。此外,针对传统Xu-White模型的不足,考虑随深度变化的孔隙纵横比,提出了改进横波速度预测岩石物理模型。利用研究区较丰富的测井数据,分别采用构建的DNN模型和改进横波速度预测岩石物理模型预测横波速度,并与传统的Xu-White模型预测结果进行对比、分析。结果表明,由DNN模型和改进岩石物理模型均可获得较高精度的横波速度预测结果,且前者的预测效果更好。

应用L_(p)拟范数稀疏约束的纵横波速比直接反演

纵横波速比(vP/vS)是识别气藏、描述储层特征和判别岩性的重要解释工具。目前主要是通过反射系数近似方程反演得到纵、横波速度,再进一步计算纵横波速比,但是这种间接计算方法会产生累积误差。为了直接从叠前地震数据反演纵横波速比,文中提出了一种新的广义弹性阻抗方程,再进一步推导出一个与纵横波速比、纵波速度、密度相关的纵波反射系数近似方程。为了得到精度较高的反演结果,基于推导出的反射系数近似方程,提出一种基于Lp拟范数稀疏约束的叠前地震反演方法,并通过交替方向乘子算法求解。将提出的直接反演方法应用于理论模型和实际数据,并与间接反演方法相对比,结果表明该直接反演方法的反演结果精度较高,对含气储层的边界刻画更清晰。

基于亚失稳的2021年5月漾濞Ms6.4地震的视波速比场的推演

亚失稳实验为前兆信息的提取和地震预测的研究提供了理论依据。为了研究地震前兆信息,根据地震波速度与应力的关系实验结果,计算了2021年5月1日至21日漾濞Ms6.4地震前,经度E98°-E102°,纬度N24°-N28°地震的视波速比,对其插值实现区域网格化,分析了视波速比场的梯度和梯度的散度,发现在点(N26.10°,E99.59°)和点(N25.73°,E99.87°)为中心释放能量,它们连线的走向为145°,在以点(N25.81°,E99.59°)和点(N26.58°,E100.26°)的连线为轴线的多点吸收能量,其走向为38°。认为具有亚失稳态的特征、是前兆信息,由亚失稳理论推演出0至5日内,在点(N26.10°,E99.59°)或点(N25.73°,E99.87°)或其连线的附近将发生地震,断层的破裂长度约为49.8km,换算为Ms6.8,与测量的在点(N25.67°,E99.87°)发生的Ms6.4地震对比是理想的,认为该方法可以为此类浅源走滑型地震且有一定数目前震的前兆研究提供参考。

竖向卸荷下砂土和粉质黏土力学特性试验研究

土体极限卸荷比和临界卸荷比是确定基坑底扰动区深度的重要指标。基于福建标准砂和福州粉质黏土开展了多组竖向卸荷试验,根据归一化回弹变形确定了土体卸荷比特征值。试验结果表明:竖向卸荷下土体表现出三阶段回弹变形规律;小于临界卸荷比时,土体回弹变形可忽略不计;而大于极限卸荷比时,土体回弹变形、侧压力系数快速增加,回弹模量和剪切模量显著弱化,水平残余应力比出现拐点且开始下降。此外,针对既有卸荷试验研究,总结了试验手段和卸荷比特征值的判断依据,并给出黏性土、粉土和砂土等土体的卸荷比特征值统计均值。

颗粒材料各向异性弹性波速与微观组构CT试验研究

针对颗粒材料的各向异性力学特征,利用带有两对弯曲元波速传感器的GDS圆柱扭剪仪,从宏观上研究了不同应力条件下聚氯乙烯颗粒试样中不同方向压缩波和剪切波的波速特征及波速各向异性程度的演化规律。同时,结合X射线CT扫描技术重构试样的三维结构模型,提取了接触配位数、接触法向、颗粒长轴方向等微观组构参数,并分析了其随应力状态改变的变化规律,从微观层面揭示了宏观波速各向异性演化的内在机理。研究结果表明:等向固结应力条件下,试样中波速呈现出显著的初始各向异性,即水平向波速大于竖向波速,与颗粒长轴分布对波速的影响程度大于接触法向有关;在水平向应力不变的不等向固结应力条件下,竖向波速随竖向与水平向应力比的增加而增加,水平向波速则随应力比增加先保持不变后减小,波速的减小与接触配位数的降低有关。同时,随应力比增加,应力修正后竖向波速与水平向波速的比值先基本不变后逐渐增加并趋近于1.0,这与颗粒长轴及接触法向各向异性的演化有关。