Analysis of Transition of Pension System in an Endogenous Model

In this paper we investigate the possibility of pareto improving social security reforms within a framework of endogenous growth. Belan et al. proposed a transition from a pay-as-you-go(PAYG) pension system to a system of saving-subsidization. We follow this approach and prove that a pareto improving conversion from the PAYG system to a fully funded system is possible and discuss the problem of implementing the transition to the fully funded system.

后危机时代养老金制度的收益与风险评估

20世纪70年代以来,在经济滞涨与人口老龄化的背景下,以智利、英国、澳大利亚、瑞典为代表的各国纷纷对传统养老保险制度进行了改革。经济危机过后的时代,恰是检验改革国家养老金制度运行效果的时间窗口。从收益性角度来看,基金积累制的投资收益率一般要高于现收现付制的内含回报率,但若考虑个人账户基金管理的运营成本和转换费用,则这种优势将大打折扣。从风险的角度看,基金积累制的市场波动风险(用变异系数与VaR衡量)明显高于现收现付制。名义账户制在收益性与抵御风险的能力方面均不如现收现付制。基于养老金在缓解贫困、提供稳定而安全的收入预期方面的特质,建立以待遇确定型现收现付制为主体、多层次为补充的养老金体系是较为理性的选择。

日本公共养老金制度的信任危机

随着老龄化和少子化问题的逐渐显露,日本的公共养老金制度已经暴露出了十分严重的问题,日本国民的不信任情绪逐渐滋生。公共养老金问题不仅是一个社会保障的相关问题,也直接影响到日本各届首相的前后更替和日本政局的稳定。进行日本公共养老金制度改革已经迫在眉睫。本文从日本公共养老金制度的财政危机和信任危机两个角度进行公共危机分析,进一步提出对现收现付制的养老金体系的看法。

Rethinking China's pension reform——The relevance of international experiences

Pension funds remain scarce no matter what institutional design is adopted. China has a host of unique issues facing its pension system,issues that must be confronted; for instance,the disappearance of its demographic dividends and legacy costs incurred due to institutional transition. Such features determine that China’s pension system is merely passable at the present time. In this article,Professor Cai Fang offers new and incisive perspectives on this issue,such as the potential stimulus for economic growth by ageing people’s desire to save money for old-age provisions.

Time-consistent pension policy with minimum guarantee and sustainability constraint

This paper proposes and investigates an optimal pair investment/pension policy for a pay-as-you-go(PAYG)pension scheme.The social planner can invest in a buffer fund in order to guarantee a minimal pension amount.The model aims at taking into account complex dynamic phenomena such as the demographic risk and its evolution over time,the time and age dependence of agents preferences,and financial risks.The preference criterion of the social planner is modeled by a consistent dynamic utility defined on a stochastic domain,which incorporates the heterogeneity of overlapping generations and its evolution over time.The preference criterion and the optimization problem also incorporate sustainability,adequacy and fairness constraints.The paper designs and solves the social planner's dynamic decision criterion,and computes the optimal investment/pension policy in a general framework.A detailed analysis for the case of dynamic power utilities is provided.

China’s Urban and Rural Old Age Security System: Challenges and Options

This paper reviews the development of the urban and rural old age security system in China, and discusses the challenges in the process of constructing a sustained old age security system. Althoughfunding gaps and empty individual accounts have imposed a heavy burden on the sustainability of China ＇s urban pension system, there is a relatively high coverage rate of 35.3 percent for urban workers. However, China＇s pension system provides low coverage ratefor rural farmers. The more rapidly aging population and lower incomes in rural areas pose challenges to the vulnerable rural househoM support system. The separation of the oM age security system between rural and urban areas also puts great pressure as a result of urbanization on farmers who lose their farmland. Therefore, it is urgent for China to speed up the reform o fits old age security system to provide an institutional support for its economic and social transition.

退休方案和养老制度对产出和福利的影响--兼析养老和退休制度的甄选

本文采用动态规划的方法,在维持生育政策不变的情景下考察三种养老制度和两种退休方案对中国宏观经济的影响。研究发现:首先,在总产出、人均产出、社会总福利以及人均福利上,家庭养老和政府主导的积累制养老模式都好于政府主导的现收现付制养老模式,且家庭养老轻微好于政府主导的积累式养老模式,由于家庭养老更多着眼于经济效率,政府养老更多着眼于社会公平,从社会公平和经济效率的综合角度讲,宜优先选择政府主导式的积累制的养老模式。其次,在总产出、人均产出及社会总福利上,延迟退休要好于保持退休制度不变的情景;在人均社会福利上,延迟退休低于保持退休制度不变的情景,源于在生命有限和风险厌恶的情况下,延迟退休意味着必须工作更长的时间,在不工作时间内领取更少的养老金,以及更多地增加当期的储蓄份额。最后,如果国家基于总产出、人均产出及社会总福利最大化视角,同时兼顾社会公平,应该实行积累的养老制度和延迟退休的方案组合;如果想最大化地提高居民人均福利水平,同时注重社会公平,建议实行积累的养老制度和维持退休制度不变的方案组合。当然,无论是哪种养老制度和哪种退休方案,在模型设定的理论框架下都无法改变未来中国经济增速下降的趋势。上述研究可能为中国正在或者将要制定的养老政策和退休制度提供部分参考。

国有股权型社会保障研究

内容本文研究了一个存在股权交易的代际交叠模型中,国有股权型社会保障政策对经济长期均衡状态的影响。研究表明,在合理的参数设置下,国有股权型社会保障政策可以促进年轻人对资本积累的贡献,增加经济的均衡产出,提高年轻人和老年人的均衡消费;而一个向年轻人征收社会保障税补贴老年人的现收现付制社会保障税政策(PAYG,pay as you go)是劣于这种国有股权型社会保障政策的。模型的结论对中国社会保障事业发展以及国有股的减持和转持政策有一定的指导意义。

我国人口结构对居民寿险需求的影响研究

本文建立了一个含人口结构、现收现付制度的居民生命周期行为模型,展示了未来的人口结构、相应的养老金统筹账户支付情况以及人口结构和现收现付制背景下居民对人寿保险的需求,分析了人口结构对现收现付制的影响、现收现付制对居民寿险需求的影响。研究发现:第一,按照目前人口结构和生育率,未来人口结构将严重失衡,现收现付制度的保障程度将被大大削弱,提高生育率有利于缓解未来人口结构、提高养老金水平,进而提高居民对寿险的需求;第二,延迟退休政策能够在短期内提高养老金水平、提高保障程度,从而将提高居民在老年阶段对寿险的需求。

现收现付公共养老金计划收支平衡条件研究——非稳态条件下收入关联制与均等受益制的模拟比较分析

文章通过连续时间模型分析了收入关联制和均等受益制这两种现收现付制养老金计划的收支平衡条件。结果表明:在面临人口老龄化时,如果替代率保持不变,收入关联制将出现收支失衡;而在一定条件下,均等受益制不会出现收支失衡,但是替代率水平将逐步下降。分析结果还表明,在人口结构变化时,两种计划的替代率都必须以相同的速度下降以维持收支平衡。相对于均等受益制,我国现行的收入关联制基础养老金计划在面临人口老龄化时缺乏替代率调整的政策工具和合理的方式,容易陷入支付危机;而采用均等受益制则有利于维持养老金计划的可持续性,同时保障老年低收入群体的利益。