Comparing the frequencies of restriction fragment length polymorphisms for dystrophin gene in Chinese with those from Japanese and Caucasian populations

The restriction fragment length polymorphisms distribution and frequency of dystrophin gene in Chinese were studied by using 14 subclones of the entire 14kb cDNA for the dystrophin as hybridization probes. Allelic fragments were detected in hybridization patterns of PvuII/1a, Taq I/2b-3, Taq I/5b-7, and Xba I/10. Among them, the allelic fragments (26kb and 3.8kb) in PvuII/2b-3 pattern and the allelic fragments (10.0kb and 8.4kb) in Taq I/5b-7 patterns had never been reported previously. Compared with the data from Caucasians and Japanese, it indicated that there was a significant difference (P<0.01) of the allelic fragment frequency in Taq I/2b-3 and Xba I/10 patterns between Chinese and Caucasians. The frequencies of allelic fragments A2 (5.6kb) in Taq I/8 and A2 (10.7kb) in EcoR V/9 were high in Caucasians, yet had not been detected in Chinese, the differences were also highly significant. But in Chinese and Caucasians, the B1B2 allelic frequencies in Taq I/5b-7 are the same. As to the frequency of the allelic fragments A1A2 and B1B2 in Pvu II/1a, there was no significant difference between Chinese and Japanese.

Diversity of Microflora in Colonic Mucus from Severe Ulcerative Colitis Patients Analyzed by Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism and Clone Libraries of Bacterial 16S rRNA Gene Sequences

Although the gut microflora is thought to be an essential factor in the development of ulcerative colitis (UC), the entire gut microflora occurring in UC remains unknown. Most studies use feces to represent the microflora distribution;however, here we analyzed the bacterial diversity in colonic mucus from UC patients receiving colectomy surgery and control patients. The diversity of microflora was investigated using a combination of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and clone library analyses of the 16S rRNA gene sequences. In the T-RFLP analysis, the number of terminal restriction fragments (T-RFs) decreased significantly in UC patients when compared to control samples. Also in the clone library analysis, the number of operational taxonomic units (OTU) and the Shannon diversity index were reduced significantly in UC patients. These molecular analyses reveal an overall dysbiosis in UC patients. No specific pathogen was found, and a strong negative correlation in relative abundance of bacterial populations was observed between the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in the UC patients. This is the first report showing a significant correlation between these two phyla, which may be important characteristics in the pathogenesis of UC.

RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS ASSOCIATED WITH FACTOR Ⅷ CARRIER DETECTION USING DNA RFLPs IN CHINESE

RFLPs for XbaI, BelI and BglI sites of human FⅧwere informative for 48%, 41% and 15% of females studied, respectively. BglI RFLP is different from that reported by Chan et al, a fact suggests Yangtze River region population of China would be at variance with the Southern Chinese population in certain RFLP distribution. TaqI allelic system Ⅰin the DXS52 region also shows the same variance among them, but heterozygous rate 0f 71% for system Ⅰ(alleles 1 to 8) and 49% for system Ⅱ(αand βalleles) were very similar. Using the Bell/XbaI RFLPs, accurate information could be obtained from this study for 56% of women who were at risk for hemophilia A (HA) carriership. The carrier of the remaining 44% could be determined by utilizing the TaqI RFLP. In addition, we report a new intergenie polymorphism (9%) at DXS115 as a marker for detection of heterozygotes in families at risk for HA. The advantage of using the XbaI/KpnI RFLP is that both the intragemie RFLP and the new intergenie RFLP can be evaluated on the same blot at the same time.

The Use of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism and Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization to Investigate Microbiota of Piglets after Feeding Oregano

A total of 80 piglets (7.9 ± 1.0 kg) were used in a feeding experiment with dried oregano. The diets differed in their oregano content: 0 g, 2 g, 4 g and 8 g oregano/kg feed, corresponding to 0, 23.5, 46.9 and 93.9 mg carvacrol/kg DM. After the experimental period of 5 weeks, 20 piglets of both extreme feeding groups were slaughtered: 10 animals of the control group and 10 animals of the group that received 8 g oregano/kg. Ingesta samples of jejunum, caecum and colon were collected and analyzed by FISH and PCR RFLP to compare the diversity of microbiota. The results showed no significant changes in microbiota in response to oregano. The patterns of the PCR-RFLP showed a similarity of 61.8% - 91.8% in both feeding groups. In conclusion, an effect of oregano on the in- testinal microbiota could not be shown under the methods used.

Development of Fok-I based nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for detection of hepatitis B virus X region V5M mutation

AIM: To develop a Fok-I nested polymerase chain reaction(PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis(PRA) method for the detection of hepatitis B virus X region(HBx) V5 M mutation.METHODS: Nested PCR was applied into DNAs from 198 chronic patients at 2 different stages [121 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and 77 carrier patients]. To identify V5 M mutants, digestion of nested PCR amplicons by the restriction enzyme Fok-I(GGA TGN9↓) was done. For size comparison, the enzymetreated products were analyzed by electrophoresis on 2.5% agarose gels, stained with ethidium bromide, and visualized on a UV transilluminator.RESULTS: The assay enabled the identification of 69 patients(sensitivity of 34.8%; 46 HCC patients and 23 carrier patients). Our data also showed that V5 M prevalence in HCC patients was significantly higher than in carrier patients(47.8%, 22/46 patients vs 0%, 0/23 patients, P < 0.001), suggesting that HBx Ag V5 M mutation may play a pivotal role in HCC generation in chronic patients with genotype C infections.CONCLUSION: The Fok-I nested PRA developed in this study is a reliable and cost-effective method to detect HBx Ag V5 M mutation in chronic patients with genotype C2 infection.

Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Group in Field Soil Evaluated by a Newly Developed Method Based on Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis

Spreading of antibiotic resistant bacteria into environment is becoming a major public health problem, implicating affair of the indirect transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria to human through drinking water, or vegetables, or daily products. Until now, the risk of nosocomial infection of antibiotic resistant bacteria has mainly been evaluated using clinical isolates by phenotypic method. To evaluate a risk of community-acquired infection of antibiotic resistant bacteria, a new method has been developed based on PCR-RFLP without isolation. By comparing restriction fragment lengths of the 16S rDNA gene from bacterial mixture grown under antibiotic treatment to those simulated from the DNA sequence, bacterial taxonomies were elucidated using the method of Okuda and Watanabe [1] [2]. In this study, taxonomies of polymyxin B resistant bacteria group in field soils, paddy field with organic manure and upland field without organic manure were estimated without isolation. In the both field soils, the major bacteria grown under the antibiotic were B. cereus group, which had natural resistance to this antibiotic. In field applied with organic manure, Prevotella spp., and the other Cytophagales, which were suggested to be of feces origin and to acquire resistance to the antibiotic, were detected. When numbers of each bacterial group were roughly estimated by the most probable number method, B. cereus group was enumerated to be 3.30 × 106 MPN/g dry soil in paddy field soil and 1.32 × 106 MPN/g dry soil in upland filed. Prevotella spp. and the other Cytophagales in paddy field were enumerated to be 1.31 × 106 MPN, and 1.07 × 106 MPN·g-1 dry soil.

RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM（RFLP） ANALYSIS OF GENOMIC DNA OF 5 STRAINS OF TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS IN CHINA

Five restriction endonucleases were used to digest genomic DNA from 5 isolates of Trichinella spiralis obtained from Changchun, Tianjin, Xian, Henan and Yunnan. All the isolates were secured from pigs except the Changchun strain which came from dog. The DNA fragments digested by endonuclease were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. The Changchun isolate had a EcoRI band at 1. 12kb and a DraI band at 1. 97kb which were unique to this isolate. A cloned specific repetitive DNA sequence (1. 12kb) from the Changchun strain was selected to prepare a probe for the Southern blotting of EcoRI restriction DNA fragments for the 5 isolates. The 1.12kb hybridizing band did not appear except in the Changchun isolate.These results seem to indicate that there are differences between the isolates obtained from hosts in different geographical regions.

Bacterial Groups Concerned with Maturing Process in Manure Production Analyzed by a Method Based on Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis

Composting is a biological aerobic decomposition process consisted from different phases. Although the Japanese Standards for manure recommended that it took at least 6 months to complete the maturing phase, there was no reliable ground. In order to find out shortening method of the maturing phase, the microorganisms concerned with a progress of the maturing was determined by using the most probable number method (MPN) and PCR-RFLP of the 16S rDNA, which was found effective to provide numbers and taxonomy of polymyxin B resistant bacterial groups in the former paper [1]. Compared to the numbers after thermophilic phase, those of Actinobacteria, δ-proteobacteria, and the other gram negative bacteria increased to 50 times, 20 times, and 105 times, respectively, after maturing phase, while those of Bacillus spp., and α and β-proteobacteria decreased to 1/10, and 1/105 after maturing phase. Numbers of the other Fumicutes, and γ-proteobacteria remained in the same revel. Actinobacteria, δ-proteobacteria, and the other gram negative bacteria might be concerned with a progress of the maturing phase, because these bacterial groups were detected and enumerated due to their proliferation ability. Although number of Acitinobacteria might be underestimated because of a PCR bias, the method was found effective for the purpose to monitor bacteria actively proliferated in culture medium.

Evaluation of the Method Based on Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis as Simple Analysis Method of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Foods

Lactic acid bacteria have not only been used to produce various kinds of fermented food, but also used as probiotic products. As lactic acid bacterial group was consisted from diverse genera, a simple inspection method by which numbers and contained microorganisms could be automatically analyzed without any preliminary information was required to use them more effectively. In this manuscript, lactic acid bacterial groups in commercial products of kimuchi, komekouji-miso, and yoghurt were identified and enumerated by our newly developed method [1]-[3], to evaluate whether the method could be used as an inspection method of various food samples. In kimuchi, numerically dominant bacteria were Lactobacillus sakei, and L. casei (1.4 × 104 MPN g-1) and Leuconostoc spp. (l.4 × 104 MPN). In kouji-miso, numerically dominant bacteria was Bacillus spp. (3 × 103 MPN), which mainly included B. subtilis group and B. cereus group. Lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus spp., or Lactococcus spp., included in the komekouji-miso, could be enumerated after 3 days incubation (1.24 × 104 MPN), but not detected after 7 days incubation. In yoghurt A and C, Lactococcus lactis was detected as numerically dominant lactic acid bacteria (3.0 × 105 MPN). In yoghurt B, Lactobacillus spp., or Lactococcus spp., was detected not only by a culturebased method but also by an unculture-based method, although there was a difference between the both estimated numbers. The present results suggested that the method might become useful as a simple inspection method of food microorganisms, because time and labor of the analysis could be reduced by using an unculture-based method and MCE-202 MultiNA. In this study, Bifidobacteriium spp. was not detected in B and C yoghurt, in spite of indicating their existence, and numbers of lactic acid bacteria were lower than the level of the daily product regulation, because 16S rDNA of Bifidobacteriium spp. might not be amplified by the used PCR condition. The PCR condition must be changed so as to amplify Bifidobacterium spp., before the method will be used as an inspection method for lactic acid bacteria.

Association of TNF-α-238G/A and 308 G/A Gene Polymorphisms with Pulmonary Tuberculosis among Patients with Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis

Objectives Tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） may play an important role in host＇s immune response to mycobacterium tuberculosis （M. tuberculosis） infection. This study was to investigate the association of TNF-α gene polymorphism with pulmonary tuberculosis （TB） among patients with coal worker＇s pneumoconiosis （CWP）. Methods A case-control study was conducted in 113 patients with confirmed CWP complicated with pulmonary TB and 113 non-TB controls with CWP. They were matched in gender, age, job, and stage of pneumoconiosis. All participants were interviewed with questionnaires and their blood specimens were collected for genetic determination with informed consent. The TNF-α gene polymorphism was determined with polymerase chain reaction of restriction fragment length polymorphism （PCR-RFLP）. Frequency of genotypes was assessed for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium by chi-square test or Fisher＇s exact probability. Factors influencing the association of individual susceptibility with pulmonary TB were evaluated with logistic regression analysis. Gene-environment interaction was evaluated by a multiplieative model with combined OR. All data were analyzed using SAS version 8.2 software. Results No significant difference in frequency of the TNF-α-308 genotype was found between CWP complicated with pulmonary TB and non-TB controls （2,2=5.44, P=-0.07）. But difference in frequency of the TNF-α-308 A allele was identified between them （2,2-5.14, P=0.02）. No significant difference in frequencies of the TNF-α-238 genotype and allele （P=0.23 and P=0.09, respectively） was found between cases and controls either, with combined （GG and AA） OR of 3.96 （95% confidence interval of 1.30-12.09） at the -308 locus of the TNF-α gene, as compared to combination of the TNF-α-238 GG and TNF-α-308 GG genotypes. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of the TNF-α-238 GG and TNF-α-308 GA genotypes was 1.98 （95% CI of 1.06-3.71） for risk for pulmonary TB in patients with CWP. There was a synergic interaction between the TNF-a-308 GG genotype and body mass index （OR=4.92）, as well as an interaction between the TNF-α-308 GG genotype and history of BCG immunization or history of TB exposure. And, the interaction of the TNF-α-238 GG genotype and history of BCG immunization or TB exposure with risk for pulmonary TB in them was also indicated. Conclusions TNF-α-308 A allele is associated with an elevated risk for pulmonary TB, whereas TNF-α-238 A allele was otherwise.

Analysis of polymorphisms in the promoter region of interleukin-1 β by restriction fragment length polymorphism-PCR

Objective: To investigate the frequencies of -1470, (-511) and -31 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter of IL-1β and its haplotype constitution in Chongqing population. Methods: One hundred and twelve healthy Chongqing people were enrolled in this study. Polymorphisms at -1470 (G to C), (-511) (T to C) and -31 (C to T) of IL-1β were genotyped with the method of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Haplotype frequencies were analyzed by Arlequine software.Results: Frequencies of IL-1β -1470, -511 and -31 SNPs were (41.67)%, 50% and (45.33)%, respectively. Genotype frequencies of -1470 locus were (39.81)%, (37.04)% and (23.15)% for G/G, G/C and C/C respectively. As for T-511C SNP, genotype frequencies of (T/T), T/C and C/C were (29.91)%, (40.18)% and (29.91)%, respectively. Genotyping results of C/C, C/T, and T/T of -31 locus were (35.51)%, (38.32)% and (26.71)% respectively. Haplotype analysis found that there were mainly three haplotypes constituted by three SNPs, ie., G-T-C, C-T-C and G-C-T. Conclusions: Polymorphisms exist in the promoter of IL-1β in Chongqing population. Three SNPs locate in the same haplotype block.

PCR-RFLP鉴定隐孢子虫种类研究

为快速、准确鉴别人畜隐孢子虫种类,建立了巢式PCR扩增隐孢子虫18SrRNA基因的特殊区域,扩增片段测序结果表明:安徽牛源分离株(Cryptosporidiummuris)781bp;北京鸡源分离株(C.baileyi)776bp;北京牛源分离株(C.muris)781bp;河南牛源分离株(C.muris)725bp;长春牛源分离株(C.muris)776bp;宁夏鸡源分离株(C.baileyi)725bp,该片段位于18SrRNA全序列271～1103bp之间。使用Ssp 限制性内切酶消化发现C.muris产生418～420bp和305～363bp两个片段,C.baileyi产生544～545bp和185～231bp两个片段。所检测的6个分离株可以显著区分为C.muris和C.baileyi两个种,所建立的PCR-RFLP可以有效鉴别隐孢子虫种类。

猪品种间ESR基因PCR-RFLP的初步研究

利用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)技术 ,检测了不同猪品种的ESR基因PvuⅡ RFLP。结果表明 :品种间基因频率差异极显著 (P <0 .0 1 )。并试分析了PvuⅡ

中国脊髓灰质炎Ⅰ型野毒株的PCR－RFLP法分析

近年来我国流行地区分离的脊髓灰质炎病毒多为Ⅰ型野毒。本文报导对我国一些省、自治区防疫站从急性驰缓性麻痹病人粪便中分离的７７株Ⅰ型野毒株，经ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ法分析结果，发现不同地区分离的野毒株在电泳图像上有明显差异。根据电泳图像所显示的三种酶切条带的数目，可分为１４个类型，而且同一省、自治区内不同地区（如新疆），或同一地区不同年份（如广东）的毒株也存在着明显差异。但在某些相邻省份如广东省与海南省，９２年流行毒株电泳图像完全一致。说明本法虽不如核酸序列分析精确，但在一定程度上也能反映毒株间的差异，有助于说明流行株的亲疏关系，可用于研究毒株的分子流行病学。

鉴别猪瘟强毒和弱毒的反转录-复合套式聚合酶链式反应(RT-nPCR)检测方法的建立

【目的】建立一种能区分猪瘟病毒(classicalswinefever,CSFV)强毒和弱毒的反转录-复合套式聚合酶链式反应(RT-nPCR)检测方法。【方法】根据GenBank上登录的现有CSFV基因组全序列,选择高度保守区设计了一对CSFV通用引物,并在该对引物跨越区域的内部设计了猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗和强毒特异性引物,建立了一种能区分猪瘟强毒和弱毒的RT-nPCR鉴别诊断方法。【结果】应用该方法从猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗和石门强毒株基因组中扩增出了大小分别为447和343bp的一条特异性片段,从两种病毒基因组混合物中扩增出了大小为447和343bp的两条特异性片段,但对牛病毒性腹泻病毒和其它常见猪源病毒细胞培养物以及正常细胞基因组进行检测时均为阴性。该方法可以检测出0.04pg的CSFVRNA。对从黑龙江省采集的15份疑似猪瘟病料进行了检测,结果表明,有14份类似猪瘟强毒,1份类似弱毒疫苗。限制性片段长度多态性和种系发生分析证实了RT-nPCR的检测结果。【结论】本研究建立的RT-nPCR可以有效区分猪瘟强毒和弱毒,减少了未感染的免疫猪被误杀的可能性。

PCR-TRFLP研究托盘包装冷却猪肉冷藏过程中的菌相变化

应用PCR-末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(PCR-TRFLP),结合16S rRNA基因克隆文库和序列分析,研究托盘包装冷却猪肉在4℃贮藏过程中的菌相变化.结果表明:在整个贮藏过程的肉样TRFLP图谱中共产生35种谱带,表明冷却肉中微生物组成十分复杂;对应于假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)的谱带峰在贮藏过程中变化明显,其相对峰面积由0 d的5.7%至贮藏末期达到83.4%,表明贮藏末期主要优势腐败菌为假单胞菌.

应用PCR-RFLP和芯片生物分析系统鉴别河豚鱼品种

应用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态分析和芯片生物分析系统建立5种河豚的分子生物学品种鉴定新方法。首先提取鱼的DNA进行细胞色素b基因的PCR扩增,然后用DdeⅠ、HaeⅢ和NlaⅢ三种限制性内切酶进行酶切,在Agilent DNA1000芯片上对酶切片段进行分离。该方法可成功区分5个河豚鱼品种,是一种快速、简便、有效的鱼类品种鉴定分析手段。

Inheritance of Chloroplast and Mitochondrial DNA in Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata)

The inheritance of mitochondrial (mt) DNA and chloroplast (cp) DNA was investigated in intergeneric hybrids from crossing between Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. and Cryptomeria fortunei Hooibrenk. The chloroplast trnL trnF region and one intra genic segment of the mitochondrial gene, Cox Ⅲ, were amplified from those of the parents and hybrids by PCR using gene specific primers. Cp and mtDNA polymorphisms of the amplified regions were detected between the parents after restriction digestions. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis revealed that all the F 1 individuals possessed Cox Ⅲ restriction fragment patterns (characteristic of the paternal parent Cryptomeria fortunei ) and the trnL trnF region (identical to the maternal parent Cunninghamia lanceolata ) showing that a different mode of inheritance for organelle DNA has occurred in the hybrids. Furthermore, the maternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA is reported here for the first time in coniferophyta.

PCRR-FLP方法在蛔虫种间鉴别上的应用

研究应用PCR RFLP方法初步鉴别了 4种不同蛔虫。从猪蛔虫、人蛔虫、犬弓首蛔虫及鸡蛔虫中分别提取基因组DNA ,通过PCR扩增得到长度分别约为 450bp、450bp、530bp、550bp的PCR产物。经与国外报道相比较 ,确认完整扩增出 4种蛔虫的第二内部转录间隔区 (ITS 2 )片段。PCR产物经限制性内切酶HaeⅢ和HinfⅠ酶切鉴定 ,通过产生的特异性片段首先可以区分犬弓首蛔虫与鸡蛔虫。通过对 4种蛔虫的基因组DNA进行扩增 ,得到长度分别约为 980bp、980bp、1 0 50bp、1 0 70bp的PCR产物。经与国外报道相比较 ,确认完整扩增出 4种蛔虫的ITS 1、ITS 2及 5 8S核糖体DNA。PCR产物经限制性内切酶HaeⅢ酶切鉴定 ,通过产生的特异性片段可以区分出猪蛔虫与人蛔虫。通过PCR RFLP分析 ,初步推测猪蛔虫与人蛔虫仍为两个独立虫种 。