Test of Feeding Dairy Cows with Chinese Herbal Additive for Improving Production and Quality of Milk

At Baiyin dairy farm, the Chinese herbal additive was added into feed which was then fed to dairy cows from August to October, 2014, and the changes in milk production and quality were observed. The test showed that the additive added into the feed had obvious milk-increasing effect, the milk production was im- proved by 12.67%-17.26%, and the milk quality was improved. The additive has the effects of preventing miscarriage, expelling parasite and preventing diseases. The nutritional components in the feed additive were determined, and the results showed that the contents of protein, crude fat, Ca and P in the additive were 12.29%, 2.66%, 1.8% and 0.22%, respectively.

Changes over time in milk test results following pancreatectomy

AIM: To investigate changes over time in, and effects of sealing technology on, milk test results following pancreatectomy. METHODS: From April 2008 to October 2013, 66 pancreatic resections were performed at the Iwakuni Clinical Center. The milk test has been routinely conducted at the institute whenever possible during pancreatectomy. The milk test comprises the following procedure: A nasogastric tube is inserted until the third portion of the duodenum, followed by injection of 100 mL of milk through the tube. If a chyle leak is present, the patient tests positive in this milk test based on the observation of a white milky discharge. Positive milk test rates, leakage sites, and chylous ascites incidence were examined. Liga Sure?(LS; Covidien, Dublin, Ireland), a vessel-sealing device, is routinely used in pancreatectomy. Positive milk test rates before and after use of LS, as well as drain discharge volume at the 2^(nd) and 3^(rd) postoperative days, were compared retrospectively. Finally, positive milk test rates and chylous ascites incidence were compared with the results of a previous report.RESULTS: Fifty-nine milk tests were conducted during pancreatectomy. The positive milk test rate for all pancreatectomy cases was 13.6%(8 of 59 cases). One case developed postoperative chylous ascites(2.1% among the pancreatoduedenectomy cases and 1.7% among all pancreatectomies). Positive rates by procedure were 12.8% for pancreatoduodenectomy and 22.2% for distal pancreatectomy. Positive rates by disease were 17.9% for pancreatic and 5.9% for biliary diseases. When comparing results from before and after use of LS, positive milk test rates in pancreatoduodenectomy were 13.0% before and 12.5% after, while those in distal pancreatectomy were 33.3% and 0%. Drainage volume tended to decrease when LS was used on the 3^(rd) postoperative day(volumes were 424 ± 303 mL before LS and 285 ± 185 mL after, P = 0.056). Both chylous ascites incidence and positive milk test rates decreased slightly compared with those rates from the previous study. CONCLUSION: Positive milk test rates and chylous ascites incidence decreased over time. Sealing technology may thus play an important role in preventing postoperative chylous ascites.

Impact of the residues of detergents and disinfectants used in dairy farms on the results of inhibitor tests for raw milk

The aim of the study was to determine the impact of residues of detergents and disinfectants on the results of most commonly used inhibitor tests for raw milk. Microbiological test (Delvotest SP-NT) and three rapid tests (Charm 3 MRL BL/TET2, Charm ROSA MRL BL/TET and Penzym) were used in the study. Three concentrations (recommended by the manufacturer, 10 times lower and twice higher) of 36 detergents and disinfectants in raw milk were investigated. All methods did not detect concentrations of detergents and disinfectants of alkaline and acid origin 10 times lower than recommended by the manufacturer. 39% of the investigated substances of alkaline origin were detected by Delvotest SP-NT and Penzym;Charm tests showed non-typical results only. Delvotest SP-NT did not detect substances of acid origin;Penzym detected 50% of these substances, Charm tests showed only non-typical results. Delvotest SP-NT and Penzym appeared to be more sensitive to the substances used for teat hygiene and disinfection. The scope of rapid tests (receptor or enzymatic) does not cover the detection of detergent and disinfectant re- sidues in milk. However, according to the non-typical results of the test, it is possible to suspect the presence of these substances in milk. McNemar’s and Cochran’s Q tests were used for statistical analysis of the data.

Use of Random Regression Test-Day Model to Estimate Genetic Parameters of Milk Yield in Holstein Cows

(Co) variance components and genetic parameters were estimated for milk yield of Iranian Holstein cows. A total number of 68,945 milk test-day records of first, second and third lactations of 8515 animals from 100 sires and 7743 dams originated from 34 herds collected during 2007 to 2009 by Iranian animal breeding center were used. The ASReml computer program was used to analyze the milk test-day records using the random regression procedure. Herd test date (HTD), milking times per day (milking frequency), number of lactations, year of birth, year of calving, age of animal at calving and days in milk (DIM) considered as fixed effects and additive genetic effects and animal permanent environmental effects were considered as the random effects. Additive genetic variance, animal permanent environment variance, residual variance, phenotypic variance, heritability and repeatability were estimated during different months of lactation between 5.7 - 19.6, 15.3 - 27.1, 31.4 - 17.2, 45.8 - 64.83, 0.1 - 0.32 and 0.4 - 0.6, respectively. Genetic correlation and phenotypic correlation were also estimated between months of lactation in range of -0.35 - 0.98 and 0.03 - 0.67, respectively. Genetic correlation and phenotypic correlation both showed the same changing pattern and they decreased as the interval between months of lactation increased.

An Interconnection between Elevated SCC Levels in Milk around the First Artificial Insemination and Pregnancy Rate in Dairy Cows

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the somatic cell count (SCC) levels measured at 28-test-day intervals or pregnancy rate at the first artificial insemination of Holstein Friesian cows. All necessary information was taken from test day and farm records. Levels of SCC in milk, 30 days before, and 30 days after the first artificial insemination (FAI) date were divided into 4 categories and their interconnection with pregnancy rate (PR) at FAI was evaluated by applying logistic models. A SCC threshold of 150.000 cells/ml of milk was used to differentiate uninfected udders and infected udders of Holstein Friesian cows. A level of SCC > 150.000 cells/ml in milk, and a level of SCC < 150.000 cells/ml before and after FAI respectively were considered udders with new infections. A level of SCC > 150.000 cells/ml in milk before FAI as well as after FAI, was considered chronically infected udders or subclinical intramammary infections (IMI). Data from 792 FAIs from farm and test day records over a 4-year period (2019-2022) were evaluated. The outcome of this study revealed that the risk for low PR at the first AI was increased in cows with infected udders (OR = 1.33, CI 0.99 - 1.78), compared with uninfected udders. Increased levels of SCC after FAI had a negative effect on PR, while before FAI was not affected. To achieve a good PR, mastitis control measures must be fully adopted to a large extent around the first AI.

基于图像分析技术的全脂奶粉品质软测量模型构建

针对传统奶粉品质检测方法的主观性和滞后性问题,该研究利用奶粉的加工条件和颗粒形态构建了一个基于图像分析技术和人工智能算法的奶粉品质软测量模型,用于准确、实时地预测速溶全脂奶粉的分散性和溶解性这2个重要品质性能。利用显微数码摄像头和图像处理技术,获取了奶粉颗粒的形态参数。同时,利用重采样技术解决了奶粉工厂原始数据集中的数据不平衡问题。根据实验获取的奶粉颗粒形态参数和奶粉工厂提供的奶粉生产时的加工条件数据,选用偏最小二乘模型和人工神经网络模型构建了速溶全脂奶粉分散性和溶解性的软测量模型,并利用原始数据验证了所构建模型的准确性。结果表明,用于预测奶粉分散性和溶解性所构建的偏最小二乘模型的Q^(2)和R^(2)分别为Q^(2)=0.72,R^(2)=0.94和Q^(2)=0.85,R^(2)=0.95,而用于预测奶粉分散性和溶解性所构建的人工神经网络模型的R^(2)分别为0.97和0.96。模型的良好性能证明,这些模型可以准确、实时地预测奶粉的分散性和溶解性,并为奶粉品质的在线检测提供了新的方法。

基于胶体金免疫层析技术同步快速检测奶茶中的三种毒品成分

该研究基于胶体金免疫层析技术,建立了一种快速灵敏检测奶茶中甲基苯丙胺(methamphetamine,MET)、氯胺酮(ketamine,KET)和可卡因(cocaine,COC)这3种毒品成分的方法。通过优化人工抗原包被浓度、胶体金-单克隆抗体偶联物浓度、免疫反应时间等关键因素,实现奶茶中3种毒品成分的联合检测。结果显示,该方法对MET、KET和COC标准品的检测限分别为1.60、1.59、1.39 ng/mL。该方法可用于奶茶中3种毒品成分的测定,样品平均添加回收率为90%~109%,相对标准偏差<5%。该文建立的多靶标胶体金免疫层析方法具有简单、快速、灵敏、特异等优点,为现场鉴别奶茶中非法添加的MET、KET和COC提供了新思路。

牛舍灯光不同光照参数对云南泌乳牛群产奶量的影响

本文旨在分析牛舍灯光的光照时间、色温及照度对云南高原地区泌乳牛群产奶量的影响,将50头处于3~4胎、第2~3泌乳月的荷斯坦牛平均分成10组,其中任选1组作为对照组,其余9组分别在光照时间为10h/d、15h/d与18h/d,灯光色温为3000k、4000k与5000k,灯光照度为100lx、150lx和200lx的光照参数下进行试验。结果表明:①在不考虑灯光色温和灯光照度因素影响时,光照时间为15h/d的试验奶牛泌乳量极显著高于10h/d与18h/d的(P<0.05);②在不考虑光照时间和灯光照度因素影响时,灯光色温3000k的试验奶牛泌乳量极显著高于灯光色温4000k与灯光色温5000k的(P<0.05);③在不考虑光照时间和灯光色温因素影响时,灯光照度200lx的试验奶牛泌乳量极显著高于150lx与100lx的(P<0.05);在同时考虑光照时间、灯光色温和灯光照度因素组合影响时,试验奶牛在光照时间为15h/d、灯光色温为3000k与灯光照度为200lx的光照方式下,奶牛的产奶量显著高于其他灯光组合方式(P<0.05)。综合分析表明,在光照时间为15h/d、色温为3000k与照度为200lx的灯光方式下试验奶牛的产奶量较高,并以此为依据对泌乳牛舍的灯光控制时间、色温和照度的调节参数进行了设置,以改善泌乳牛舍的光照环境,提高泌乳牛的灯光福利。

椰子油对核桃发酵乳品质影响及其发酵工艺研究

以核桃原浆和椰子油为原料制作发酵乳。以感官评分为指标,在单因素试验的基础上进行响应面试验优化发酵工艺,并以发酵乳的持水性和质构为特性指标,探究椰子油对发酵乳结构体系的影响。结果表明:最优发酵工艺条件为以核桃浆质量为基准,蔗糖添加量4%、发酵温度38℃、发酵时间12 h、菌种接种量5%、椰子油添加量8%,在此条件下的发酵乳口感细腻,香味浓郁,感官评分为90.6,且发酵乳的持水性最高,质构表现最优,理化和卫生指标均符合相关标准要求。

不同加工方式对驼乳营养及功能成分的影响

文章以新疆阿勒泰地区准格尔骆驼优质驼乳为原料,分别利用传统喷雾干燥与产业化真空冷冻干燥技术进行干燥处理,研究上述加工方式对驼乳粉免疫球蛋白IgG和乳铁蛋白等功能成分、脂肪与蛋白含量等营养成分、水分与酸度等理化成分、微生物指标和感官特性的影响。乳粉数据通过换算为复原乳后进行比较,结果表明,相比喷雾干燥技术、真空冷冻干燥技术极大地保留了驼乳中生物活性物质(乳铁蛋白和免疫球蛋白),同时感官评价中冻干乳粉更易为人所接受,但营养成分脂肪和蛋白质经喷雾干燥和真空冷冻干燥处理后含量均无显著差异。通过探讨不同加工方式对驼乳粉品质的影响,为减少加工过程对原乳营养与功能成分的损失以及选择更合理的加工方式提供参考。

桑叶黄瓜奶茶的研制

为了提高桑叶、黄瓜资源附加值,增加市场上销售的奶茶产品种类,研究以桑叶、黄瓜、麦芽糖醇、纯牛奶、茶叶为主要原料,根据感官评分指标,在单因素实验的基础上,采用响应面实验法优化桑叶黄瓜奶茶配方,最终得到优化后的配方为:桑叶浸提液添加量37.07%、黄瓜汁添加量40.12%、麦芽糖醇添加量11.88%、茶叶添加量5.88%,得到桑叶黄瓜奶茶感官评分为87.12分,与预测值88.18分相近。

双蛋白奶发酵乳饮料制备工艺研究

以混合蛋白粉、乳粉、白砂糖为原料,研制双蛋白奶发酵乳饮料。在单因素试验基础上采用L_(9)(3^(4))正交试验研究大豆-乳清蛋白比例、乳粉添加量、白砂糖添加量对双蛋白奶发酵乳饮料感官品质的影响,得到最佳配比的双蛋白奶发酵乳饮料配方。以感官评价为主要评价指标优化双蛋白奶发酵乳饮料配方参数,最终确定双蛋白奶发酵乳饮料的最佳配方为乳清蛋白与大豆蛋白配比5∶1,乳粉添加量13%,白砂糖添加量6%,在此配方下,双蛋白奶发酵乳饮料的感官评价为92分,具有质地细腻、营养丰富、口感良好的特点。为双蛋白奶发酵乳饮料新品种的研发提供理论依据,商品化开发价值较好。

以全蛋为原料制备双蛋白发酵乳工艺优化

采用单因素试验和正交试验法研制双蛋白发酵乳。结果表明:鸡蛋酶解液、豆浆、牛奶体积比为1∶3∶1时效果较好;蔗糖添加量为7%(质量分数)、发酵菌接种量为10%、发酵温度为43℃、发酵时间5 h时制备发酵乳感官评分较高,为90.68±0.11。向双蛋白发酵乳中添加D⁃异抗坏血酸钠0.10%、β⁃环糊精0.20%、羧甲基纤维素钠0.15%、卡拉胶0.10%时制得成品,感官评分较高,为95.42±0.45。产品理化分析结果为持水率(57.45±0.06)%,酸度(83.67±0.57)°T,脂肪含量(2.66±0.04)g/100 g,非脂肪固体含量(9.22±0.06)g/100 g,蛋白质含量(2.60±0.01)g/100 g,多肽含量(0.45±0.01)mg/g,符合GB 19302—2010《食品安全国家标准发酵乳》要求。

乳钙咀嚼片细菌回复突变试验研究

目的 对乳钙咀嚼片进行细菌回复突变试验,评价其是否有潜在的致突变性,并探索乳钙咀嚼片中组氨酸含量对自发回复突变菌落数的影响。方法 采用鼠伤寒沙门菌突变型TA97a、TA98、TA100、TA102进行试验,用肝匀浆作为体外代谢活化系统(+/–s9),同时设空白对照组、溶剂对照组和阳性对照组。乳钙咀嚼片设50,10,2,0.4,0.08 mg/ml 5个剂量,按平板掺入法进行试验。另设1000,500,250,125,62.5,31.25μg/ml 6个剂量的组氨酸对照组。结果 游离组氨酸在一定剂量范围内时,4种菌株自发回变菌落数随组氨酸剂量升高而增加,组氨酸剂量继续增高,回复突变菌落数降低。乳钙咀嚼片各剂量组在加与不加S9条件下各菌株回变菌落数均未超过溶剂对照组菌落数的2倍,未观察到剂量反应关系,Ames试验结果阴性。结论 在本试验剂量范围内,乳钙咀嚼片Ames试验结果为阴性,提示该受试物无致突变性,同时排除了组氨酸成分对乳钙咀嚼片Ames试验结果的影响。

发酵型含乳饮料研究概况及新产品开发

对发酵乳饮料的工艺和品质研究进展进行描述。将香菇汁、枸杞汁和纯牛奶作为主要原料制作发酵型含乳饮料,利用单因素和正交试验对影响香菇枸杞发酵型含乳饮料的主要因素(枸杞汁添加量、香菇汁添加量、乳清蛋白添加量、发酵时间)进行分析,优化出最好工艺参数。结果表明,香菇枸杞发酵型含乳饮料最好参数是枸杞汁55%、香菇汁14.5%、乳清蛋白粉2.5%、发酵时间5h、白糖3%、牛奶25%、发酵剂0.1%。此发酵型含乳饮料各项指标符合国家标准要求,状态稳定、组织细腻、色泽均一,具独特风味,口感极好。

水牛奶中重金属检验检测的现存问题与应对策略

水牛奶作为一种营养丰富的乳制品,其质量安全备受关注。其中,重金属检验检测是确保水牛奶质量安全的重要环节。本文深入分析了水牛奶中重金属检验检测的关键问题,包括常见的重金属种类及其危害和来源、检测方法的多样性及优缺点,探讨了当前水牛奶重金属检测的现存问题,并提出针对性优化策略,旨在为保障水牛奶的质量安全,促进水牛奶产业的健康发展提供坚实的理论支撑和实践指导。

基于主客观赋权-模糊数学法优化筠姜红枣椰奶饮工艺

以筠姜、红枣为原料研制一款饮料,考察纯椰子粉、白砂糖、柠檬酸对其感官品质的影响。通过单因素分析及响应面试验,建立模糊数学感官评价体系进行感官评定,以模糊数学感官评分和离心沉淀率为指标,结合主客观赋权法最终得出综合评分,优选出筠姜红枣椰奶饮的最佳工艺条件。产品的最佳配方为以饮料总质量为基准,筠姜红枣混合液(二者质量比为1∶2)30%、纯椰子粉添加量3.1%、白砂糖添加量3.1%、柠檬酸添加量0.023%。在此条件下制得的筠姜红枣椰奶饮料呈奶咖色,均匀有光泽,组织流动性好,无分层,红枣与纯椰子粉中和了筠姜自身的苦味,使其具有类似于咖啡的滋味。

婴幼儿乳粉中叶酸能力验证结果分析

为了提升实验室对婴幼儿食品和乳粉中叶酸的检测能力,本实验室参加了国家市场监督管理总局组织、河北省食品检验研究院负责协调及实施的“婴幼儿配方乳粉中叶酸的测定”(CNCA-21-01)能力验证活动。方法:根据鼠李糖乳杆菌对叶酸的特异性和灵敏性,利用2种商业化试剂盒对考核样NLYZYS-089中叶酸的含量进行定量测定,并对测定结果进行分析评价。结果:考核样NLYZ-YS-089检测结果为149μg/100g,Z值为-0.74,|Z|小于3,本次能力验证实验室间比对结果为满意。结论:本实验室婴幼儿食品和乳粉中叶酸检测能力良好,为保持和提高婴幼儿配方食品和乳粉中叶酸的测定能力打下了坚定的基础。

婴幼儿配方奶粉检验检测质量的影响因素及应对策略探讨

婴幼儿配方奶粉质量关乎婴幼儿健康成长。本文通过分析影响婴幼儿配方奶粉检验检测质量的因素,包括原料质量控制、生产工艺稳定性和检测设备精度等,提出优化原料筛选机制、强化生产工艺监控和提升检测设备校准频率等应对策略,以期为进一步提升我国婴幼儿配方奶粉质量提供参考。

木瓜香蕉复合发酵乳饮料的研制

[目的]以木瓜和香蕉为主要原料制作一款营养和风味兼具的木瓜香蕉复合发酵乳饮料。[方法]以感官评分为指标,通过单因素试验考察白砂糖添加量、木瓜和香蕉质量比、发酵剂添加量、发酵时间、发酵温度对复合发酵乳饮料品质的影响,并通过正交优化获得木瓜香蕉复合发酵乳饮料最佳配方。[结果]木瓜香蕉复合发酵乳饮料最佳工艺参数为白砂糖添加量5%、木瓜和香蕉质量比1︰4、发酵温度35℃、发酵时间14 h、发酵剂添加量4%,制得产品口感醇和细腻,果香味和谐浓郁,酸甜适中。[结论]本试验研发的新型复合发酵乳饮料口感较好,能够进一步丰富乳饮料产品种类。