Monitoring shear deformation of sliding zone via fiber Bragg grating and particle image velocimetry

Monitoring shear deformation of sliding zones is of great significance for understanding the landslide evolution mechanism,in which fiber optic strain sensing has shown great potential.However,the cor-relation between strain measurements of quasi-distributed fiber Bragg grating(FBG)sensing arrays and shear displacements of surrounding soil remains elusive.In this study,a direct shear model test was conducted to simulate the shear deformation of sliding zones,in which the soil internal deformation was captured using FBG strain sensors and the soil surface deformation was measured by particle image velocimetry(PIV).The test results show that there were two main slip surfaces and two secondary ones,developing a spindle-shaped shear band in the soil.The formation of the shear band was successfully captured by FBG sensors.A sinusoidal model was proposed to describe the fiber optic cable deformation behavior.On this basis,the shear displacements and shear band widths were calculated by using strain measurements.This work provides important insight into the deduction of soil shear deformation using soil-embedded FBG strain sensors.

Study of Diesel Spray Particle Velocity Field Using a Particle Image Velocimetry Setup

Aim To investigate the spray particle velocity and its distribution characteristics. Methods\ A set of PIV (particle image velocimetry) system was developed and used to observe and analyze the spray particle velocity field. Results and Conclusion\ Double exposure image of the spray particle within the region of 10-50 mm from the nozzle tip was recorded and analyzed by the IBAS2000 analysis system. Some characteristics of the spray particle velocity and its distribution were obtained.

TWO-DIMENSIONAL PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY(PIV) MEASUREMENTS IN A TRANSPARENT CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

A special transparent centrifugal pump is designed. Detailed opticalmeasurements of the flow inside the rotating passages of a five-bladed shroud centrifugal pumpimpeller have been performed by using two-dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV). The flow issurveyed at three load conditions q_V/q_(Vd) = 0.4, q_V/q_(Vd) = 1.0, q_V/q_(Vd) = 1.5,respectively. As a result, phase averaged PIV velocity vector maps on three planes between hub andshroud of the impeller are presented. At design load, the mean field of relative velocity ispredominantly vane congruent, showing well-behaved flow without separation. The distributions of therelative velocity on different plane along the pump shaft are very different and there is always alow velocity zone near the pressure-side of the blade at both low and design flow rate, but thelow-velocity-zone at the low flow rate is much larger than that at the design one. The studydemonstrates that the PIV technique is efficient in providing reliable and detailed velocity dataover a full impeller passage.

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements of tip vortex wake structure of wind turbine

Large-view flow field measurements using the particle image velocimetry （PIV） technique with high resolution CCD cameras on a rotating 1/8 scale blade model of the NREL UAE phase VI wind turbine are conducted in the engineering-oriented q53.2 m wind tunnel. The motivation is to establish the database of the initiation and development of the tip vortex to study the flow structure and mechanism of the wind turbine. The results show that the tip vortex first moves inward for a very short period and then moves outward with the wake expansion, while its vorticity decreases with time after being trailed from the trailing edge of the blade tip, and then increases continuously with the rapid rolling-up to form a strong tip vortex. The measurements also indicate that the downstream movement of the tip vortex is nearly linear in the very near wake under the test condition.

Measurement on soil deformation caused by expanded-base pile in transparent soil using particle image velocimetry (PIV)

A new small-scale geotechnical physical model in 1-g and unconfined condition, combining the transparent soil, close-range photogrammetry and particle image velocimetry(PIV), was employed, which provides a non-intrusively internal deformation measurement approach to monitor the internal deformation of soil caused by expanded-base pile jacking with casing. The transparent soil was made of fused quartz and its refractive index matched blended oil, adding reflective particles(glass beads). Closerange photogrammetry was employed to record the images of the process of casing jacking and extraction in transparent soil, allowing the use of Matlab-based Geo-PIV to figure out the displacement field converted from image space to object space. Analysis of test results indicates that the maximum displacement caused by casing jacking for expandedconical-base pile is decreased by 29% compared with that for expanded-flat-base pile. The main movement happens at the early stage of casing extraction. The maximum displacement caused by casing extraction for the conical base is about 43% of that for the flatbase, while the affected zone caused by casing extraction for the conical base accounts for about 1/3 of that for the flat base. The contraction for horizontal displacements tends to decrease with the depth increasing. By contrast, the contraction under pile base decreases with the increasing of displacement. The displacements generated by jacking a conventional pile having a diameter equal to the casing diameter of the expanded-base pile were comparable to the net displacement taking place due to expanded-base pile installation for the conical base pile.

Particle Image Velocimetry Measurement of the Flow Field in the Play of the Drilling Pump Valve

The failure of a drilling pump is always due to the break of the drilling pump valve, which is one of the most important but also the weakest parts of the drilling pump. Over the decades, the degradation of drilling pump valves has been investigated extensively and various failure mechanisms have been proposed. However, no experimental test on the fluid has been successfully performed to support some of these mechanisms. In this paper, tests of the flow within the valve play are carried out to investigate the factors resulting in the failure of the valve. In the tests, particle image velocimetry（PIV） technology is employed to measure the flow field distribution of the valve play in the model. From these tests, the distributions of velocity and vorticity of fluid in ＇various valves with different valve angles and different valve lifts are obtained, from which the features of flow fields are derived and generalized. Subsequently, a general rule of the influence of valve angles and valve lifts on the flow velocity is concluded according to chart analyses of maximal velocities and mean velocities. Finally, an analysis is made on the possibility of valve failure caused by erosion and abrasion in a working valve, with the application of the failure mechanisms of drilling pump valves. PIV measurement improves the study on the failure of the drilling pump valve, and the results show good agreement with previous computational fluid dynamics（CFD） simulations.

Particle image velocimetry and numerical simulations of the hydrodynamic characteristics of an artificial reef

This article reports a particle image velocimetry study and the comparative results of a numerical simulation into the hydrodynamic characteristics around an artificial reef.We reveal the process of flow separation and vortex evolution,and compare the force terms generated by our artificial reef model.The numerical simulation agrees well with experimental results,showing the applicability of computational fluid dynamics to the hydrodynamics of an artificial reef.Furthermore,we numerically simulate the hydrodynamics of the reef model for seven velocities.The results show that the drag coefficient is approximately 1.21 in a self-modeling region for Reynolds numbers between 2.123×104and 9×104.Therefore,the upwelling height and current width of the flow field do not change significantly when the inflow velocity increases.Our study indicates that computational fluid dynamics can be applied to study the hydrodynamics of an artificial reef and offer clues to its construction.

3D Particle Image Velocimetry Test of Inner Flow in a Double Blade Pump Impeller

The double blade pump is widely used in sewage treatment industry,however,the research on the internal flow characteristics of the double blade pump with particle image velocimetry（PIV） technology is very little at present.To reveal inner flow characteristics in double blade pump impeller under off-design and design conditions,inner flows in a double blade pump impeller,whose specific speed is 111,are measured under the five off-design conditions and design condition by using 3D PIV test technology.In order to ensure the accuracy of the 3D PIV test,the external trigger synchronization system which makes use of fiber optic and equivalent calibration method are applied.The 3D PIV relative velocity synthesis procedure is compiled by using Visual C＋＋ 2005.Then absolute velocity distribution and relative velocity distribution in the double blade pump impeller are obtained.Test results show that vortex exists in each condition,but the location,size and velocity of vortex core are different.Average absolute velocity value of impeller outlet increases at first,then decreases,and then increases again with increase of flow rate.Again average relative velocity values under 0.4,0.8,and 1.2 design condition are higher than that under 1.0 design condition,while under 0.6 and 1.4 design condition it is lower.Under low flow rate conditions,radial vectors of absolute velocities at impeller outlet and blade inlet near the pump shaft decrease with increase of flow rate,while that of relative velocities at the suction side near the pump shaft decreases.Radial vectors of absolute velocities and relative velocities change slightly under the two large flow rate conditions.The research results can be applied to instruct the hydraulic optimization design of double blade pumps.

Flow Field Around Rushton Turbine in Stirred Tank by Particle Image Velocimetry Measurement

In this paper, particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure the mean and root meansquare(RMS) velocity in the stirred tank with six-flat blade Rushton turbine and with no baffles. Two typesof motion patterns were studied. One was that the impeller runs at constant speed, the other was that the impellerruns at time-dependent speed and in a periodic way. The emphasis of the paper was on the comparison of meanand RMS velocity vector maps and profiles between these two types of motion patterns, and especial attention waspaid to the comparison of the mean velocity, time-averaged RMS velocity, phase averaged RMS velocity betweenthe constant 3 RPS (revolution per second) and time-dependent operation. The Reynolds number was between 763and 1527. The study explained the mechanism that time-dependent RPS is more efficient for mixing than that ofconstant RPS.

Investigation of Unsteady Flow Fields for Flow Control Research by Means of Particle Image Velocimetry

Unsteady three-dimensional flow phenomena must be investigated and well understood to be able to design devices to control such complex flow phenomena in order to achieve the desired behavior of the flow and to assess their performance, even in harsh industrial environments. Experimental investigations for flow control research require measurement techniques capable to resolve the flow field with high spatial and temporal resolution to be able to perceive the relevant phenomena. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), providing access to the unsteady flow velocity field, is a measurement technique which is readily available commercially today. This explains why PIV is widely used for flow control research. A number of standard configurations exist, which, with increasing complexity, allow capturing flow velocity data instantaneously in geometrical arrangements extending from planes to volumes and in temporal arrangements extending from snapshots to temporarily well resolved data. With increasing complexity these PIV systems require advancing expertise of the user and growing investment costs. Using typical problems of flow control research, three different standard PIV systems will be characterized briefly. It is possible to upgrade a PIV system from a simple planar to a “high end” tomographic PIV system over a period of time, if sufficient PIV expertise can be built up and budget for additional investments becomes available.

A Review of Particle Image Velocimetry for Fish Migration

Understanding the flow characteristic in fishways is crucial for efficient fish migration. Flow characteristic measurements can generally provide quantitative information of velocity distributions in such passages;Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) has become one of the most versatile techniques to disclose flow fields in general and in fishways, in particular. This paper firstly gives an overview of fish migration along with fish ladders and then the application of PIV measurements on the fish migration process. The overview shows that the quantitative and detailed turbulent flow information in fish ladders obtained by PIV is critical for analyzing turbulent properties and validating numerical results.

Investigation on in-flight particle velocity in supersonic plasma spraying

In-flight particle velocity and flux distribution were measured using CCD thermal spray monitor system during supersonic plasma spray processing with nano-structured Al_2O_3-TiO_2 feed stocks. According to the results of particle flux measurement, the largest radian of the divergent particle stream is about 0.2. Within the measuring range, top speed of in-flight particles reached 800m/s. Particle acceleration was accomplished within 4cm down stream of the nozzle. Average particle velocity (about 450m/s) exceeded local sound speed (340m/s) even at a mean standoff distance of 17cm. With increasing mean standoff distance, average velocity of in-flight particle decreased according to a parabolic rule approximately. Image diagnosis showed that the result of in-flight particle velocity measurement is credible.

Particle Velocity Sensor and Its Application in Near-Field Noise Scanning Measurement

The Particle Velocity Sensor (PVS) is a kind of acoustic transducer which measures the particle velocity directly with figure-of-eight directivity. This paper proposes a near-field noise scanning technology based on the research of PVS, pressure-particle velocity (P-U) probe, and its application in noise source identification. Firstly, the principle and characteristics of PVS are presented. Secondly, a P-U probe is designed on the basis of PVS development. Finally, the noise measurement experiment for a single source is arranged and conducted. The result shows that the proposed P-U probe performs well in near-field noise source identification and localization.

An improved particle tracking velocimetry(PTV) technique to evaluate the velocity field of saltating particles

Velocity is a key parameter characterizing the movement of saltating particles. High-speed photography is an efficient method to record the velocity. But, manually determining the relevant information from these photographs is quite laborious. However, particle tracking velocimetry（PTV） can be used to measure the instantaneous velocity in fluids using tracer particles. The tracer particles have three basic features in fluids： similar movement patterns within a small region, a uniform particle distribution, and high particle density. Unfortunately, the saltation of sand particles in air is a stochastic process, and PTV has not yet been able to accurately determine the velocity field in a cloud of blowing sand. The aim of the present study was to develop an improved PTV technique to measure the downwind（horizontal） and vertical velocities of saltating sand. To demonstrate the feasibility of this new technique, we used it to investigate two-dimensional saltation of particles above a loose sand surface in a wind tunnel. We analyzed the properties of the saltating particles, including the probability distribution of particle velocity, variations in the mean velocity as a function of height, and particle turbulence. By automating much of the analysis, the improved PTV method can satisfy the requirement for a large sample size and can measure the velocity field of blowing sand more accurately than previously-used techniques. The results shed new light on the complicated mechanisms involved in sand saltation.

Measuring particle size distribution and total number in the activation chamber of desulfurization system by PIV

Application of particle image velocity (PIV) techniques for measuringparticle size distribution and total number in an activation chamber of desulfurization system isintroduced. Watersheld algorithm is used to choose the suitable initial gray level threshold whichis used to change the gray level images taken by PIV to black and white ones, then every particle inan image is isolated totally. For every isolating particle, its contour is tracked by the edgeenhancement filter function and kept by Freeman s chain code. Based on a set of particle s chincode, its size and size distribution are calculated and sorted. Finally, the experimental data ofcalcium particles and water drops, separately injected into the activation chamber, and the erroranalysis of data are given out.

水流作用下的群桩流场特性PIV试验研究

基于粒子图像测速技术(PIV)开展物理模型试验,对雷诺数Re分别为2400、6000、12000条件下,流向桩心距比为5、横向桩心距比为4时,3×3矩形排列圆桩群桩的局部流场特性开展研究。结果表明,中下游桩间与上中游桩间的流场特性存在显著差异,雷诺数对桩间流场变化影响明显。当Re为2400和6000时,上游中间桩后的尾流涡漩生成长度及回流区长度明显大于两侧边桩,Re为6000时现象更明显,而当Re增大至12000时此现象消失。受上游桩遮蔽作用,中游桩桩后的尾涡强度明显弱于前排桩,回流区面积随之减小。随着雷诺数增大,上游桩桩后尾涡生成长度、回流区尺度逐渐减小。此外,还分析了紊动强度与雷诺切应力在群桩内部平面上的分布变化。本研究以高桩码头桩基础为原型,分析群桩内部流场特性变化,研究结论有助于推进高桩码头泥沙冲淤变化机理的研究,提高高桩码头的安全评估能力。

A volumetric particle image velocimetry technique based on single color camera with trichromatic mask

A novel single color camera trichromatic mask 3D-PIV technique suitable for measurement of complex flow fields in confined spaces is presented in this paper.By using a trichromatic mask to modulate the imaging optical path of a color camera,the RGB(Red,Green,and Blue)channels of the photosensitive chip were used to record full-frame full-resolution images of tracer particles from three viewing angles.The MLOS-SMART particle reconstruction algorithm was used to obtain three-dimensional particle distribution matrix from particle trichromatic mask images.The impact of parameters such as the inter-hole spacing and hole diameter of the trichromatic mask on the quality of particle reconstruction was analyzed.Through numerical simulation experiments on artificially synthesized three-dimensional flow fields of Gaussian vortex rings,the practicality of this technique in measuring three-dimensional transient velocity fields and the accuracy of velocity measurements were examined.The accuracy and feasibility of the technique are illustrated based on experimental measurements of a zero-net-mass-flux jet.

基于粒子图像分割的混合PIV-PTV算法

粒子图像测速法(particle image velocimetry,PIV)因其非接触场测量的特性,已成为空气动力学领域的主要测量工具。复杂流动的速度场往往具有非均匀性,示踪粒子难以在待测空间均匀分布。因此,在应用PIV互相关算法处理粒子稀疏区时,需要采用更大的查询窗口以降低测量的不确定度,但会带来空间分辨率低的实际问题。而粒子追踪测速法(particle tracking velocimetry,PTV)追踪单个示踪粒子的跨帧位移,具有比PIV更高的空间分辨率,但难以适用于粒子浓度高的稠密区。针对PIV、PTV各自的优点,本文发展了一种基于粒子图像分割的混合PIV-PTV测速技术。首先定义了基于维诺多边形的粒子局部浓度量度,用以计算示踪粒子在粒子图像上的局部浓度场;其次通过设定的浓度阈值对粒子进行二分类,使用基于高斯核函数的支持向量机寻找出最优的分类边界,从而实现对粒子图像的粒子稀疏区和稠密区的划分;最后对两个区域分别使用PIV和PTV进行速度场计算,并合并为完整的速度场输出。仿真结果表明,上述方法可实现对粒子图像中的示踪粒子稀疏区和稠密区的自动划分,有效提高速度场测量的空间分辨率。将该方法应用在马赫数Ma=6的湍流边界层近壁测量中,可有效解决高速条件下粒子因强剪切难以进入边界层近壁区的问题,显著提高对近壁流动的解析能力。

冲击波流场的PIV速度场修正算法研究

粒子图像测速(particle image velocimetry,PIV)技术是研究分析流动现象产生机制和物理规律的1种重要手段。针对击波管实验中产生的平面冲击波流场,开展了冲击波波阵面及波后速度场图像测量实验,设计并实现了1种结合高斯拟合亚像素与连续性方程的复合图像修正算法,利用该算法对实验原始数据进行了处理分析。结果表明:经本文所提出的算法修正后,波阵面前PIV速度场矢量信息连续,可显示出由于粒子不均匀而不能正确测量的区域信息,提高了速度场信息测量精度,该方法可有效修正存在强间断面的速度场中,由记录图像质量差、粒子播撒不均匀或流动跟随性差等问题带来的速度场计算偏差,为冲击波速度场错误矢量的检测与修正提供了1种简单高效的算法。

基于改进PIV技术的库区滑坡涌浪试验研究

针对滑坡涌浪试验中内部运动场数据缺乏的问题,采用改进的粒子图像测速技术搭建滑坡涌浪试验平台,选取理想黏塑性材料卡波普作为滑坡材料,通过示踪粒子荧光染色技术对滑坡体和水体两相进行区分,实现了两相内部流态的同步观测,并解析出相应的速度场矢量图,进而基于速度场数据计算了入水滑坡体质量和平均速度的变化曲线,并分析了两相耦合过程中的动量变化过程线。研究结果表明滑坡和水体两相的动量变化趋势与滑坡体入水动量具有较高的相关性,可为两相耦合的动量转换机理理论研究提供更加复杂、多元的数据支撑。