基于PPAR-γ/NF-κB信号通路探讨肺心汤对野百合碱诱导肺动脉高压大鼠模型的作用及机制

目的基于过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ/核因子κB(PPAR-γ/NF-κB)信号通路探讨肺心汤(黄芪、桃仁、红花、葶苈子、赤芍等)对野百合碱诱导肺动脉高压(PAH)大鼠模型的作用及机制。方法将48只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、西地那非组(0.025 g·kg^(-1))及肺心汤低、中、高剂量组(11.7、23.4、46.8 g·kg^(-1))。采用单次腹腔注射野百合碱溶液(60 mg·kg^(-1))构建PAH大鼠模型。造模1 h后开始灌胃给药,每日1次,连续28 d。检测各组大鼠的血流动力学及超声心动图指标:右心室收缩压(RVSP)、平均肺动脉压(m PAP)、右心肥厚指数(RVHI)、肺动脉加速时间(PAAT)、肺动脉射血时间(PET)、三尖瓣环缩期位移(TAPSE)、右心室舒张末期内径(RVIDd)和右心室前壁厚度(RVAWT);采用HE染色法观察肺小动脉病理改变;免疫荧光法检测大鼠肺动脉中α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)表达水平;ELISA法检测血浆白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平;免疫组化和Western Blot法检测PPAR-γ/NF-κB信号通路相关蛋白表达水平。结果与正常组相比,模型组大鼠的RVSP、m PAP、RVHI、RVIDd及RVAWT显著升高(P<0.01),PAAT、PAAT/PET、TAPSE均显著降低(P<0.01);肺小动脉血管壁明显增厚,肺小动脉管壁厚度占血管直径的百分比、血管壁面积占小动脉总横截面积的百分比均显著升高(P<0.01);肺动脉中α-SMA蛋白免疫荧光的阳性表达率显著升高(P<0.01);血浆IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平显著升高(P<0.01);肺组织中的PPAR-γ蛋白阳性表达率显著降低(P<0.01),NF-κB蛋白阳性表达率显著升高(P<0.01);肺组织中PPAR-γ、IκB-α蛋白表达显著下调(P<0.01);p-NF-κB/NF-κB蛋白表达比值显著升高(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,各给药组大鼠的RVSP、m PAP、RVHI、RVIDd和RVAWT均显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),PAAT、PAAT/PET、TAPSE均显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.01);血管壁厚度明显降低,肺小动脉管壁厚度占血管直径的百分比、血管壁面积占小动脉总横截面积的百分比均显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);肺动脉中α-SMA蛋白免疫荧光的阳性表达率显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);血浆IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平均显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);肺组织中的PPAR-γ蛋白阳性率表达显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),NF-κB蛋白阳性表达率显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);肺组织中PPAR-γ蛋白表达显著上调(P<0.05,P<0.01),p-NF-κB/NF-κB蛋白表达比值显著降低(P<0.01);肺心汤高剂量组大鼠肺组织中IκB-α蛋白表达显著上调(P<0.01)。结论肺心汤能改善野百合碱诱导的PAH大鼠肺动脉压力升高、右心功能障碍和肺血管重塑,其机制可能与调控PPAR-γ/NF-κB信号通路抑制炎症反应有关。

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists as a possible intervention to delay the onset of type 1 diabetes:A new horizon

Type 1 diabetes(T1D)is a chronic autoimmune condition that destroys insulinproducing beta cells in the pancreas,leading to insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia.The management of T1D primarily focuses on exogenous insulin replacement to control blood glucose levels.However,this approach does not address the underlying autoimmune process or prevent the progressive loss of beta cells.Recent research has explored the potential of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RAs)as a novel intervention to modify the disease course and delay the onset of T1D.GLP-1RAs are medications initially developed for treating type 2 diabetes.They exert their effects by enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion,suppressing glucagon secretion,and slowing gastric emptying.Emerging evidence suggests that GLP-1RAs may also benefit the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with T1D.This article aims to highlight the potential of GLP-1RAs as an intervention to delay the onset of T1D,possibly through their potential immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects and preservation of beta-cells.This article aims to explore the potential of shifting the paradigm of T1D management from reactive insulin replacement to proactive disease modification,which should open new avenues for preventing and treating T1D,improving the quality of life and long-term outcomes for individuals at risk of T1D.

GLP-1 receptor agonists and myocardial metabolism in atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation(AF)is the most common cardiac arrhythmia.Many medical conditions,including hypertension,diabetes,obesity,sleep apnea,and heart failure(HF),increase the risk for AF.Cardiomyocytes have unique metabolic characteristics to maintain adenosine triphosphate production.Significant changes occur in myocardial metabolism in AF.Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RAs)have been used to control blood glucose fluctuations and weight in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and obesity.GLP-1RAs have also been shown to reduce oxidative stress,inflammation,autonomic nervous system modulation,and mitochondrial function.This article reviews the changes in metabolic characteristics in cardiomyocytes in AF.Although the clinical trial outcomes are unsatisfactory,the findings demonstrate that GLP-1 RAs can improve myocardial metabolism in the presence of various risk factors,lowering the incidence of AF.

Is it necessary to stop glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists prior to endoscopic procedure? A retrospective study

BACKGROUND Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1 RA)are effective in diabetes and obesity,reducing hyperglycemia by increasing insulin release and delaying gastric emptying.However,they can cause gastroparesis,raising concerns about aspiration during procedures.Recent guidelines advise discontinuing GLP-1 RA before surgery to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration.AIM To evaluate the effect of GLP-1 RAs on gastric residual contents during endosco-pic procedures.METHODS A retrospective chart review at BronxCare Health System,New York,from January 2019 to October 2023,assessed gastric residue and aspiration in GLP-1 RA patients undergoing endoscopic procedures.Two groups were compared based on dietary status before the procedure.Data included demographics,symptoms of gastroparesis,opiate use,hemoglobin A1c,GLP-1 agonist indication,endo-scopic details,and aspiration occurrence.IBM SPSS was used for analysis,cal-culating means,standard deviations,and applying Pearson’s chi-square and t-tests for associations,with P<0.05 as being significant.RESULTS During the study,306 patients were included,with 41.2%on a clear liquid/low residue diet and 58.8%on a regular diet before endoscopy.Most patients(63.1%)were male,with a mean age of 60±12 years.The majority(85.6%)were on GLP-1 RAs for diabetes,and 10.1%reported digestive symptoms before endoscopy.Among those on a clear liquid diet,1.5%had residual food at endoscopy compared to 10%on a regular diet,which was statistically significant(P=0.03).Out of 31 patients with digestive symptoms,13%had residual food,all from the regular diet group(P=0.130).No complications were reported during or after the procedures.CONCLUSION The study reflects a significant rise in GLP-1 RA use for diabetes and obesity.A 24-hour liquid diet seems safe for endoscopic procedures without aspiration.Patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms might have a higher residual food risk,though not statistically significant.Further research is needed to assess risks based on diabetes duration,gastroparesis,and GLP-1 RA dosing,aiming to minimize interruptions in therapy during procedures.

Practical guide:Glucagon-like peptide-1 and dual glucosedependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in diabetes mellitus

Practical guide:Glucagon-like peptide-1 and dual glucosedependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in diabetes mellitus common second-line choice after metformin for treating T2DM.Various considerations can make selecting and switching between different GLP-1 RAs challenging.Our study aims to provide a comprehensive guide for the usage of GLP-1 RAs and dual GIP and GLP-1 RAs for the management of T2DM.

The Association between GLP-1 Receptor-Based Agonists and the Incidence of Asthma in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and/or Obesity:A Meta-Analysis

Objective Recent studies have indicated potential anti-inflammatory effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RAs)on asthma,which is often comorbid with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and obesity.Therefore,we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the association between the administration of glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)receptor-based agonists and the incidence of asthma in patients with T2DM and/or obesity.Methods PubMed,Web of Science,Embase,the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials,and Clinicaltrial.gov were systematically searched from inception to July 2023.Randomized controlled trials(RCTs)of GLP-1 receptor-based agonists(GLP-1RA,GLP-1 based dual and triple receptor agonist)with reports of asthma events were included.Outcomes were computed as risk ratios(RR)using a fixedeffects model.Results Overall,39 RCTs with a total of 85,755 participants were included.Compared to non-GLP-1 receptor-based agonist users,a trend of reduced risk of asthma was observed in patients with T2DM or obesity using GLP-1 receptor-based agonist treatments,although the difference was not statistically significant[RR=0.91,95%confidence interval(CI):0.68 to 1.24].Further Subgroup analyses indicated that the use of light-molecular-weight GLP-1RAs might be associated with a reduced the risk of asthma when compared with non-users(RR=0.65,95%CI:0.43 to 0.99,P=0.043).We also performed sensitivity analyses for participant characteristics,study design,drug structure,duration of action,and drug subtypes.However,no significant associations were observed.Conclusion Compared with non-users,a modest reduction in the incidence of asthma was observed in patients with T2DM or obesity using GLP-1 receptor-based agonist treatments.Further investigations are warranted to assess the association between GLP-1 receptor-based agonists and the risk of asthma.

Interplay of gut microbiota,glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists,and nutrition:New frontiers in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease therapy

The gut-liver axis plays a crucial role in the development and progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD).Key metabolites,including lipopolysaccharides,short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),bile acids,and beneficial gut bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus,are pivotal in this process.Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1 RAs)show promise in managing MASLD by promoting weight loss,enhancing insulin secretion,and improving liver health.They restore gut-liver axis functionality,and their effects are amplified through dietary modifications and gut microbiometargeted therapies.Emerging research highlights the interplay between GLP-1 RAs and gut microbiota,indicating that the gut microbiome significantly influences therapeutic outcomes.Metabolites produced by gut bacteria,can stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)secretion,further improving metabolic health.Integrating dietary interventions with GLP-1 RA treatment may enhance liver health by modulating the gut microbiota-SCFAs-GLP-1 pathway.Future research is needed to understand personalized effects,with prebiotics and probiotics offering treatment avenues for MASLD.

A Retrospective Analysis of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists in Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Complicated by Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Background: The objective of this study was to compare and analyze the variations in clinical indices before and after treatment of type 2 mellitus (T2DM) combined with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that were treated with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs). Methods: The electronic medical record system was utilized to search for a total of 16 patients with type 2 diabetes complicated by NAFLD who were hospitalized at the First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University from October 2022 to April 2023 and treated with GLP-1RA for the first time. The clinical indices were compared before and after 12 weeks of treatment with GLP-1RA. Results: The liver-spleen CT ratio (L/S), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in all patients treated with GLP-1RA after 12 weeks were significantly different (P 0.05). The patients were categorized into two groups based on the types of GLP-1RAs. The changes in L/S, TC, TG, and LDL-C in the long-acting group after treatment were statistically significant (P Conclusions: GLP-1RAs can improve liver function, regulate lipid metabolism, and reduce the severity of fatty liver in patients with T2DM complicated by NAFLD, which demonstrates the importance of clinical applications.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists:Role of the gut in hypoglycemia unawareness,and the rationale in type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is increasing and the majority of patients have poor glycemic control.Although advanced technology and nanoparticle use have greatly enhanced insulin delivery and glucose monitoring,weight gain and hypoglycemia remain major challenges and a constant source of concern for patients with type 1 diabetes.Type 1 diabetes shares some pathophysiology with type 2 diabetes,and an overlap has been reported.The above observation created great interest in glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1)as adjuvants for type 1 diabetes.Previous trials confirmed the positive influence of GLP-1 agonists onβcell function.However,hypoglycemia unawareness and dysregulated glucagon response have been previously reported in patients with recurrent hypoglycemia using GLP-1 agonists.Jin et al found that the source of glucagon dysregulation due to GLP-1 agonists resides in the gut.Plausible explanations could be gut nervous system dysregulation or gut microbiota disruption.This review evaluates the potential of GLP-1 agonists in managing type 1 diabetes,particularly focusing on their impact on glycemic control,weight management,and glucagon dysregulation.We provide a broader insight into the problem of type 1 diabetes mellitus management in the light of recent findings and provide future research directions.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists:A new hope towards the management of alcoholic liver disease

In this editorial,we examine a paper by Koizumi et al,on the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR)agonists in alcoholic liver disease(ALD).The study determined whether elafibranor protected the intestinal barrier and reduced liver fibrosis in a mouse model of ALD.The study also underlines the role of PPARs in intestinal barrier function and lipid homeostasis,which are both affected by ALD.Effective therapies are necessary for ALD because it is a critical health issue that affects people worldwide.This editorial analyzes the possibility of PPAR agonists as treatments for ALD.As key factors of inflammation and metabolism,PPARs offer multiple methods for managing the complex etiology of ALD.We assess the abilities of PPARα,PPARγ,and PPARβ/δagonists to prevent steatosis,inflammation,and fibrosis due to liver diseases.Recent research carried out in preclinical and clinical settings has shown that PPAR agonists can reduce the severity of liver disease.This editorial discusses the data analyzed and the obstacles,advantages,and mechanisms of action of PPAR agonists for ALD.Further research is needed to understand the efficacy,safety,and mechanisms of PPAR agonists for treating ALD.

Impact of glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists on endoscopy and its preoperative management: Guidelines, challenges, and future directions

Glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists(GLP-1RA)are used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and,more recently,have garnered attention for their effect-iveness in promoting weight loss.They have been associated with several gastrointestinal adverse effects,including nausea and vomiting.These side effects are presumed to be due to increased residual gastric contents.Given the potential risk of aspiration and based on limited data,the American Society of Anesthesi-ologists updated the guidelines concerning the preoperative management of patients on GLP-1RA in 2023.They included the duration of mandated cessation of GLP-1RA before sedation and usage of“full stomach”precautions if these medications were not appropriately held before the procedure.This has led to additional challenges,such as extended waiting time,higher costs,and increased risk for patients.In this editorial,we review the current societal guidelines,clinical practice,and future directions regarding the usage of GLP-1RA in patients undergoing an endoscopic procedure.

基于KLF16/PPAR-α信号通路探讨参苓白术散对代谢相关脂肪性肝病小鼠肝脏脂质代谢的影响

目的基于KLF16/PPAR-α信号通路探讨参苓白术散对代谢相关脂肪性肝病(MAFLD)小鼠肝脏脂质代谢的影响。方法将C57BL/6小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组及参苓白术散低、中、高剂量组(2.685、5.369、10.738 g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)),每组7只。除正常组给予标准饲料外,其余各组小鼠均给予高脂饲料连续喂养12周,复制MAFLD模型。造模结束后开始灌胃给药,每日1次,连续5周。测定小鼠体质量及肝脏系数;采用HE及油红O染色观察小鼠肝脏组织病理变化;检测血清谷氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、甘油三酯(TG)及总胆固醇(TC)水平;RT-qPCR法检测肝组织中PPAR-α、KLF16、FAS、SREBP-1c mRNA表达水平。结果与正常组比较,模型组小鼠的体质量、肝质量及肝脏系数明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01);血清TG、TC、ALT、AST水平显著升高(P<0.001);肝细胞胞质可见大量空泡,出现大量红染的脂滴,NAS病理评分及油红O染色IOD值显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.001);肝组织中PPAR-α、KLF16 mRNA表达显著下调(P<0.01,P<0.001),FAS、SREBP-1c mRNA表达显著上调(P<0.05,P<0.001)。与模型组比较,参苓白术散高剂量组小鼠的体质量、肝质量、肝脏系数明显降低(P<0.05);参苓白术散低、中、高剂量组小鼠的血清TG、TC、ALT水平显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001);参苓白术散中、高剂量组小鼠的血清AST水平显著降低(P<0.01,P<0.001);各给药组小鼠肝组织病理变化有明显改善,肝细胞胞质内橘红色脂滴显著减少,参苓白术散高剂量组的NAS病理评分及油红O染色IOD值显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);参苓白术散低、中、高剂量组小鼠肝组织中PPAR-α、KLF16 mRNA表达显著上调(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001),FAS、SREBP-1c mRNA表达显著下调(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001)。结论参苓白术散对MAFLD小鼠的肝脏脂质代谢有明显改善作用,其机制可能与转录调控核受体KLF16/PPAR-α信号通路有关。

Role of incretins and glucagon receptor agonists in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease:Opportunities and challenges

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)has become the most common chronic liver disease worldwide,paralleling the rising pandemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes.Due to the growing global health burden and com-plex pathogenesis of MASLD,a multifaceted and innovative therapeutic approach is needed.Incretin receptor agonists,which were initially developed for diabetes management,have emerged as promising candidates for MASLD treatment.This review describes the pathophysiological mechanisms and action sites of three major classes of incretin/glucagon receptor agonists:glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists,glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonists,and glucagon receptor agonists.Incretins and glucagon directly or indirectly impact various organs,including the liver,brain,pancreas,gastro-intestinal tract,and adipose tissue.Thus,these agents significantly improve glycemic control and weight management and mitigate MASLD pathogenesis.Importantly,this study provides a summary of clinical trials analyzing the effect-iveness and safety of incretin receptor agonists in MASLD management and provides an in-depth analysis highlighting their beneficial effects on improving liver function,hepatic steatosis,and intrahepatic inflammation.There are emerging challenges associated with the use of these medications in the real world,particularly adverse events,drug-drug interactions,and barriers to access,which are discussed in detail.Additionally,this review highlights the evolving role of incretin receptor agonists in MASLD management and suggests future research directions.

Combining GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors for cardiovascular disease prevention in type 2 diabetes:A systematic review with multiple network meta-regressions

BACKGROUND Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RA)and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors(SGLT-2I)are associated with significant cardiovascular benefit in type 2 diabetes(T2D).However,GLP-1RA or SGLT-2I alone may not improve some cardiovascular outcomes in patients with prior cardiovascular co-morbidities.AIM To explore whether combining GLP-1RA and SGLT-2I can achieve additional benefit in preventing cardiovascular diseases in T2D.METHODS The systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA recommendations.The protocol was registered on PROSPERO(ID:42022385007).A total of 107049 participants from eligible cardiovascular outcomes trials of GLP-1RA and SGLT-2I were included in network meta-regressions to estimate cardiovascular benefit of the combination treatment.Effect modification of prior myocardial infarction(MI)and heart failure(HF)was also explored to provide clinical insight as to when the INTRODUCTION The macro-and micro-vascular benefits of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RA)and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors(SGLT-2I)are independent of their glucose-lowering effects[1].In patients with type 2 diabetes(T2D),the major cardiovascular outcome trials(CVOT)showed that dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors(DPP-4I)did not improve cardiovascular outcomes[2],whereas cardiovascular benefit of GLP-1RA or SGLT-2I was significant[3,4].Further subgroup analyses indicated that the background cardiovascular risk should be considered when examining the cardiovascular outcomes of these newer glucose-lowering medications.For instance,prevention of major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE)was only seen in those patients with baseline atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease[3,4].Moreover,a series of CVOT conducted in patients with heart failure(HF)have demonstrated that(compared with placebo)SGLT-2I significantly reduced risk of hospitalization for HF or cardiovascular death,irrespective of their history of T2D[5-8].However,similar cardiovascular benefits were not observed in those with myocardial infarction(MI)[9,10].Cardiovascular co-morbidities are not only approximately twice as common but are also associated with dispropor-tionately worse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with T2D,compared to the general population[11].Therefore,it is of clinical importance to investigate whether the combination treatment of GLP-1RA and SGLT-2I could achieve greater cardiovascular benefit,particularly when considering patients with cardiovascular co-morbidities who may not gain sufficient cardiovascular protection from the monotherapies.This systematic review with multiple network meta-regressions was mainly aimed to explore whether combining GLP-1RA and SGLT-2I can provide additional cardiovascular benefit in T2D.Cardiovascular outcomes of these newer antidiabetic medications were also estimated under effect modification of prior cardiovascular diseases.This was to provide clinical insight as to when the combination treatment might be prioritized.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes:Emerging evidence of benefit of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors agonists and incretin-based therapies

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is a global epidemic,affecting more than half of the people living with type 2 diabetes(T2D).The relationship between NAFLD and T2D is bidirectional and the presence of one perpetuates the other,which significantly increases the hepatic as well as extrahepatic complications.Until recently,there was no approved pharmacological treatment for NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitits(NASH).However,there is evidence that drugs used for diabetes may have beneficial effects on NAFLD.Insulin sensitizers acting through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR)modulation act on multiple levels of NAFLD pathogenesis.Pioglitazone(PPARγ agonist)and saroglitazar(PPARα/γagonist)are particularly beneficial and recommended by several authoritative bodies for treating NAFLD in T2D,although data on biopsyproven NASH are lacking with the latter.Initial data on elafibanor(PPARα/δ agonist)and Lanifibranor(pan PPAR agonist)are promising.On the other hand,incretin therapies based on glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)receptor agonists(GLP-1RA)and dual-and triple-hormone receptor co-agonists reported impressive weight loss and may have anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties.GLP-1 RAs have shown beneficial effects on NAFLD/NASH and more studies on potential direct effects on liver function by dual-and triple-agonists are required.Furthermore,the long-term safety of these therapies in NAFLD needs to be established.Collaborative efforts among healthcare providers such as primary care doctors,hepatologists,and endocrinologists are warranted for selecting patients for the best possible management of NAFLD in T2D.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists:Exploring the mechanisms from glycemic control to treatment of multisystemic diseases

This editorial takes a deeper look at the insights provided by Soresi and Giannitrapani,which examined the therapeutic potential of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RAs)for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease.We provide supplementary insights to their research,highlighting the broader systemic implications of GLP-1RAs,synthesizing the current understanding of their mechanisms and the trajectory of research in this field.GLP-1RAs are revolutionizing the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and beyond.Beyond glycemic control,GLP-1RAs demonstrate cardiovascular and renal protective effects,offering potential in managing diabetic kidney disease alongside renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors.Their role in bone metabolism hints at benefits for diabetic osteoporosis,while the neuroprotective properties of GLP-1RAs show promise in Alzheimer's disease treatment by modulating neuronal insulin signaling.Additionally,they improve hormonal and metabolic profiles in polycystic ovary syndrome.This editorial highlights the multifaceted mechanisms of GLP-1RAs,emphasizing the need for ongoing research to fully realize their therapeutic potential across a range of multisystemic diseases.

Determination of Ten Kinds of Alpha-2 Agonists Residues in Animal Derived Food by UHPLC-Triple Quadrupole/Composite Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry

[Objectives]The paper was to establish an ultra high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/linear ion trap complex mass spectrometry for the determination of 10 kinds ofα2-receptor agonists in animal derived food.[Methods]The samples were extracted with sodium carbonate buffer solution and ethyl acetate,and analyzed by mass spectrometry after solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography separation.[Results]Ten kinds ofα2-receptor agonists showed a good linear relationship in the range of 1-100μg/mL,with the average recovery of over 69%and the relative standard deviation less than 8.32%.The detection limit of 10 kinds of α_(2)-receptor agonists was up to 1μg/kg.[Conclusions]The method has good selectivity and strong anti-interference ability,and can meet the requirements of 10 kinds ofα2-receptor agonists residues in animal derived food.

PPAR-γ抑制高糖微环境下NCI-H460细胞增殖的分子机制

目的探讨PPAR-γ在高糖微环境下对人大细胞肺癌NCI-H460细胞增殖的影响及其分子机制。方法分别用正常糖(空白组)、高渗(对照组)和30 mmol/L葡萄糖(高糖组)培养基处理NCI-H460细胞,用CCK-8法和平板克隆实验分析高糖微环境对NCI-H460细胞增殖能力的影响;用Western blotting检测NLRP3炎症小体相关蛋白和PPAR-γ蛋白的表达;用特异性PPAR-γ激活剂罗格列酮刺激高糖微环境下的NCI-H460细胞;用Western blotting检测NLRP3炎症小体相关蛋白的表达,CCK-8法和平板克隆实验分析高糖微环境下PPAR-γ对NCI-H460细胞增殖能力的影响;用NLRP3炎症小体激动剂NSS联合罗格列酮刺激高糖微环境下的NCI-H460细胞,CCK-8法和平板克隆实验分析NLRP3炎症小体是否参与高糖微环境下PPAR-γ对NCI-H460细胞增殖的抑制作用。结果高糖微环境能够显著提高NCI-H460细胞的增殖能力,诱导NLRP3炎症小体活性升高,下调PPAR-γ蛋白表达,PPAR-γ激活剂罗格列酮能有效抑制NLRP3炎症小体的活性,抑制NCI-H460细胞的增殖,且这一作用可被NLRP3炎症小体激动剂逆转。结论PPAR-γ通过下调NLRP3炎症小体活性,抑制高糖微环境下人大细胞肺癌NCI-H460细胞增殖。

The inducible secreting TLR5 agonist,CBLB502,enhances the anti-tumor activity of CAR133-NK92 cells in colorectal cancer

Objective:CAR-T/NK cells have had limited success in the treatment of solid tumors,such as colorectal cancer(CRC),in part because of the heterogeneous nature of tumor-associated antigens that lead to antigen-negative relapse after the initial response.This barrier might be overcome by enhancing the recruitment and durability of endogenous immune cells.Methods:Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were used to assess the expression of CD133 antigen in tissue microarrays and cell lines,respectively.Retroviral vector transduction was used to generate CBLB502-secreting CAR133-NK92 cells(CAR133-i502-NK92).The tumor killing capacity of CAR133-NK92 cells in vitro and in vivo were quantified via LDH release,the RTCA assay,and the degranulation test,as well as measuring tumor bioluminescence signal intensity in mice xenografts.Results:We engineered CAR133-i502-NK92 cells and demonstrated that those cells displayed enhanced proliferation(9.0×10^(4)cells vs.7.0×10^(4)cells)and specific anti-tumor activities in vitro and in a xenogeneic mouse model,and were well-tolerated.Notably,CBLB502 secreted by CAR133-i502-NK92 cells effectively activated endogenous immune cells.Furthermore,in hCD133+/hCD133−mixed cancer xenograft models,CAR133-i502-NK92 cells suppressed cancer growth better than the counterparts(n=5,P=0.0297).Greater T-cell infiltration was associated with greater anti-tumor potency(P<0.0001).Conclusions:Armed with a CBLB502 TLR5 agonist,CAR133-NK92 cells were shown to be capable of specifically eliminating CD133-positive colon cancer cells in a CAR133-dependent manner and indirectly eradicating CD133-negative colon cancer cells in a CBLB502-specific endogenous immune response manner.This study describes a novel technique for optimizing CAR-T/NK cells for the treatment of antigenically-diverse solid tumors.

First Recorded Account of a White Shark Agonistic Pectoral Fin Depression Behavior at Guadalupe Island, Mexico

An agonistic display by a white shark was observed and photographed during a cage dive at Guadalupe Island in November 2015. Exhibiting exaggerated pectoral fin depression, agonistic behaviors have been previously observed and described in several shark species. This account may be the first record of a white shark in close proximity to a caged diver, exhibiting strong pectoral fin depression significantly dipped, in the mid-agonistic display. Such displays should be considered as aggressive and potentially life-threatening by those using the ocean for recreational or professional purposes.