Experimental Study of Moso Bamboo to-Steel Connections with Embedded Grouting Materials

Moso bamboos have attracted excessive attention as a renewable green building material to the concept of sustainable development.In this paper,the 20 bolted Moso bamboo connection specimens with embedded steel plates and grouting materials were designed according to connection configurations with different bolt diameters and end distance of bolt holes,and their bearing capacities and failure modes were analyzed by static tension tests.According to the test results of all connectors,the failure modes of the specimens are divided into four categories,and the effects of bolt diameter and bolt hole end distance on the connection bearing capacity and failure mode are analyzed.The test results show that the deformation and failure process can be divided into four stages.The main influence factor of connector bearing capacity is bolt diameter.Connectors can be divided into four failure modes,and brittle failure can be avoided by adopting certain structural measures.Filling with grouting material can improve the bearing capacity of joints.Due to the large variability of bamboo,further experiments are needed.

Experimental Study on Ratio and Performance of Coal Gangue/Bottom Ash Geopolymer Double-Liquid Grouting Material

Mine grouting reinforcement and water plugging projects often require large amounts of grouting materials.To reduce the carbon emission of grouting material production,improve the utilization of solid waste from mining enterprises,and meet the needs of mine reinforcement and seepage control,a double-liquid grouting material containing a high admixture of coal gangue powder/bottom ash geopolymer was studied.The setting time,fluidity,bleeding rate,and mechanical properties of grouting materials were studied through laboratory tests,and SEM analyzed the microstructure of the materials.The results show that the total mixture of calcined gangue does not exceed 60%.And the proportion of bottom ash replacing cement should be within 30%.At the same time,the volume mixture of sodium silicate is 20%.And the water-solid ratio does not exceed 0.6.The stability of the slurry prepared under this ratio is good.The microstructure of the stone body is dense,and its strength can meet the requirements of rock reinforcement and seepage control.Its economic and environmental benefits are more significant than the traditional cement-silicate double-liquid grouting material.

Compressive Strength of Polymer Grouting Material at Different Temperatures

In order to study the influence of temperature on compressive strength of polymer grouting material,the compression specimen injection mold is self-made,and the uniaxial compressive test was carried out in the temperature control box under different temperatures.The change regularity of compressive strength of polymer grouting material under different temperatures and the law of volume changes of polymer samples were obtained.The experimental results show that：the compressive strength of polymer material increases with the increase of density;the temperature change has a certain influence on the compressive strength of polymer grouting material;the compressive strength decreases with temperature increases under the same density,but the compressive strength is not significantly affected by temperature when the density is less than 0.4 g/cm3;the volume change of the samples accords with the law of thermal expansion and contraction when temperature changes,and the increase of the volume is obvious when it is under high temperature.The achievements will provide an important basis to the application of the polymer grouting material.

Properties and Hydration Mechanism on High-strength Anchorage Grouting Material for Highway Slope

The rheological and mechanical properties of high-strength anchorage grouting materials for highway slope were investigated to optimize the mix proportion. The experimental results showed that the optimized mix proportion of high-strength anchorage grouting material （HAGM） was C3 （FA：SP-SF= 1：2：2; AGI：AG2=3：7 and 0.03% FC）, which is agreement with the limitation of JCT 986-2005. Moreover, the XRD and FTIR results showed the addition of expansive components was in favor of the formation of ettringite. The intensity of AFt oeak of the samnles increased with the increasing of hydration time.

Super-absorbent swellable polymer as grouting material for treatment of karst water inrush

Grouting is the most commonly used method to control water inrush in underground engineering.Traditional cement-based materials are easy to dilute and hard to coagulate under the influence of large flow and high-velocity water inrush.To address these deficiencies,a new type of polymer grouting material with an excellent expansion ratio was synthesised.The material quickly absorbs water and has an expansion ratio of 1:300.The material is composed of a superabsorbent polymer(SAP),glycerol,and ethanol.The effects of water quality on the expansion ratio and expansion rate of the material were examined,and the best solid–liquid ratio for the slurry was determined by fluidity measurements.A karst specially designed pipeline water inrush test device showed that 800 g of SAP can achieve 0.6 m/s water flow blockage in the smooth pipeline,demonstrating that the ability of the SAP slurry to block water inrush is superior to those of other materials.This study provides a reference for water inrush plugging,and has important implications for the reduction and control of karst pipeline-type water inrush disasters,ensuring the safety of construction sites and preventing loss of life and damage to property.

Preparation and Performance Research of Cement-based Grouting Materials with High Early Strength and Expansion

Main performance of the cement grouting materials made up by Portland cement（PC） and sulphoaluminate cement（SAC） was investigated in this program, a kind of expanding agent（EA） which was mainly constituted by metakaolin and alunite was utilized for the compensation of the shrinkage, the hydration products and micro structure of the grouting materials were researched by X-ray diffraction（XRD） and scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. The results showed that a high expansion rate of the grouting materials could be reached as the expanding agent mixed in 6% of PC mass; the addition of SAC in the S2（PC：SAC：EA=34：6：2.25） brought a further improvement of the expansion rate of the grouting materials, the analysis of XRD and SEM showed that due to the reaction of expanding agent and SAC in the grouting materials, more ettringite crystal was generated, which resulted in a higher early strength, the addition of SAC played an expansion and strength reinforcement role in the grouting materials.

Grouting theories and technologies for the reinforcement of fractured rocks surrounding deep roadways

Grouting is an effective method to improve the integrity and stability of fractured rocks that surround deep roadways.After years of research and practice,various theories and a complete set of grouting technologies for deep roadways with fractured rocks have been developed and are widely applied in Chinese coal mining production.This paper systematically summarizes and analyzes the research results concerning the theory,design,materials,processes,and equipment for the grouting and reinforcement of fractured rocks surrounding deep roadways.Specifically,in terms of grouting methods,pregrouting,groutingwhile-excavation,and postgrouting methods are explored;in terms of grouting theory,backfill grouting,compaction grouting,infiltration grouting,and fracture grouting theories are studied.In addition,this paper also studies grouting borehole arrangement,water-cement ratio,grouting pressure,grouting volume,grout diffusion radius,and other grouting parameters and their determination methods.On this basis,this paper explores the physical and mechanical properties of organic and organic-inorganic composite grouting materials,and assess grouting reinforcement quality testing methods and instruments.Taken as the field cases,the application of pregrouting in front of heading faces,groutingwhile-excavation,and postgrouting in the Kouzidong coal mine are then introduced,and the effects of the grouting reinforcements are evaluated.This paper proposes a development direction for grouting technology based on problems existing in the grouting reinforcement of fractured rocks surrounding deep roadways.

Theory,technology and application of grouted bolting in soft rock roadways of deep coal mines

The grouted bolt,combining rock bolting with grouting techniques,provides an effective solution for controlling the surrounding rock in deep soft rock and fractured roadways.It has been extensively applied in numerous deep mining areas characterized by soft rock roadways,where it has demonstrated remarkable control results.This article systematically explores the evolution of grouted bolting,covering its theoretical foundations,design methods,materials,construction processes,monitoring measures,and methods for assessing its effectiveness.The overview encompassed several key elements,delving into anchoring theory and grouting reinforcement theory.The new principle of high pretensioned high-pressure splitting grouted bolting collaborative active control is introduced.A fresh method for dynamic information design is also highlighted.The discussion touches on both conventional grouting rock bolts and cable bolts,as well as innovative grouted rock bolts and cables characterized by their high pretension,strength,and sealing hole pressure.An examination of the merits and demerits of standard inorganic and organic grouting materials versus the new inorganic–organic composite materials,including their specific application conditions,was conducted.Additionally,the article presents various methods and instruments to assess the support effect of grouting rock bolts,cable bolts,and grouting reinforcement.Furthermore,it provides a foundation for understanding the factors influencing decisions on grouted bolting timing,the sequence of grouting,the pressure applied,the volume of grout used,and the strategic arrangement of grouted rock bolts and cable bolts.The application of the high pretensioned high-pressure splitting grouted bolting collaborative control technology in a typical kilometer-deep soft rock mine in China—the soft coal seam and soft rock roadway in the Kouzidong coal mine,Huainan coal mining area,was introduced.Finally,the existing problems in grouted bolting control technology for deep soft rock roadways are analyzed,and the future development trend of grouted bolting control technology is anticipated.

Development and application of novel high‐efficiency composite ultrafine cement grouts for roadway in fractured surrounding rocks

The fractured surrounding rocks of roadways pose major challenges to safe mining.Grouting has often been used to reinforce the surrounding rocks to mitigate the safety risks associated with fractured rocks.The aim of this study is to develop highly efficient composite ultrafine cement(CUC)grouts to reinforce the roadway in fractured surrounding rocks.The materials used are ultrafine cement(UC),ultrafine fly ash(UF),ultrafine slag(US),and additives(superplasticizer[SUP],aluminate ultrafine expansion agent[AUA],gypsum,and retarder).The fluidity,bleeding,shrinkage,setting time,chemical composition,microstructure,degree of hydration,and mechanical property of grouting materials were evaluated in this study.Also,a suitable and effective CUC grout mixture was used to reinforce the roadway in the fractured surrounding rock.The results have shown that the addition of UF and US reduces the plastic viscosity of CUC,and the best fluidity can be obtained by adding 40%UF and 10%US.Since UC and UF particles are small,the pozzolanic effect of UF promotes the hydration reaction,which is conductive to the stability of CUC grouts.In addition,fine particles of UC,UF,and US can effectively fill the pores,while the volumetric expansion of AUA and gypsum decreases the pores and thus affects the microstructure of the solidified grout.The compressive test results have shown that the addition of specific amounts of UF and US can ameliorate the mechanical properties of CUC grouts.Finally,the CUC22‐8 grout was used to reinforce the No.20322 belt roadway.The results of numerical simulation and field monitoring have indicated that grouting can efficaciously reinforce the surrounding rock of the roadway.In this research,high‐performance CUC grouts were developed for surrounding rock reinforcement of underground engineering by utilizing UC and some additives.

Research on rheological properties of micro-fine grouting cement

This article studies the influence of the fineness of cement, fly ash(FA), its composite admixture and the amount and way mixed with superplasticizer on the rheological properties of micro fine cement(MC). By means of modern instruments and technologies (such as XRD, SEM, laser granulometer and superficial potential apparatus etc.), the article studies the mineral compositions, the appearance character of grains, particle size distribution and superficial potential of FA and its composite materials. And through that, the reducing mechanism of FA is thoroughly analyzed. The study shows that FA and its composite admixture are excellent components which can effectively improve the rheological properties of micro fine cement, and that the superplasticizer has a saturation point and the mixing way of it has a great influence on the rheological properties.

Bolt-grouting combined support technology in deep soft rock roadway

Analyzing the mineral composition, mechanical properties and ground stress testing in surrounding rock,the study investigated the failure mechanism of deep soft rock roadway with high stress. The boltgrouting combined support system was proposed to prevent such failures. By means of FLAC3D numerical simulation and similar material simulation, the feasibility of the support design and the effectiveness of support parameters were discussed. According to the monitoring the surface and deep displacement in surrounding rock as well as bolt axial load, this paper analyzed the deformation of surrounding rock and the stress condition of the support structure. The monitor results were used to optimize the proposed support scheme. The results of field monitors demonstrate that the bolt-grouting combined support technology could improve the surround rock strength and bearing capacity of support structure, which controlled the great deformation failure and rheological property effectively in deep soft rock roadway with high stress. As a result, the long term stability and safety are guaranteed.

活性改性剂合成及其对环氧胶黏剂力学与界面粘接性能的影响

综合考虑环氧胶黏剂的施工性能、力学性能及与砂浆界面的粘接性能,利用三羟甲基丙烷三缩水甘油醚(TMPGE)与1,4-丁二醇(BDO),通过控制反应物物质的量比以及反应时间制备了四种低环氧值兼具高羟基含量的预聚体(PPM)。通过1H-NMR、盐酸-丙酮法及凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)对PPM进行了表征。进一步研究了PPM对改性环氧胶黏剂工作性能、固化力学性能、与水泥砂浆粘接强度以及表面性质的影响。结果显示:延长反应时间以及增加BDO用量使PPM的数均分子量更大、环氧值更低。四种PPM改性后,胶黏剂的放热峰值温度降低,可操作时间延长。同时,PPM使环氧固化物的延性显著增加。四种PPM改性后使环氧与水的接触角降低,固化物表面的极性组分升高。XPS分析表明,PPM使环氧固化物的羟基含量显著提高。最后,PPM使胶黏剂对湿砂浆基体的粘接强度提高了一倍以上。

机场道面水平钻孔注浆材料的制备与性能研究

为满足机场不停航施工道面下基层水平注浆工程对材料的需求,开展了复合硅酸盐水泥和硫铝酸盐水泥复配试验。制备出符合施工要求的硅酸盐-硫铝酸盐复合水泥砂浆,并使用维卡仪、截锥圆模、压力试验机等设备研究了材料的凝结时间、流动性、1d抗压强度等。结果表明:硫铝酸盐水泥掺加比例越高,凝结时间越短;水灰比及减水剂掺量对流动性影响较大,同时对其他性能有一定影响。在确认最佳配合比时,经圆柱体强度试件模拟的钻孔注浆和现场试验段重锤式弯沉仪及探地雷达实测结果表明:复合水泥砂浆具有良好的工作性能,道面强度及结构恢复至钻孔前水平,能满足机场不停航施工要求。

采空区治理用尾矿砂注浆材料的制备及性能研究

为了解决常用的矿山采空区治理用注浆材料凝结时间长、析水率高、结石率低、水下浇筑时水泥流失量大、硬化后易脱空等问题,制备了一种尾矿砂注浆材料,并通过添加性能调节剂CA-Ⅳ、调整原材料配比对其性能进行了优化。结果表明:优化后的尾矿砂注浆材料工作性得到明显改善,凝结时间大幅缩短,24 h竖向膨胀率、结石率和28 d抗压强度均有大幅提高,水泥流失量显著降低。

灌浆插筋式模块钢结构连接节点力学性能试验研究

针对模块钢结构建筑间的连接问题,提出了一种新型的由钢筋与CGM灌浆料组成的灌浆插筋式模块钢结构连接节点形式,并采用试验和理论分析的方法,对节点柱的轴压性能、轴拉性能和抗弯性能进行了深入研究,提出了相应的承载力计算方法.研究结果表明:①在轴向压力作用下,此节点上下两侧空钢管发生屈曲破坏,轴压承载力约为钢管截面屈服承载力的97%,表明此节点具有较好的抗压承载能力;不同钢筋直径试件的荷载-位移曲线基本一致,表明节点的抗压承载力与钢筋直径无关;②在轴向拉力作用下,试件在节点的连接缝隙处发生分离,灌浆料表面呈现了斜向裂缝;在钢筋直径为14~18 mm的范围内,构件的极限抗拉承载力为钢管极限承载力的28%~32%,并且随着钢筋直径的增大,试件的极限抗拉承载力增大、延性减小;③在弯矩作用下,试件一侧受拉、另一侧受压,在节点的连接缝隙处钢管发生分离,受拉区灌浆料形成斜向裂缝;在钢筋直径为14~18 mm的范围内,构件的抗弯承载力为钢管承载力的37%~47%,并且随着钢筋直径的增大,试件的极限抗拉承载力增大、延性减小,试件的屈服位移和极限位移均增大.

铜尾矿改性水泥基地聚合物注浆材料性能与机理分析

为促进岩土工程绿色发展,提高尾矿资源化利用效率,选取铜尾矿制备铜尾矿改性水泥基地聚合物注浆材料,研究水固比、铜尾矿掺量、碱激发剂用量及碱激发剂模数对改性浆液各性能指标的影响规律及微观机理。研究结果表明:掺入尾矿有利于改善改性浆液力学性能,掺入碱激发剂能提高改性浆液整体的反应程度,减小改性浆液析水率;综合考虑各项性能指标,选取改性浆液最佳配比,即水固比为1.0,铜尾矿掺量为30%(质量分数,下同),碱激发剂用量为4%,碱激发剂模数为1.6;相较于纯水泥浆液,改性浆液最佳配比黏度减小11.1%,流动度增大22.3%,析水率减小29.7%,28 d结石体抗压强度仅减小9.5%,耐久性能良好;改性浆液发生地聚合物反应形成了具有三维空间网状结构的C-A-S-H凝胶和N-A-S-H凝胶等胶凝物质。本研究成果可为岩土工程提供高性能低成本的注浆材料,同时还将为尾矿等固废材料资源化利用提供参考。

灌浆料流变性能的时变特性与屈服应力演化模型

为研究灌浆料流变性能的时变特性,厘清流变性能随时间变化的机理,通过流变试验研究灌浆料的流变模型和流变参数随时间的变化规律。结合灌浆料的冷冻扫描电镜微观结构随时间的变化过程和流体力学理论,研究屈服应力的时变机理,并建立考虑絮凝效应、水化反应和骨料颗粒-水泥浆体相互作用三者共同影响的新屈服应力演化模型。结果表明:灌浆料的流变模型符合Herschel-Bulkley模型,屈服应力随时间增加而增加。水化产物在网状絮凝结构上不断堆积,网状絮凝结构逐渐变大,这不仅增强了水泥浆体的抗剪切能力,也导致浆体表现更高的黏度,使得骨料颗粒-水泥浆体的相互作用力增大。因此,灌浆料的屈服应力增大。提出的新屈服应力演化模型能更好地描述含骨料颗粒水泥基材料的屈服应力随时间的变化规律。研究结果可为灌浆料的流动扩散研究和深入理解水泥基材料流变性能的时变性提供理论基础。

基于机器学习的水泥基灌浆料强度预测方法

针对采用小直径芯样法准确预测水泥基灌浆料抗压强度的问题,使用压力试验机分别对水泥基灌浆料标准尺寸试块和小直径芯样进行抗压强度试验,并基于试验数据,采用支持向量机回归(SVR)和随机森林回归(RFR)对水泥基灌浆料抗压强度进行回归预测。结果表明:标准尺寸试块均呈正反相接的四角锥体破坏形态,而高径比为0.7和1.0的小直径芯样呈正反相接的圆锥体破坏形态,高径比为1.2的小直径芯样呈斜裂缝剪切破坏形态;标准尺寸试块和小直径芯样的抗压强度值均服从正态分布,且无离群值;随着龄期的增长,标准尺寸试块和小直径芯样的抗压强度提高,且具有早期强度较高的特性;直径46 mm芯样的抗压强度较小,且更易受加工精度的影响;在给定的龄期和直径下,高径比为0.7的芯样抗压强度值最大,抗压强度离散程度最小;RFR预测模型对水泥基灌浆料抗压强度的预测效果更优。所提方法可较准确预测水泥基灌浆料抗压强度,为水泥基灌浆料抗压强度的预测研究提供了参考。