Grain traits are major constraints in rice production, which are key factors in determining grain yield and market values. This study used two recombinant inbred line(RIL) populations, RIL-JJ(japonica/japonica) an...Grain traits are major constraints in rice production, which are key factors in determining grain yield and market values. This study used two recombinant inbred line(RIL) populations, RIL-JJ(japonica/japonica) and RIL-IJ(indica/japonica) derived from the two crosses Shennong 265/Lijiangxintuanheigu(SN265/LTH) and Shennong 265/Luhui 99(SN265/LH99). Sixty-eight quantitative trait loci(QTLs) associated with 10 grain traits were consistently detected on the 12 chromosomes across different populations and two environments. Although 61.75% of the QTLs clustered together across two populations, only 16.17% could be detected across two populations. Eight major QTLs were detected on the 9, 10 and 12 chromosomes in RIL-JJ under two environments, a novel QTL clustered on the 10 chromosome, q GT10, q BT10 and q TGW10, have a higher percentage of explained phenotypic variation(PVE) and additive effect; 15 major QTLs were detected on the 5, 8, 9, and 11 chromosomes in RIL-IJ under two environments, a novel clustered QTL, q GT8 and q TGW8, on the 8 chromosome have a higher additive effect. Finally, the analysis of major QTL-BSA mapping narrowed the q TGW10 to a 1.47-Mb region flanked by simple sequence repeat markers RM467 and RM6368 on chromosome 10. A comparison of QTLs for grain traits in two different genetic backgrounds recombinant inbred line populations confirmed that genetic background had a significant impact on grain traits. The identified QTLs were stable across different populations and various environments, and 29.42% of QTLs controlling grain traits were reliably detected in different environments. Fewer QTLs were detected for brown rice traits than for paddy rice traits, 7 and 17 QTLs for brown rice out of 25 and 43 QTLs under RIL-JJ and RILIJ populations, respectively. The identification of genes constituting the QTLs will help to further our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying grain shape.展开更多
A field experiment with an early rice-late rice rotation was carried out on a paddy soil derived from red soil in the southern part of Zhejiang Province to elucidate the effect of excess P application on some importan...A field experiment with an early rice-late rice rotation was carried out on a paddy soil derived from red soil in the southern part of Zhejiang Province to elucidate the effect of excess P application on some important characteristics of soil properies and its relation to nutrient status and grain yields of rice crops.The experimental results indicated that adequate fertilizer P (15 kg P hm-2) could increase the content of soil available P at the tillering stage of early rice, the contents of N, P and K in the shoots of early rice at primary growth stages, and the grain yield of early rice by increasing valid ears per hectare and weight per thousand grains, which was mainly related to the higher contents of reduced, non-reduced and total sugar in the shoots at the heading stage. And early rice supplied with excessive P could not yield more than that applied with adequate P, due to the reduction in the valid grain percentage and weight per thousand grains.In addition, onestime excess P supply at a rate as high as 90 kg P hm-2 could not improve the soil P fertility in case the soil available P content was lower than the initial (3.74 mg kg-1 soil) after an early rice-late rice rotation, and made a decline in the grain yield increased by per kilogram fertilizer P. Thus, one-time excess P supply should not be adopted for soils with a large P fixation capacity like the paddy soils derived from red soils.展开更多
To evaluate the effects of various rotation systems on rice grain yield and N use efficiency, a paddy–upland cropping experiment(2013–2016) was conducted in southeastern China. The experiment was designed using six ...To evaluate the effects of various rotation systems on rice grain yield and N use efficiency, a paddy–upland cropping experiment(2013–2016) was conducted in southeastern China. The experiment was designed using six different rice––winter crop rotations: rice–fallow(RF),rice–wheat(RW), rice–potato with rice straw mulch(RP), rice–green manure(Chinese milk vetch; RC–G), rice–oilseed rape(RO), and rice–green manure crop(oilseed rape with fresh straw incorporated into soil at flowering; RO–G) and three N rates, N0(0 kg N ha-1), N1(142.5 kg N ha-1), and N2(202.5 kg N ha-1). Average rice yields in the RF(5.93 t ha-1) rotation were significantly lower than those in the rotations with winter crops(7.20–7.48 t ha-1)under the N0 treatment, suggesting that incorporation of straw might be more effective for increasing soil N than winter fallow. The rice yield differences among the rotations varied by year with the N input. In general, the grain yields in the RP and RO–G rotations –were respectively 11.6–28.5% and 14.80–37.19% higher than those in the RF in plots with N applied. Increasing the N rate may have tended to minimize the average yield gap between the RF and the other rotations; the yield gaps were 18.55%, 4.14%, and 0.23% in N0, N1, and N2, respectively. However, the N recovery efficiency in the RF was significantly lower than that in other rotations, except for 2015 under both N1 and N2 rates, a finding that implies a large amount of chemical N loss. No significant differences in nitrogen agronomic efficiency(NAE) and physiological efficiency(NPE) were found between the rotations with legume(RC–G) and non–legume(RO and RW) winter crops, a result that may be due partly to straw incorporation. For this reason, we concluded that the return of straw could reduce differences in N use efficiency between rotations with and without legume crops. The degree of synchrony between the crop N demand and the N supply was evaluated by comparison of nitrogen balance degree(NBD) values. The NBD values in the RP and RW were significantly lower than those in the other rotations under both N1 and N2 rates. Thus,in view of the higher grain yield in the RP compared to the RW under the N1 rate, the RP rotation might be a promising practice with comparable grain yield and greater N use efficiency under reduced N input relative to the other rotations. The primary yield components of the RF and RP were identified as number of panicles m-2 and numbers of kernels panicle-1, respectively. The NAE and NPE were positively correlated with harvest index, possibly providing a useful indicator for evaluating N use efficiency.展开更多
The majority of rice(Oryza sativa L.) produced in the southern USA is drill-seeded and grown under upland-like conditions because permanent flooding is established after the four-leaf stage. Therefore, rice during the...The majority of rice(Oryza sativa L.) produced in the southern USA is drill-seeded and grown under upland-like conditions because permanent flooding is established after the four-leaf stage. Therefore, rice during the seedling growth stage will be subjected to variable soil moisture content. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of 15 rice cultivars commonly grown in Mississippi of USA under early-season soil moisture stress. Twenty morpho-physiological parameters of rice seedlings subjected to three different levels(100%, 66% and 33% field capacity) of soil moisture, from 10 to 30 d after sowing, were measured. Significant moisture stress × treatment interaction(P < 0.001) was observed for most of the parameters. Further, the total drought response index(TDRI) was developed to score the cultivars for drought tolerance with the variation from 26.88 to 36.21. Accordingly, the cultivars were classified into different groups of tolerance. The cultivars CL152 and CL142-AR were classified as the least and the most tolerant to drought based on TDRI and standard deviation, respectively. Even though both total root(R^2 = 0.98) or shoot(R^2 = 0.76) drought responses indices were positively correlated with TDRI, root traits were important in deriving the indices. Therefore, TDRI could be used to select cultivars for drought tolerance in a given environment and develop rice varieties with early-season drought tolerance. However, further research is needed to identify and characterize tolerance at other stages to assist breeding programs in rice.展开更多
Iron(Fe)toxicity,generated from excess reduced ferrous Fe(Fe^(2+))ion formation within the soil under submerged condition,is a potent environmental stress that limits lowland rice production.Total 11 diverse Thai rice...Iron(Fe)toxicity,generated from excess reduced ferrous Fe(Fe^(2+))ion formation within the soil under submerged condition,is a potent environmental stress that limits lowland rice production.Total 11 diverse Thai rice genotypes,including a recognized tolerant genotype Azucena and a susceptible genotype IR64,were evaluated against 5 Fe^(2+)levels[0(control),150,300,600 and 900 mg/L]to screen the tested genotypes for their Fe-toxicity tolerance and to classify them as a sensitive/tolerant category.The evaluation was conducted by a germination study,followed by a polyhouse study on growth,yield and physiochemical performances.Results showed significant variations in Fe^(2+)-tolerance across genotypes.Increasing Fe^(2+)level beyond 300 mg/L was detrimental for germination and growth of all the tested genotypes,although germination responses were negatively affected at Fe^(2+)≥300 mg/L.Physiochemical responses in the form of leaf greenness,net photosynthetic rate,membrane stability index and Fe contents in leaf and root were the most representative of Fe^(2+)-toxicity-mediated impairments on overall growth and yield.Difference in physiochemical responses was effectively correlated with the contrasting ability of the genotypes on lowering excess Fe^(2+)in tissues.Analysis of average tolerance and stress tolerance index unveiled that the genotypes RD85 and RD31 were the closest to the tolerant check Azucena and the sensitive check IR64,respectively.The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic means clustering revealed three major clusters,with cluster Ⅱ(four genotypes)being Fe^(2+)tolerant and cluster Ⅰ(four genotypes)being Fe^(2+)sensitive.Principal component(PC)analysis and genotype by trait-biplot analysis showed that the first two components explained 90.5%of the total variation,with PC1 accounting for 56.6%and PC2 for 33.9%of the total variation.The identified tolerant rice genotypes show potentials for cultivation in Fe^(2+)-toxic lowlands for increased productivity.The findings contribute to the present understanding on Fe^(2+)-toxicity response and provide a basis for future genotype selection or rice crop improvement programs against Fe^(2+)-toxicity.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31371586)the Program for Liaoning Excellent Talents in University,China(LJQ2013075)
文摘Grain traits are major constraints in rice production, which are key factors in determining grain yield and market values. This study used two recombinant inbred line(RIL) populations, RIL-JJ(japonica/japonica) and RIL-IJ(indica/japonica) derived from the two crosses Shennong 265/Lijiangxintuanheigu(SN265/LTH) and Shennong 265/Luhui 99(SN265/LH99). Sixty-eight quantitative trait loci(QTLs) associated with 10 grain traits were consistently detected on the 12 chromosomes across different populations and two environments. Although 61.75% of the QTLs clustered together across two populations, only 16.17% could be detected across two populations. Eight major QTLs were detected on the 9, 10 and 12 chromosomes in RIL-JJ under two environments, a novel QTL clustered on the 10 chromosome, q GT10, q BT10 and q TGW10, have a higher percentage of explained phenotypic variation(PVE) and additive effect; 15 major QTLs were detected on the 5, 8, 9, and 11 chromosomes in RIL-IJ under two environments, a novel clustered QTL, q GT8 and q TGW8, on the 8 chromosome have a higher additive effect. Finally, the analysis of major QTL-BSA mapping narrowed the q TGW10 to a 1.47-Mb region flanked by simple sequence repeat markers RM467 and RM6368 on chromosome 10. A comparison of QTLs for grain traits in two different genetic backgrounds recombinant inbred line populations confirmed that genetic background had a significant impact on grain traits. The identified QTLs were stable across different populations and various environments, and 29.42% of QTLs controlling grain traits were reliably detected in different environments. Fewer QTLs were detected for brown rice traits than for paddy rice traits, 7 and 17 QTLs for brown rice out of 25 and 43 QTLs under RIL-JJ and RILIJ populations, respectively. The identification of genes constituting the QTLs will help to further our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying grain shape.
文摘A field experiment with an early rice-late rice rotation was carried out on a paddy soil derived from red soil in the southern part of Zhejiang Province to elucidate the effect of excess P application on some important characteristics of soil properies and its relation to nutrient status and grain yields of rice crops.The experimental results indicated that adequate fertilizer P (15 kg P hm-2) could increase the content of soil available P at the tillering stage of early rice, the contents of N, P and K in the shoots of early rice at primary growth stages, and the grain yield of early rice by increasing valid ears per hectare and weight per thousand grains, which was mainly related to the higher contents of reduced, non-reduced and total sugar in the shoots at the heading stage. And early rice supplied with excessive P could not yield more than that applied with adequate P, due to the reduction in the valid grain percentage and weight per thousand grains.In addition, onestime excess P supply at a rate as high as 90 kg P hm-2 could not improve the soil P fertility in case the soil available P content was lower than the initial (3.74 mg kg-1 soil) after an early rice-late rice rotation, and made a decline in the grain yield increased by per kilogram fertilizer P. Thus, one-time excess P supply should not be adopted for soils with a large P fixation capacity like the paddy soils derived from red soils.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300108,2016YFD0300208-02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31671638)+1 种基金the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-01-04A)the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201203096)partly supported this study
文摘To evaluate the effects of various rotation systems on rice grain yield and N use efficiency, a paddy–upland cropping experiment(2013–2016) was conducted in southeastern China. The experiment was designed using six different rice––winter crop rotations: rice–fallow(RF),rice–wheat(RW), rice–potato with rice straw mulch(RP), rice–green manure(Chinese milk vetch; RC–G), rice–oilseed rape(RO), and rice–green manure crop(oilseed rape with fresh straw incorporated into soil at flowering; RO–G) and three N rates, N0(0 kg N ha-1), N1(142.5 kg N ha-1), and N2(202.5 kg N ha-1). Average rice yields in the RF(5.93 t ha-1) rotation were significantly lower than those in the rotations with winter crops(7.20–7.48 t ha-1)under the N0 treatment, suggesting that incorporation of straw might be more effective for increasing soil N than winter fallow. The rice yield differences among the rotations varied by year with the N input. In general, the grain yields in the RP and RO–G rotations –were respectively 11.6–28.5% and 14.80–37.19% higher than those in the RF in plots with N applied. Increasing the N rate may have tended to minimize the average yield gap between the RF and the other rotations; the yield gaps were 18.55%, 4.14%, and 0.23% in N0, N1, and N2, respectively. However, the N recovery efficiency in the RF was significantly lower than that in other rotations, except for 2015 under both N1 and N2 rates, a finding that implies a large amount of chemical N loss. No significant differences in nitrogen agronomic efficiency(NAE) and physiological efficiency(NPE) were found between the rotations with legume(RC–G) and non–legume(RO and RW) winter crops, a result that may be due partly to straw incorporation. For this reason, we concluded that the return of straw could reduce differences in N use efficiency between rotations with and without legume crops. The degree of synchrony between the crop N demand and the N supply was evaluated by comparison of nitrogen balance degree(NBD) values. The NBD values in the RP and RW were significantly lower than those in the other rotations under both N1 and N2 rates. Thus,in view of the higher grain yield in the RP compared to the RW under the N1 rate, the RP rotation might be a promising practice with comparable grain yield and greater N use efficiency under reduced N input relative to the other rotations. The primary yield components of the RF and RP were identified as number of panicles m-2 and numbers of kernels panicle-1, respectively. The NAE and NPE were positively correlated with harvest index, possibly providing a useful indicator for evaluating N use efficiency.
基金funded by Mississippi Rice Promotion Board and United States Department of AgricultureNational Institute of Food and Agriculture(USDA-NIFA,Grant No.2013-34263-20931)sub-award to Mississippi State University(Grant No.G-7799-2)
文摘The majority of rice(Oryza sativa L.) produced in the southern USA is drill-seeded and grown under upland-like conditions because permanent flooding is established after the four-leaf stage. Therefore, rice during the seedling growth stage will be subjected to variable soil moisture content. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of 15 rice cultivars commonly grown in Mississippi of USA under early-season soil moisture stress. Twenty morpho-physiological parameters of rice seedlings subjected to three different levels(100%, 66% and 33% field capacity) of soil moisture, from 10 to 30 d after sowing, were measured. Significant moisture stress × treatment interaction(P < 0.001) was observed for most of the parameters. Further, the total drought response index(TDRI) was developed to score the cultivars for drought tolerance with the variation from 26.88 to 36.21. Accordingly, the cultivars were classified into different groups of tolerance. The cultivars CL152 and CL142-AR were classified as the least and the most tolerant to drought based on TDRI and standard deviation, respectively. Even though both total root(R^2 = 0.98) or shoot(R^2 = 0.76) drought responses indices were positively correlated with TDRI, root traits were important in deriving the indices. Therefore, TDRI could be used to select cultivars for drought tolerance in a given environment and develop rice varieties with early-season drought tolerance. However, further research is needed to identify and characterize tolerance at other stages to assist breeding programs in rice.
基金the National Science and Technology Development Agency,Thailand(Grant No.P-18-51456)。
文摘Iron(Fe)toxicity,generated from excess reduced ferrous Fe(Fe^(2+))ion formation within the soil under submerged condition,is a potent environmental stress that limits lowland rice production.Total 11 diverse Thai rice genotypes,including a recognized tolerant genotype Azucena and a susceptible genotype IR64,were evaluated against 5 Fe^(2+)levels[0(control),150,300,600 and 900 mg/L]to screen the tested genotypes for their Fe-toxicity tolerance and to classify them as a sensitive/tolerant category.The evaluation was conducted by a germination study,followed by a polyhouse study on growth,yield and physiochemical performances.Results showed significant variations in Fe^(2+)-tolerance across genotypes.Increasing Fe^(2+)level beyond 300 mg/L was detrimental for germination and growth of all the tested genotypes,although germination responses were negatively affected at Fe^(2+)≥300 mg/L.Physiochemical responses in the form of leaf greenness,net photosynthetic rate,membrane stability index and Fe contents in leaf and root were the most representative of Fe^(2+)-toxicity-mediated impairments on overall growth and yield.Difference in physiochemical responses was effectively correlated with the contrasting ability of the genotypes on lowering excess Fe^(2+)in tissues.Analysis of average tolerance and stress tolerance index unveiled that the genotypes RD85 and RD31 were the closest to the tolerant check Azucena and the sensitive check IR64,respectively.The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic means clustering revealed three major clusters,with cluster Ⅱ(four genotypes)being Fe^(2+)tolerant and cluster Ⅰ(four genotypes)being Fe^(2+)sensitive.Principal component(PC)analysis and genotype by trait-biplot analysis showed that the first two components explained 90.5%of the total variation,with PC1 accounting for 56.6%and PC2 for 33.9%of the total variation.The identified tolerant rice genotypes show potentials for cultivation in Fe^(2+)-toxic lowlands for increased productivity.The findings contribute to the present understanding on Fe^(2+)-toxicity response and provide a basis for future genotype selection or rice crop improvement programs against Fe^(2+)-toxicity.