In Milton＇s Paradise Lost, Satan is conspicuously depicted as the ＂mighty chief＂ （I 566） and ＂the dread commander＂ （I 589） of the rebel army. True to the Hebrew meaning of his name, Satan poses appropriately ...In Milton＇s Paradise Lost, Satan is conspicuously depicted as the ＂mighty chief＂ （I 566） and ＂the dread commander＂ （I 589） of the rebel army. True to the Hebrew meaning of his name, Satan poses appropriately as a grand ＂Adversary＂ （I 629; II 282） to ＂wage by force or guile eternal war＂ （I 121） against God. The poet has deliberately built up a parallel between Satan and Christ the Son, who is the commander-in-chief of the angelic army. With ＂Almighty arms / Gird on, and Sword upon [his] puissant Thigh＂ （VI 713-14）, the Son certainly makes an impressive figure of warrior-general. Satan＇s stance as the ＂idol of majesty divine＂ is really extraordinary. During the War in Heaven, he does show superhuman courage and strength; his ability to change his bodily form has no doubt increased his potential as a warrior. Furthermore, he commands a highly disciplined army, surpassing by far the best troops in human history. All this seems to indicate Satan as a great hero. Even before God proclaims the Son to be raised ＂by merit＂ to the position of＂second omnipotence＂ （III 309）, Milton has already made it clear to the reader that Satan, too, is ＂by merit rais＇d / To that bad eminence＂ （II 5-6）. This ambivalent merit of Satan has incurred heated controversy among the critics. The present paper will set out to analyze the encounter between Satan and the Son in Paradise Lost, in an effort to determine the true meaning of heroism.展开更多
It is a day on which many children dress up in unusual costumes.The day was originally called All Hallow’s Eve because it fell on Oc-tober 31, the eve of All Saint’s Day. The name was late shortenedto Halloween. Hal...It is a day on which many children dress up in unusual costumes.The day was originally called All Hallow’s Eve because it fell on Oc-tober 31, the eve of All Saint’s Day. The name was late shortenedto Halloween. Halloween derives from both pagan festival and Chri-stian worship. Many Halloween customs are based on beliefs of the past.展开更多
Barbara Longhi of Ravenna(1552-1638)skillfully created small devotional altarpieces depicting holy saints with their respective attributes of martyrdom,seen in Saint Agnes of Rome(c.291-304)with an ewe,Saint Cecilia(c...Barbara Longhi of Ravenna(1552-1638)skillfully created small devotional altarpieces depicting holy saints with their respective attributes of martyrdom,seen in Saint Agnes of Rome(c.291-304)with an ewe,Saint Cecilia(c.200-235)with a portable organ,Saint Catherine of Alexandria(c.287-304)with a broken spiked wheel,and Saint Justina of Padua(c.3rd century)with a small sword in her chest.For their physical sacrifice,Heaven rewarded them with a palm frond as an honorific spiritual gift.Barbara included some of these saints in her paintings on the theme of holy conversation(sacra conversazione;a religious gathering with the Madonna and Child)and depicted the female saints as a single panel-solo image-for private devotion or supplicatory assistance.Most of the biographies and historicity about the lives of these saints are recounted by Jacobus de Voragine(1222-1298),Archbishop of Genoa,in his Golden Legend(Legenda Aurea,1275).This essay only comments on the iconography of one of Barbara’s female saints,Saint Justina of Padua.展开更多
宗教是统治者控制社会的一种有效手段。①多神教(又称异教)在很长一段时期内是罗马帝国统治者建立和巩固政权的工具之一。拜占庭帝国建立初期境内的多神教与基督教呈并存态势。一方面,新帝国与基督教之间尚未建立起牢固的同盟关系,②君...宗教是统治者控制社会的一种有效手段。①多神教(又称异教)在很长一段时期内是罗马帝国统治者建立和巩固政权的工具之一。拜占庭帝国建立初期境内的多神教与基督教呈并存态势。一方面,新帝国与基督教之间尚未建立起牢固的同盟关系,②君士坦丁大帝(Constantine I The Great,272-337)及其子既支持基督教发展又承担着多神教大祭司职能。另一方面,这两任皇帝均在实行宗教宽容政策的同时支持基督教,基督教在二人治下发展迅猛。两种宗教并存局面给后世统治者留下难题:如果多神教和一神教无法共存.展开更多
文摘In Milton＇s Paradise Lost, Satan is conspicuously depicted as the ＂mighty chief＂ （I 566） and ＂the dread commander＂ （I 589） of the rebel army. True to the Hebrew meaning of his name, Satan poses appropriately as a grand ＂Adversary＂ （I 629; II 282） to ＂wage by force or guile eternal war＂ （I 121） against God. The poet has deliberately built up a parallel between Satan and Christ the Son, who is the commander-in-chief of the angelic army. With ＂Almighty arms / Gird on, and Sword upon [his] puissant Thigh＂ （VI 713-14）, the Son certainly makes an impressive figure of warrior-general. Satan＇s stance as the ＂idol of majesty divine＂ is really extraordinary. During the War in Heaven, he does show superhuman courage and strength; his ability to change his bodily form has no doubt increased his potential as a warrior. Furthermore, he commands a highly disciplined army, surpassing by far the best troops in human history. All this seems to indicate Satan as a great hero. Even before God proclaims the Son to be raised ＂by merit＂ to the position of＂second omnipotence＂ （III 309）, Milton has already made it clear to the reader that Satan, too, is ＂by merit rais＇d / To that bad eminence＂ （II 5-6）. This ambivalent merit of Satan has incurred heated controversy among the critics. The present paper will set out to analyze the encounter between Satan and the Son in Paradise Lost, in an effort to determine the true meaning of heroism.
文摘It is a day on which many children dress up in unusual costumes.The day was originally called All Hallow’s Eve because it fell on Oc-tober 31, the eve of All Saint’s Day. The name was late shortenedto Halloween. Halloween derives from both pagan festival and Chri-stian worship. Many Halloween customs are based on beliefs of the past.
文摘Barbara Longhi of Ravenna(1552-1638)skillfully created small devotional altarpieces depicting holy saints with their respective attributes of martyrdom,seen in Saint Agnes of Rome(c.291-304)with an ewe,Saint Cecilia(c.200-235)with a portable organ,Saint Catherine of Alexandria(c.287-304)with a broken spiked wheel,and Saint Justina of Padua(c.3rd century)with a small sword in her chest.For their physical sacrifice,Heaven rewarded them with a palm frond as an honorific spiritual gift.Barbara included some of these saints in her paintings on the theme of holy conversation(sacra conversazione;a religious gathering with the Madonna and Child)and depicted the female saints as a single panel-solo image-for private devotion or supplicatory assistance.Most of the biographies and historicity about the lives of these saints are recounted by Jacobus de Voragine(1222-1298),Archbishop of Genoa,in his Golden Legend(Legenda Aurea,1275).This essay only comments on the iconography of one of Barbara’s female saints,Saint Justina of Padua.
文摘宗教是统治者控制社会的一种有效手段。①多神教(又称异教)在很长一段时期内是罗马帝国统治者建立和巩固政权的工具之一。拜占庭帝国建立初期境内的多神教与基督教呈并存态势。一方面,新帝国与基督教之间尚未建立起牢固的同盟关系,②君士坦丁大帝(Constantine I The Great,272-337)及其子既支持基督教发展又承担着多神教大祭司职能。另一方面,这两任皇帝均在实行宗教宽容政策的同时支持基督教,基督教在二人治下发展迅猛。两种宗教并存局面给后世统治者留下难题:如果多神教和一神教无法共存.
