Examining the association between delay discounting,delay aversion and physical activity in Chinese adults with type-2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND The role of physical activity in diabetes is critical,influencing this disease's development,man-agement,and overall outcomes.In China,22.3%of adults do not meet the minimum level of physical activity recommended by the World Health Organization.Therefore,it is imperative to identify the factors that contributing to lack of physical activity must be identified.AIM To investigate the relationship among delay discounting,delay aversion,glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c),and various levels of physical activity in Chinese adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).METHODS In 2023,400 adults with T2DM were recruited from the People's Hospital of Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province.A face-to-face questionnaire was used to gather demographic data and details on physical activity,delay discounting,and delay aversion.In addition,HbA1c levels were measured in all 400 participants.The primary independent variables considered were delay discounting and delay aversion.The outcome variables included HbA1c levels and different intensity levels of physical activity,including walking,moderate physical activity,and vigorous physical activity.Multiple linear regression models were utilized to assess the relationship between delay discounting,delay aversion,and HbA1c levels,along with the intensity of different physical activity measured in met-hours per week.RESULTS After controlling for the sample characteristics,delay discounting was negatively associated with moderate physical activity(β=-2.386,95%CI:-4.370 to-0.401).Meanwhile,delay aversion was negatively associated with the level of moderate physical activity(β=-3.527,95%CI:-5.578 to-1.476)in the multiple linear regression model,with statistically significant differences.CONCLUSION Elevated delay discounting and increased delay aversion correlated with reduced levels of moderate physical activity.Result suggests that delay discounting and aversion may influence engagement in moderate physical activity.This study recommends that health administration and government consider delay discounting and delay aversion when formulating behavioral intervention strategies and treatment guidelines involving physical activity for patients with T2DM,which may increase participation in physical activity.This study contributes a novel perspective to the research on physical activity in adults with T2DM by examining the significance of future health considerations and the role of emotional responses to delays.

Uncertainty aversion and farmers' innovative seed adoption:Evidence from a field experiment in rural China

Based on the microdata of 705 wheat farmers in the Loess Plateau, this study empirically analyzes the impact of uncertainty on farmers' adoption of innovative seeds using a field experiment. The results indicate that farmers are generally ambiguity-averse and risk-averse. In addition, farmers with higher ambiguity aversion and risk aversion are less likely to adopt innovative wheat seeds, where their risk aversion plays a dominant role. Enhancing information access will alleviate the negative influence of ambiguity aversion on farmers' adoption of innovative seeds, and interlinked insurance and credit contracts will be beneficial to ease the adverse effect of risk aversion on the adoption of innovative wheat seeds. Meanwhile, heterogeneity analysis reveals that the inhibitory effects of ambiguity aversion and risk aversion on innovative seed adoption are more significant among farmers with lower education and household income.The government can establish both ex-ante and ex-post relevant guarantee mechanisms to help farmers preferably cope with various uncertainties in the production process, remitting farmers' ambiguity aversion and risk aversion to enhance new agricultural technology adoption rates.

Conditioned Taste Aversion Diminishes Sugar Intake

Animals learn to avoid particular food when some of its sensory properties are associated with gastrointestinal discomfort. Twenty rats were exposed to free access to food and a sugar solution for ten days in first phase. During second phase, experimental group received a dose of LiCl. Control group received an injection without LiCl. Both groups had free access to a sugar solution and food restriction for three days. In the final phase, both groups returned to the conditions of first phase. Results showed a significant decrease in sugar intake after aversive conditioning regarding the intake registered in the initial phase in experimental group. Control group did not show any differences in its sugar intake before and after the experimental manipulation. The procedure carried out is discussed as a means to decrease sugar intake.

Value-at-risk under ambiguity aversion

This study explored the effects of ambiguity on the calculation of Value-at-Risk(VaR)using a mathematical model based on the theory of Choquet-Brownian processes.It was found that while a moderate degree of ambiguity aversion yields a higher value for VaR and Expected Shortfall(ES),the result can be reversed in a deeply ambiguous environment.Additionally,some sufficient conditions are provided for the preservation of this effect under various forms of risk aggregation.This study offers a new perspective to full awareness on capital requirement calculation as requested by international regulation.

Applications of the Aversion Order of Risks in Reinsurance

厌恶顺序是在那里的 risks.Is 订的一个方法在在再保险的再保险合同的厌恶顺序最佳吗？这份报纸讨论这些目标并且在可行再保险合同的某些集合给一些最佳的再保险合同。

The GABA Antagonist Picrotoxin Attenuates an Ethanol-Induced Taste Aversion in Taste Aversion-Prone Rats

The aversive properties of alcohol can be examined by using ethanol as a conditioning agent in a taste aversion (TA) paradigm. However, there is often variability in how organisms respond to the aversive properties of alcohol. Using a selectively bred line of TA-prone (TAP) rats, the present study sought to determine if antagonizing the GABA receptor complex with picrotoxin could block the acquisition of an ethanol-based conditioned aversion to a normally preferred fluid. Fifty TAP rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. In the two experimental groups, rats were pretreated with i.p. injections of low or high doses of the GABA Aantagonist picrotoxin prior to undergoing taste aversion conditioning —wherein consumption of a novel saccharin solution (0.1%) was followed by an i.p. injection of ethanol (1.5 mg/kg). In the primary control group, rats were treated identically, except that isotonic saline was substituted for picrotoxin. In the non-conditioning and pseudo-conditioning control groups, rats did not receive an ethanol-saccharin pairing but did receive a picrotoxin injection. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that animals in the picrotoxin groups displayed significantly weaker TAs than the primary control group (p 0.05) as measured by post-conditioning, two-bottle saccharin preference scores. Picrotoxin hinders the acquisition of an ethanol-induced TA, thereby supporting the hypothesis that the GABA system plays a central role in ethanol’s motivational effects. Possible mechanisms include 1) picrotoxin attenuates negative effects of ethanol, 2) picrotoxin interferes with the central associative processes that promote TA conditioning or 3) some combination of 1 and 2.

An Examination of the Validity of the Differentiation-of-Self Hypothesis and Its Mechanism Related to Negative Life Event Aversion among Japanese University Students

This study examined the validity of the differentiation-of-self hypothesis for Japanese university students, and its mechanism in relation to negative life event aversion. Although the differentiation-of-self hypothesis is accepted as one of the basic hypotheses in the clinical field of family therapy in Japan, empirical studies on the subject are scarce. Further, there are few studies, internationally, on its mechanism. A questionnaire survey was conducted with university students (n = 250) to measure their differentiation of self, maladaptive states, and negative life event aversion. Compared to the better-differentiated group, the less-differentiated group had higher scores both for maladaptive states—somatic symptoms (t(223) = -2.70, p = 0.008), social dysfunction (t(211.00) = -3.30, p = 0.001), and severe depression (t(208.78) = -4.08, p < 0.001)—and negative life event aversion—interpersonal domain (t(223) = -3.96, p < 0.001) and achievement domain (t(223) = -3.83, p < 0.001). The results supported the validity of the differentiation-of-self hypothesis for Japanese university students, and that cognitive tendencies toward negative life events may be part of the mechanism for less-differentiated individuals’ subsequent vulnerability. This suggests the effectiveness of cognitive interventions.

Maximum Group Perceived Utility Consensus Models Considering Regret Aversion

In the consensus-reaching process(CRP),the actual utility of decision-makers(DMs)is often influenced by the psychological behavior of regret aversion.However,the influence of regret aversion on DMs’utilities is rarely taken into account in the existing consensus models.The consensus-reaching problem of DMs with regret aversion is explored to maximize their perceived utilities under a limited budget.Firstly,three basic types of perceived utility functions are constructed based on the regret theory to describe the perceived utility of DMs with various preferences.Then,considering the limited budget and individual regret aversion,the maximum perceived utility consensus models based on types of left-skewed,right-skewed,middle-skewed,and heterogeneous utility preferences are proposed to achieve the consensus that maximizes the group perceived utility.After that,an example of land-transfer price negotiation in China is given to illustrate the validity of the proposed models.Finally,the model comparison and the sensitivity analysis are presented to reveal the influence of DMs’regret aversion on the CRP.The results suggest that the DMs’regret aversion will not affect left-skewed and right-skewed groups,but will affect the consensus results of middle-skewed and heterogeneous groups.

Some Likelihood Based Properties in Large Samples: Utility and Risk Aversion, Second Order Prior Selection and Posterior Density Stability

The likelihood function plays a central role in statistical analysis in relation to information, from both frequentist and Bayesian perspectives. In large samples several new properties of the likelihood in relation to information are developed here. The Arrow-Pratt absolute risk aversion measure is shown to be related to the Cramer-Rao Information bound. The derivative of the log-likelihood function is seen to provide a measure of information related stability for the Bayesian posterior density. As well, information similar prior densities can be defined reflecting the central role of likelihood in the Bayes learning paradigm.

Pain-related mediators underlie incision-induced mechanical nociception in the dorsal root ganglia

Approximately 50-70% of patients experience incision-induced mechanical nociception after sur- gery. However, the mechanism underlying incision-induced mechanical nociception is still unclear. Interleukin-10 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor are important pain mediators, but whether in- terleukin-10 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor are involved in incision-induced mechanical no- ciception remains uncertain. In this study, forty rats were divided randomly into the incision surgery （n = 32） and sham surgery （n = 8） groups. Plantar incision on the central part of left hind paw was performed under anesthesia in rats from the surgery group. Rats in the sham surgery group re- ceived anesthesia, but not an incision. Yon Frey test results showed that, compared with the sham surgery group, incision surgery decreased the withdrawal threshold of rats at 0.5, 3, 6 and 24 hours after incision. Immunofluorescence staining in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord （L3-5） showed that interleukin-10 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor were expressed mainly on small- and medium-sized neurons （diameter 〈 20 pm and 20-40 pm） and satellite cells in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord （L3-5） in the sham surgery group. By contrast, in the surgery group, high expression of interleukin-10 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor appeared in large-sized neurons （diameter 〉 40 pm） at 6 and 24 hours after incision surgery, which corresponded to the decreased mechanical withdrawal threshold of rats in the surgery group. These experimental findings suggest that expression pattern shift of interleukin-10 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor induced by inci- sion surgery in dorsal root ganglia of rats was closely involved in lowering the threshold to me- chanical stimulus in the hind paw following incision surgery. Pain-related mediators induced by in- cision surgery in dorsal root ganglia of rats possibly underlie mechanical nociception in ipsilateral hind paws.

基于条件风险价值的虚拟电厂参与能量及备用市场的双层随机优化

为充分发挥虚拟电厂的灵活性价值,提出了虚拟电厂参与电能量及备用辅助服务市场的双层随机优化模型。上层基于条件风险价值理论建立了虚拟电厂参与电能量及备用辅助服务市场的两阶段风险决策模型,其中,第一阶段考虑新能源不确定性的潜在风险,建立了虚拟电厂参与能量和备用辅助服务市场的投标报价模型,第二阶段针对不同场景下的新能源出力建立了以虚拟电厂期望运行成本最小为目标的分布式资源优化调度模型;下层在已知各市场主体的投标报价信息后,开展电能量市场及备用辅助服务市场的联合出清。仿真分析表明,所提方法能够有效指导虚拟电厂规避新能源不确定性的潜在风险,并通过将备用价格提高到下一个边际机组的报价从而增加自身利润。

家庭教养方式与青少年厌学的关系

为探讨家庭教养方式与青少年厌学情绪之间的关系,采用父母教养方式问卷、厌学问卷对陕西关中地区的431名中学生进行问卷调查。研究结果发现,教养方式各维度与青少年厌学情绪均呈显著负相关;男生在厌学情绪、厌学性格和厌学行为等维度上的得分显著高于女生;城市比乡镇和农村学生更加厌学;独生子女比非独生子女更加厌学。未来可从加强家校合作、促进情感沟通,优化资源配置、促进城乡教育均衡发展,转变教育观念、关注个性化需求等方面入手解决青少年厌学问题。父母双方在管教孩子时要态度一致、严慈相济,方能促进孩子的学习。

消费者风险厌恶的运费险分担机制与供应链定价研究

考虑消费者的退货行为、风险厌恶态度和运费险价值敏感,建立零售商承担、消费者承担、零售商与消费者共同承担、零售商与制造商共同承担4种不同运费险承担方式的Stackelberg价格博弈模型,研究供应链的定价决策和在线零售商的最优退货运费险策略。研究表明:低退货率和高运费险敏感性有助于提高供应链的整体利润;低退货率时,在线零售商主动为消费者购买运费险优于消费者自行购买;运费险的分担机制不能实现供应链协调。

考虑消费者风险规避的供应链退货运费险与定价策略

针对线上买卖双方的退货运费承担纠纷,电商平台引入退货运费险来分摊商品退货风险,但宽松的退货政策又增加了消费者的退货行为。为此,将第三方保险公司引入制造商主导和网络零售商跟随的斯坦克尔伯格博弈中,考虑风险规避型消费者的退货行为和运费险敏感性,建立多方决策主体共同参与的卖家运费险、买家运费险和运费险共同分担等3种定价退货模型,研究网络零售商的定价决策和运费险策略。结果表明:消费者的风险规避态度有助于降低商品售价和运费险价格,提高市场需求和企业利润;运费险共同分担机制能够有效缓解客户流失;退货率较低时,消费者的运费险偏好有利于供应链总利润的增长。

基于信息不对称与风险规避的低碳闭环供应链定价决策研究

为确定闭环供应链的产品定价和碳减排率,同时考虑制造商的风险规避行为和零售回收运营成本信息的不对称性,构建以制造商为主导的Stackelberg博弈模型,分析对比信息对称和信息不对称两种情况下的最优决策,利用数值分析验证结论。研究表明:产品的销售价格、批发价格、碳减排率及制造商效用都将随着制造商风险规避程度的提高而降低,而市场需求与零售商效用将增加;当零售商谎报回收运营成本时,相较于坦白回收运营成本,产品转移价格与零售商效用均有所提升,产品回收价格、废旧产品回收量和制造商效用则降低,且风险规避和信息不对称均对碳减排产生消极影响。

供应中断下考虑风险规避的供应链采购决策

针对由一个零售商与两个供应商构成的两级供应链,讨论供应中断时采购量由需求函数分配或按比例分配两种不同情形下的考虑风险规避的供应链采购与定价决策。结果表明:零售商的采购量随中断风险的下降而减少,对供应能力较弱的供应商更敏感;供应商的定价决策更受竞争对手供应能力的影响。预先采购分配、额定比例的设置均会扰乱供应商定价,从而降低零售商的收益且不利于供应商提高自身供货能力的积极性;零售商的采购量会随风险规避系数的升高而增加,由此造成的自身囤货以及供应商抬价行为均会大幅降低零售商期望收益。研究结果可为真实市场中零售商面对供应中断风险时如何进行采购决策提供管理启示。

生长分化因子15引发摄食抑制和内脏不适的研究进展

生长分化因子15(growth differentiation factor 15,GDF15)是转化生长因子β超家族的成员。先前的研究表明,GDF15与表达在大脑最后区和孤束核的受体结合,激活下游多个与摄食相关的脑区,抑制摄食,降低体质量,展现出治疗肥胖的潜力。但GDF15也引起恶心、呕吐等内脏不适症状,可能限制其进一步应用。该文将探讨GDF15抑制摄食,引发内脏不适的神经通路以及阻断其内脏不适效应的可能途径。